Some such as Schwink (2004) have analyzed diachronic developments in Germanic gender as a whole, while others like Steinmetz (1985, 2001) and Trosterud (2006) have looked at diachronic changes in grammatical gender in the North Germanic languages. Specifically within the history of Icelandic, Steinmetz and Trosterud both argue for a neuter-default gender system for Old Norse (and for Modern Icelandic). This report looks at loan words from the Old Norse period drawn from historical sources, such as the Heimskringla (History of the Kings of Norway) and Laxdœla Saga, and compares their gender assignment then with their gender in Modern Icelandic in order to see if any of their originally assigned genders changed in the modern language. That none of the loans analyzed in this report changed their gender assignment from neuter to masculine as in West Germanic supports Steinmetz' and Trosterud's notions of Icelandic having a neuter-default gender system. These findings also support Schwink's view (2004:99), when he writes that Icelandic's gender system remains relatively unchanged from that of Old Norse. / text

Using data from Arizona, United States, the present study seeks to further our understanding of lone other language items (LOLIs) in bilingual discourse and their status as either borrowings or codeswitches by measuring the degree of incorporation that can indicate a LOLI's status as a borrowing or codeswitching. To accomplish this aim, nouns from 40 sociolinguistic interviews from 8 Spanish monolingual speakers from Sonora, Mexico, 8 English monolingual speakers from Arizona, and 24 Spanish-English bilinguals from Arizona (from Sonoran families) are compared. Codeswitching can be defined as the "juxtaposition of sentences or sentence fragments, each of which is internally consistent with the morphological and syntactic (and optionally, phonological) rules of the language of its provenance" (Poplack, 1993, p. 255). Borrowing involves the incorporation of LOLIs from a donor language incorporated into a recipient language and need to be morphologically and syntactically adapted into the recipient language (Poplack, Sankoff, and Miller, 1988; Sankoff, Poplack, and Vanniarajan, 1990). Accordingly, the key difference between codeswitching and borrowing is that borrowings are morphosyntactically incorporated into the recipient language while codeswitches are not incorporated. It is important to note that in terms of LOLIs' status, phonological integration has been discarded for being too variable and therefore not a reliable factor in discerning one-item codeswitches from borrowings (Poplack and Sankoff, 1984; Poplack, Sankoff, and Miller, 1988). In order to measure the degree of incorporation that can in turn indicate the LOLI's status as a borrowing or a codeswitch, the present study applies a sociolinguistic comparative method to loanwords, following Poplack and Meechan (1995, 1998) by comparing nouns from Spanish (recipient language), nouns from English (donor language), and LOLIs from English in Spanish discourse. Since phonology has not been applied to the method of analysis, this study also seeks to explore if phonological integration is correlated to morphosyntactic integration of determiner realization of LOLIs. The results show, in accordance to previous studies, that the LOLIs overall act morphosyntactically like patrimonial Spanish words in terms of the variables that condition determiner usage. In terms of how phonological integration interacts with morphosyntactic integration, it does seem that the two correlate. LOLIs with Spanish morphology are more morphosyntactically similar to Spanish patrimonial nouns and LOLIs with English phonology are more morphosyntactically similar to English patrimonial nouns in both overall frequencies and the factors that condition determiner usage, leading to the hypothesis that LOLIs that are integrated phonologically are established borrowings and LOLIs that are not integrated phonologically are either codeswitches or nonce borrowings. We provide further evidence for this hypothesis by examining the pauses and false starts that are present before LOLIs with Spanish versus English phonology. The results indicate that LOLIs with English phonology are more often preceded with pauses and false starts than LOLIs with Spanish phonology. The findings of this study suggest that phonological integration is a factor that should be brought back to the discussion on discerning LOLIs' status as a borrowing or a codeswitch.

This dissertation focuses on the unique aspects of Maltese morphology brought about by its genetic and geographic history. The experiments conducted and described here build on past research in Indo-European languages and new research in other Semitic languages to determine how different word formation systems function. Applying experimental techniques to the study of Maltese is crucial for two reasons. First, though Maltese is a Semitic language, recent extensive contact with English has greatly impacted its vocabulary and the structure of its verbs. Though the effects of persistent language contact is pervasive, clear and systematic differences may be observed between native Semitic verbs and those borrowed from English. Secondly, unlike other Semitic languages, the Maltese writing system uses the Roman alphabet. This allows for tests that require the reading of written stimuli to be performed in the same writing system as previous studies in Indo-European languages, eliminating a number of confounding factors.A masked priming experiment asked Maltese speakers to judge whether or not test items were words of their language. The test items included real and nonce verbs of both Semitic and English origin. Accuracy rates and reaction time were recorded and compared across speakers. The results of this experiment support the psychological salience of the consonantal root as a unit of lexical organization.An elicitation experiment asked native speakers of Maltese to provide a verb form that corresponded to a given noun or adjective. The test items were nouns of Semitic and English origin and non-words constructed to resemble such nouns. Responses were broadly transcribed and analyzed for their similarity to the expected patterns. The results show that speakers are able to use two morphological strategies to form new words. The factors affecting the choice between morphological systems include linguistic structure and social variables.Collectively, this pair of experiments indicate that the consonantal root is a viable morphological and psychological unit of lexical organization, supporting a search-based approach to lexical access. Furthermore, speakers are able to form new words on the basis of whole words, showing that this level of organization must also be present to facilitate lexical access.

