This report provides a preliminary description of verb morphology in Paresi, including a linguistic profile and some socio-cultural aspects of the language. The Paresi people, who number approximately 2000, live in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil. To date the Paresi language has had limited documentation. Chapter 1 provides background information on Paresi. Chapter 2 provides some typologically important information. Paresi segmental phonology is simple, morphophonemic alternations occur with pronominal markers and some stems. Stress is on the penultimate syllable, with some exceptions. Nouns, verbs and adjectives are distinguishable. In Paresi, nouns prototypically are roots that, morphologically, have affixes indicating number, and possessed markers. Chapter 3 describes the verb classes. Paresi verb roots can be intransitive, transitive or ambitransitive. Chapter 4 addresses the valence-changing operations occurring with verbs, such as causative constructions. Chapter 5 describes the tense, aspect and mood systems, with a discussion of the spatial and aspectual meanings of some morphemes. Chapter 6 provides an overview of the different negation strategies. Chapter 7 provides a summary and final considerations on Paresi verb morphology. / text

This dissertation focuses on the unique aspects of Maltese morphology brought about by its genetic and geographic history. The experiments conducted and described here build on past research in Indo-European languages and new research in other Semitic languages to determine how different word formation systems function. Applying experimental techniques to the study of Maltese is crucial for two reasons. First, though Maltese is a Semitic language, recent extensive contact with English has greatly impacted its vocabulary and the structure of its verbs. Though the effects of persistent language contact is pervasive, clear and systematic differences may be observed between native Semitic verbs and those borrowed from English. Secondly, unlike other Semitic languages, the Maltese writing system uses the Roman alphabet. This allows for tests that require the reading of written stimuli to be performed in the same writing system as previous studies in Indo-European languages, eliminating a number of confounding factors.A masked priming experiment asked Maltese speakers to judge whether or not test items were words of their language. The test items included real and nonce verbs of both Semitic and English origin. Accuracy rates and reaction time were recorded and compared across speakers. The results of this experiment support the psychological salience of the consonantal root as a unit of lexical organization.An elicitation experiment asked native speakers of Maltese to provide a verb form that corresponded to a given noun or adjective. The test items were nouns of Semitic and English origin and non-words constructed to resemble such nouns. Responses were broadly transcribed and analyzed for their similarity to the expected patterns. The results show that speakers are able to use two morphological strategies to form new words. The factors affecting the choice between morphological systems include linguistic structure and social variables.Collectively, this pair of experiments indicate that the consonantal root is a viable morphological and psychological unit of lexical organization, supporting a search-based approach to lexical access. Furthermore, speakers are able to form new words on the basis of whole words, showing that this level of organization must also be present to facilitate lexical access.

xii, 75 p. / Wintu is a moribund Penutian language once spoken in the Sacramento River Valley in Northern California. Presently unexplored is Wintu expression of movement and location. Several avenues exist for nouns and verbs. Nouns receive optional locative suffixation, or location may be implied in the absence of a noun. Verbs may receive locative prefixes and/or an implied trajectory may be inherent to a verb's semantics; inherent location may also be expressed by nouns. In more complicated cases, nouns appear to receive established verbal morphology, or the nominal locative suffix or verbal locative prefixes occur in unusual contexts. In order to reach primary conclusions, it was necessary to address other difficulties, including nominal aspect, unclear word-class boundaries, inconsistent glossing, lack of native speakers and an overall paucity of information. Primary data consist of texts recorded and transcribed in the 1970s and two English/Wintu dictionaries; analysis was based on forms from these documents. / Committee in charge: Prof. Scott DeLancey, Chairperson; Prof. Spike Gildea, Member

Minangkabau is an Austronesian, Indonesian-type language spoken in West Sumatra by approximately seven million speakers. Despite its large number of speakers and the spread of Minangkabau people throughout the Indonesian Archipelago, Minangkabau remains under-described when compared to other Indonesian-type languages like Javanese. This study seeks to improve current understanding about Minangkabau by describing its system of voice alternations and verb morphology. This study presents a novel analysis of the forms and functions of voice marking in Minangkabau, incorporating naturalistic data into the analysis as well as taking the findings of recent typological and theoretical studies of Austronesian languages into consideration. The study makes use of naturalistic, conversational and narrative data from a database maintained by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Field Station in Padang. The study also makes use of elicited data collected in Perth and during fieldwork in Padang. Naturalistic and more formal, elicited Minangkabau data reveals different kinds of linguistic patterns, therefore this study makes a distinction between Colloquial Minangkabau and Standard Minangkabau. The study concludes that Minangkabau has a pragmatically motivated voice system encoded by the alternation between active voice, passive voice and the pasif semu construction. In addition, the study concludes that Minangkabau also has a conceptually motivated voice system that is encoded by a series of semantic and lexical/derivational affixes (ta-, pa-, and ba-) which show how the action originates and develops. The Minangkabau applicatives -an and -i are for the most part valency changing devices but operate within both the pragmatic and conceptual domains of Minangkabau voice. The active voice marker maN- also operates in both pragmatic and conceptual domains whereas the use of the passive voice marker di- is primarily motivated by pragmatic and syntactic factors. This analysis is supported by the finding that di- is a morphosyntactic clitic whereas the conceptual voice markers are affixes and have mainly lexico-semantic properties.

