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The present thesis deals with different methods of financing home constructions in the Czech Republic provided through mortgage loans and loans from building societies. In the first part of the thesis, I describe both main products, mentioning briefly their history in the territory of the Czech Republic. The advantages and disadvantages of both options are also pointed out. In the empirical part, I used comparative analysis to compare both products' profitability with respect to the client. The aim of the present thesis is not only to give specific details on the functioning of mortgage loans and building society accounts, but also and most importantly to discover, which one of the studied products is more beneficial for the client, once the client chooses to finance a new home through this kind of products.

This study investigates the use of the consumer buying club concept in the savings and loan industry. The major purposes of the study were to determine the effectiveness of savings and loan clubs as promotional tools and to reveal some broader marketing implications of the savings and loan club concept. The study's findings provided support for the following hypotheses: I. If savings and loan clubs were independent business operations in the channels of distribution for the goods and services they offer members, these clubs, based upon the marketing functions they perform, would be classified as two or more different types of distinct marketing institutions. II. Rather than being temporary promotional tools, savings and loan clubs are permanent organizational units of some savings and loan associations. III. Savings and loan clubs offer access to a large market for manufacturers and middlemen of certain goods and services. Primary data on the operations and activities of savings and loan clubs were collected in semi-structured interviews with executives of ten clubs that are believed to represent every type of club program existing in the fall of 1973. A mail survey of selected regulatory authorities provided information about the present and future regulatory environment in which clubs operate. Analyses of the data suggest that there are qualitative and quantitative differences in club programs based upon the geographic scope of a club's operation and the size of the sponsoring savings and loan association; however, the club concept appears to be an effective and relatively inexpensive promotional tool when matters of club objectives and design are carefully considered. The regulatory environment for club operations may be described as a passive one, and the findings indicate that this environment will not change in the near future. Savings and loan clubs are consumer-oriented and service-oriented promotional tools indicative of a recent marketing awareness in the savings and loan industry. Clubs both require and facilitate the planning of marketing strategies and objectives, including the use of market segmentation and product differentiation. The study's findings suggest the club concept is growing in popularity in the savings and loan industry, and the use of clubs as promotional tools will continue to grow in the future. Savings and loan clubs function as facilitating agencies in the marketing process by arranging for members to receive special discounts from established sellers of a wide variety of consumer goods and services. Some clubs function as merchant middlemen, either as retail stores or as mail order retail establishments, based upon their practices of buying merchandise to be sold to club members at cost. Savings and loan clubs are not profit-making organizations, with the exception of franchising activities by some national clubs. A functional analysis of club operations suggests that these clubs may be more effective than American consumer cooperatives have been. The savings and loan club market is a large and growing one offering manufacturers and middlemen, particularly retailers, access to an affluent market. The findings indicate that merchandise offers, involving buying and re-selling items to members, is an unpopular and unsuccessful type of club benefit. For this reason, manufacturers and wholesale middlemen derive indirect benefit from the club market through increased sales that established retailers may obtain by participating in a club's discount program.

Some such as Schwink (2004) have analyzed diachronic developments in Germanic gender as a whole, while others like Steinmetz (1985, 2001) and Trosterud (2006) have looked at diachronic changes in grammatical gender in the North Germanic languages. Specifically within the history of Icelandic, Steinmetz and Trosterud both argue for a neuter-default gender system for Old Norse (and for Modern Icelandic). This report looks at loan words from the Old Norse period drawn from historical sources, such as the Heimskringla (History of the Kings of Norway) and Laxdœla Saga, and compares their gender assignment then with their gender in Modern Icelandic in order to see if any of their originally assigned genders changed in the modern language. That none of the loans analyzed in this report changed their gender assignment from neuter to masculine as in West Germanic supports Steinmetz' and Trosterud's notions of Icelandic having a neuter-default gender system. These findings also support Schwink's view (2004:99), when he writes that Icelandic's gender system remains relatively unchanged from that of Old Norse. / text

China has been undertaking a number of transactions with various countries referred to as “loan-for-oil” deals since 2009. In these deals, China extends a loan to a certain oil exporting country and expects loan repayments in the form of oil shipments at market prices. The aim of this thesis is to identify China’s motivations behind loan-for-oil deals. This paper analyzes each of two hypotheses separately. The first hypothesis is that “If China enters into loan-for-oil deals, then it is aiming to build friendships with oil-resource rich countries to advance its objective of energy security”. The second hypothesis is that “If China enters into loan-for-oil deals, then it is looking to diversify its financial investments from US treasury bills and views these deals as credible alternative investments”. The paper rejects both the hypotheses based on the information discussed in the thesis: the loan-for-oil deals do not enhance China’s oil linked energy security, nor are they a viable diversification from investments in U.S. treasury bills. However, by offering subsidized loans with relaxed conditions to oil exporting countries post the 2008 financial crisis, China is using these deals as an apparatus to develop friendships with oil exporting nations, thereby highlighting its interest in oil as a commodity. It can be speculated that the friendships formed as a result of these deals may contribute towards China's oil linked energy security goals in the future, however proving this conjecture is outside the scope of this thesis. / text

ABSTRACT The research question was to determine whether commercial property development loan pre-disbursement conditions protect the bank’s interests, or whether certain conditions hinder the pre-disbursement compliance process. The research showed that the majority of pre-disbursement conditions are of high importance in protecting the bank’s interests. However, findings were that not all conditions are important or even relevant for every project. Lack of understanding of the content and importance of the pre-disbursement conditions by the front-line consultant can lead to repetition and consequently an excessive number of conditions. The most important reason for delay in compliance with pre-disbursement conditions was identified as a lack of understanding by the client of the bank’s requirements and processes. Ignorance on the part of the developer of the bank’s procedures and requirements was also identified as the most common instance where relationships between the bank and the borrower were negatively affected by the pre-disbursement compliance process.