This thesis is dedicated to the problems of gender assignment to English loan words in Italian. The thesis is divided into two parts. In the first, theoretical part, attention is paid to the definition of gender category in Italian, to the rules describing the formation of gender in Italian and then the gender assignment rules for English loan words are presented in detail. The second, analytical part, is dedicated to the research which is carried out via Italian text corpus itWaC. The application of the presented rules for gender assignment is being verified on a sample of English loan words.The aim of the thesis is to introduce the problems of gender assignment to English loan words in Italian, to provide a detailed overview of the individual rules for gender assignment and to verify how much are these rules observed in practice.

This master´s dissertation deals with the French compound words in ad text in the age of 70 years and after 2000. Dissertation is divided into two parts. The theoretical part describes the function of language in advertising, the levels of language, theories of advertising communication. Then, we defined the main elements of the magazine and compound words.In the second part, we continue with the analysis of lexemes stripped of Elle magazine, designed for both the period and taking into account promotional incentives for different types of compounds.

This diploma thesis deals with comprehension of newly borrowed anglicisms into the Czech language. As newly borrowed we considered those which are listed in the dictionaries of neologisms, or have not been included in them yet. The comprehension was tested at primary school pupils and students of lower secondary school. The theoretical part describes ways of enriching vocabulary, especially borrowing from foreign languages. The main research method used in the practical part was a survey. It took place in April 2014 among the pupils of the 6th and 9th classes at one of Prague's primary schools and in corresponding classes at Opava secondary school. The results were related to the sex and age of the respondents and also to the type of school they are attending. We observed increased number of successful responses in closed questions testing the passive comprehension of anglicisms than in the open-ended questions testing the active comprehension of anglicisms. Comparing responses by gender, girls reached higher percentage of successful answers or the successful answers of boys and girls were balanced. The most striking differences brought comparison of respondents by age. Older pupils reached on all issues significantly higher success rate than younger pupils. Differences were also observed in the...

« Kem », « sôcôla », « actisô », « sơ mi », « cà ra vát », « cao su », « buýt », « ampli », « xăng », « xi măng », etc.. Ces mots vietnamiens sonnent-ils plus ou moins français ? Une partie du lexique de la langue vietnamienne vient du français qui a marqué le Vietnam de sa présence par la colonisation française durant environ un siècle (XVIIIe-XIXe) en Indochine en général et au Vietnam en particulier. Aujourd’hui, le régime colonial relève d’ouvrages historiques mais ces traces francophones perdurent encore dans les usages linguistiques actuels au Vietnam. Toutefois, ces ressources sociolinguistiques, qui ouvrent un riche potentiel en matière linguistique et culturelle, sont ignorées en didactique du français aux apprenants vietnamiens. Dans le but de vérifier l’importance de ces éléments, notamment à travers leur perception sociale par les Vietnamiens à l’heure actuelle, une enquête sociolinguistique a été réalisée sur le terrain. Les propositions didactiques présentées par la suite permettent de confirmer que la mise en avant de ces ressources francophones ou d’origine francophone au Vietnam constitue un facilitateur d’appropriation du français dans ce pays et ouvre vers une dynamique didactique plurilingue. / « Kem », « sôcôla », « actisô », « sơ mi », « cà ra vát », « cao su », « buýt », « ampli », « xăng », « xi măng », etc.. These Vietnamese words sound more or less French ? A part of vocabulary of the Vietnamese language comes from French which marked Vietnam from its presence by the French colonization for about a century (XVIII-XIX) in Indochina in general and in Vietnam in particular. Today, the colonial regime raise from history books but these French traces persist still in actual linguistic uses in Vietnam. However, these sociolinguistic resources, opening a rich potential for linguistic and cultural material, are ignored in teaching French to Vietnamese learners. In order to verify the importance of these elements, particularly through their social perception by the Vietnamese currently, a sociolinguistic survey was conducted in the field. Didactic proposals then presented permit to confirm that the highlighting of these French or French origin resources in Vietnam is a facilitator of appropriation of French in this country and opens to a dynamic multilingual didactic

Yucatec Maya (YM) is an indigenous language of Mexico that features both phonemic tonal distinctions and phonemic vowel length. These features are primarily associated with the phonetic cues of pitch and duration, which are also considered the primary correlates of stress in language. Though scholars have noted the existence of stress or accent since it was first documented centuries ago, no detailed account of stress as either a separate or related entity to tone or length has been made. This dissertation presents a unique view into YM prosody by looking at loan word incorporation in conjunction with native speaker intuitions, and production data. A case study of Spanish loan words into Yucatec finds that when Spanish words are incorporated into the YM prosodic system, the initial syllable undergoes lengthening. Statistical analyses performed on data from native speaker intuitions and production data, however, find no concrete pattern of obligatory stress on the word level in Yucatec Maya words.

Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια προσπάθεια της μορφοσυντακτικής ανάλυσης των συνθέτων ουσιαστικών της Ρωσικής σύμφωνα με τα δεδομένα και συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τις σύγχρονες μελέτες των συνθέτων της Ελληνικής και άλλων γλωσσών. Επίσης θα επιχειρήσουμε να κάνουμε ορισμένες υποθέσεις που αφορούν κάποια συστηματικά εμφανιζόμενα στοιχεία των συνθέτων ουσιαστικών της Ρωσικής, συγκρίνοντάς τα κυρίως με τα αντίστοιχα της Ελληνικής. Στο δεύτερο κεφάλαιο αναφέρονται ορισμένα στοιχεία σχετικά με την παραγωγή και κλίση των συνθέτων ουσιαστικών της Ρωσικής σε σύγκριση με τα αντίστοιχα της Ελληνικής, ενώ δίνεται ο ορισμός της «κεφαλής» των Ρωσικών συνθέτων καθώς και οι βασικοί κανόνες τονισμού των συνθέτων. Στο τρίτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται οι τύποι σύνθεσης, όπου το δεύτερο συνθετικό είναι ολόκληρη λέξη, δηλαδή οι τύποι που έχουν τη δομή [θέμα / λέξη + λέξη]. Το υποκεφάλαιο (3.3.) ασχολείται αποκλειστικά με σύνθετα τύπου [Ρήμα + Ουσιαστικό] 2 της Ρωσικής σε σύγκριση με τα σύνθετα αυτού του τύπου τα οποία προέρχονται από ορισμένες λατινογενούς γλώσσες (όπως τα Ιταλικά, τα Ισπανικά ή τα Γαλλικά) καθώς και και μια σλαβική, τη Σερβική γλώσσα. Το τέταρτο κεφάλαιο είναι εξολοκλήρου αφιερωμένο στη μελέτη των ρηματικών συνθέτων της Ρωσικής, δηλαδή των συνθέτων των οποίων το δεύτερο συνθετικό είναι ρηματικό παράγωγο με ή χωρίς παραγωγικό επίθημα. Στο πέμπτο κεφάλαιο αναλύονται τα σύνθετα της Ρωσικής με το δεύτερο συνθετικό - παράγωγο ουσιαστικού με ή χωρίς παραγωγικό επίθημα, ενώ στο έκτο κεφάλαιο θα εξετάσουμε ορισμένα συνθετικά μέρη τα οποία φαίνονται να βρίσκονται στο στάδιο προσφυματοποίησης. Στο έβδομο κεφάλαιο αναλύεται το συνδετικό φωνήεν της Ρωσικής «-ο-» ως Δείκτης Σύνθεσης, σύμφωνα με το προτεινόμενο από την Α. Ράλλη μοντέλο (Ράλλη, 2005b, σελ. 16-20). Τέλος, στο όγδοο κεφάλαιο καταγράφονται τα βασικότερα συμπεράσματα τα οποία προέκυψαν από την παρούσα εργασία και το ένατο κεφάλαιο καταγράφει την ελλήνικη και την ξενόγλωσση βιβλιογραφία, η οποία χρησιμοποιήθηκε για τη μελέτη των συνθέτων. / -

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O objetivo desta dissertação é avaliar a importância dos estrangeirismos como auxiliares e contribuintes no nível léxico da Língua. Também, investigar o quadro sócio-histórico-cultural dos principais momentos em que os empréstimos linguísticos se fizeram presentes na Música Brasileira. Trata-se de um trabalho quantitativo e qualitativo, no qual se rastreou exatamente a presença desses neologismos no cancioneiro nacional, dos idos de 1930 aos dias atuais. Apontamos os momentos de sua maior incidência, aventamos e desvelamos as possíveis intenções de suas utilizações e seus significados, tácitos ou não; quer relacionados a aspectos sócio-históricos, quer relacionados aos seus vieses linguísticos propriamente ditos. Letras de músicas, fonogramas lançados em vinil, remasterizados; recursos audiovisuais foram buscados; assim como publicações específicas sobre música, biografias e literatura técnica sobre Língua Portuguesa / The aim of this paper is achieving the importance of foreign expressions and their contribution to the lexical level of the language. Also, it reports the social, historical and cultural aspects and moments that those loan words have been presented in the Brazilian songbook since 1930, through a quantitative and qualitative point of view. It points out the circumstances of their major appearance in music and reveals specific intentions of their political, social or linguistic uses. Lyrics, records, CDs, audiovisual Internet resources were searched, as though biographies and technical literature about music and Portuguese language