Commercial mortgage underwriters have traditionally relied upon a standard set of criteria for approving and pricing loans. The increased level of commercial mortgage loan defaults from 1% at the start of 2009 to 9.32% by the end of 2011 provides motivation for questioning underwriting standards which previously served the lending industry well. This dissertation investigates factors that affect the probability of Non-performance among commercial mortgage-backed security (CMBS) loans, proposes conditions under which the standard ratios may not apply, and tests additional criteria which may prove useful during economic periods previously not experienced by commercial mortgage underwriters. In this dissertation, Cap Rate Spread, the difference between the cap rate of a property and the Coupon Rate of the associated loan, is introduced to test whether the probability of Non-performance can be better predicted than by relying on traditional commercial mortgage underwriting criteria such as Loan to Value (LTV) and Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR). Testing the research hypotheses with a probit model using a database of 47,883 U.S. CMBS loans from 1993 to 2011, Cap Rate Spread is found to have a significantly negative relationship with loan Non-performance. That is, as the Cap Rate Spread falls, the probability of Non-performance rises appreciably. A numerical model suggests that among loans which would have passed the standard ratio tests requiring loans to have values of LTV less than .8 and DSCR greater than 1.25, a Cap Rate Spread criteria requiring loans to have a value greater than 1% would have prevented the origination of an additional 1,798 CMBS loans reducing the rate of Non-performance from 14.9% with only the LTV and DSCR criteria to just 11.6% by adding the Cap Rate Spread criteria. Of course, adding additional criteria will also lead to errors of rejecting loans which would have performed well. Back testing with the same sample of CMBS loans, this Type I error rate rises from 19% with only the LTV and DSCR criteria to 34% with the addition of the Cap Rate Spread. Ultimately, CMBS loan underwriters must individually determine an acceptable level of Non-performance appropriate to their business model and tolerance for risk. Using intuition, experience, tools, and rules, each underwriter must choose a balance between the competing risks of rejecting potentially profitable loans and accepting loans which will fail. This research result is important because it helps deepen our understanding of the relationships between property income and loan performance and provides an additional tool that underwriters may employ in assessing CMBS loan risk.

In order to be a liberal and global economic environment, Taiwan government has been undergoing restructuring on its finane and banking policies since 1991. Subsequently, 16 new banks were established gradually and brought a tremendously competition among banks and other financial institution in Taiwan. According to the statistic of the CBC, loan making is the main business focused among banks. And due to the decreased margin between deposit interest rates and loan rates and the competition among banking institutions, the methods of assessing credit report for loan application is becoming critical. This research is to study a bank in southern Taiwan on the influence of the ¡§Small and Medium Business Credit Guarantee Fund¡¨ mechanism by adapting the statistic method of Logistic Regression. 60 cases were studied, 20 of them, the borrowers were failure to pay as required; 40 cases are in a regu;ar payment bases. The credit rating table of loan-receiving businesses in an effort to determine significant variables affecting loan quality. The study shows that : (1) The longer the term of the loan, the more likely the bank is to encounter overdue payments. In other words, the longer the relationship customer established with bank, the higher risk occurred. (2) The higher the loan rate, the more likely default will occur, which indicates that the bank¡¦s appraisal of the creditor¡¦s risk is a strong affecting loan quality. (3) The higher score of the financial health and industry characteristics, the less likelihood the creditor would fail to make on-time payments. (4) Unit executives are responsible for approving loans; the overdue payment rate was significantly higher when loans are approved by personnel above the level of unit executive. Furthermore, the study also indicate that the assessment items currently using by banks for loan application, these items include corporate capital, loan period, guarantors, repayment style, collateral. Due to current excessively overloaning, the conclusions of this study could be the considerations for bank staff to learn how to stimulate banker¡¦s loan risk management, these findings may serve as an important reference for credit policies and loan business.

ABSTRACT This research aims at evaluating the risk of home loan, financial institutions generally think that makes enterprises to grant the loan and have a big risk in recent years , turning to and developing consumption financial transaction one after another, the personal home loan has already become the strategic point of every financial institution. The characteristic of the home loan is small for amount of money , there are many pieces , need to spend a large amount of manpower maintaining business operation , so it is fast and clear to verify the way , avoid lacking subjectively and reduce the risk , namely become one of the keys whether this business could be succeeded in promoting. So, the financial institution should set up a set of objective just awarding the way of evaluating the risk, is it verify personnel check and ratify loan amount fast, interest rate and award creed one while being other to help, reach the quantity, the goals of the standardization and automation. This research regards a domestic commercial bank as the main research object, and owe the parent in order to sample of case that is put of all loans now at present with this bank , 2431 normal samples , 381 bad samples of the above three months overdue , total 2812, and award the basic materials of the borrower of forms contained of letter application , and Joint Credit Information Center seek the credit materials that letter in the center inquires is the research range , analyse the background of different borrowers and overdue relation that make loans. Research this real example result can be summed up for as follows. The parameter of risk of showing of the loan is the sex, the age, academic credentials, grace period, family's annual income, round number of the borrowed money, the number of the cash card, interest rate, guarantee debts, whether it is the housing loan of a large number of types, collateral kind

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