Waimaha is a Tucanoan language spoken in the Northwest Amazon Basin in Colombia and Brazil by a few hundred speakers. Languages in this region have a complex verb morphology based on affixation, where several suffixes may be attached to a root to create information heavy words. This study aims towards describing Waimaha’s verb morphology to provide a base on which to build a full grammar description, which the language does not yet have. The study means to analyze Waimaha verb morphology through distributional analysis of its morphemes with the help of parallel texts, and compares findings with related languages. The results find that Waimaha is quite similar to other Tucanoan languages, with a few minor differences in future tense constructions and affix ordering. / Waimaha är ett tukanospråk som talas i nordvästra Amazonas i Colombia och Brasilien av ett hundratal talare. Språk i detta område har en komplex verbmorfologi baserad på affixering, där ett flertal suffix kan fästas vid en rot för att skapa informationstunga ord. Denna studie syftar till att beskriva Waimahas verbmorfologi för att bestå med en grund varpå en grammatiksbeskrivning kan skapas, vilket Waimaha inte ännu har. Studien analyserar Waimahas verbmorfologi genom distributionsanalys med hjälp av parallelltexter, och jämför resultaten med besläktade språk. Resultaten visar att Waimaha är tämligen likartad andra tukanospråk, med ett par mindre skillnader i futurumkonstruktioner och affixordning.

<p>This study investigates the use of formulaic language in spoken French produced by native and non-native speakers. It aims at describing the development of formulaic sequences in learners ranging from beginners to very advanced users. It draws on data from the InterFra corpus, which includes both formal and semi-formal learners. Four measures are used to characterize this development: extent of formulaic language used, category distribution, type / token ratio and frequency of types. </p><p>It has been shown that a user’s knowledge of formulaic sequences impacts heavily on language proficiency and idiomaticity. Because these sequences follow neither grammatical nor lexical rules, they constitute the last threshold for advanced L2 learners. In second language acquisition, the term formulaic sequence not only applies to strict idiomatic constructions, but it is also used to refer to sequences that appear to be acquired in a holistic manner during the first phases of acquisition. A categorization is therefore proposed that can account for native and non-native usage of formulaic sequences (prefabs). Five categories of prefabs are included: Lexical, Grammatical, Discourse, Situational and Idiosyncratic. </p><p>The extent of a learner’s use of formulaic language increases as the learner progresses, the largest amount found in the production of native speakers and very advanced learners. The learner’s distribution of categories moves towards native speaker distribution, albeit slowly. Situational and Idiosyncratic prefabs are found to characterize the early phases of acquisition, while Lexical prefabs are mastered later and are a major difficulty for L2 learners. Only very advanced learners who have spent considerable time in France produce the same proportion of Lexical prefabs as native speakers. Discourse prefabs constitute the most important category for all groups, including natives and non-natives. It can therefore be postulated that the main function of formulaic sequences in spoken French is that of discourse structuring and speech management. The development and use of formulaic language is explained within a framework of Frequency Effects. Coupled with other factors, frequency can account for why Lexical prefabs are hard to acquire and why formulaic sequences take a long time to master.</p> / The thesis is published and can be purchased by Peter Lang http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?vID=11369&vLang=E&vHR=1&vUR=1&vUUR=38

Cette thèse a pour objectif d’étudier certains aspects du traitement et de l’acquisition de la morphologie verbale du russe. Le but de ce travail est double. Premièrement, nous avons étudié le traitement d’une alternance consonantique, la palatalisation, par des adultes russophones. Ce processus morphonologique mène à l’allomorphie des radicaux dans plusieurs classes verbales dont les verbes subissent la surgénéralisation dans le langage des enfants. Deuxièmement, nous avons testé l’effet de la rétroaction négative présentée dans l’input, surtout l’effet durable, sur l’élimination des erreurs de surgénéralisation fréquentes chez les enfants en russe. Dans la première étude, nous présentons des données expérimentales sur le traitement des emprunts et des non-mots. Plus particulièrement, cette étude vise à répondre à la question de savoir comment la palatalisation de consonnes dentales et vélaires est traitée par des locuteurs adultes du russe. Les résultats montrent que la palatalisation est semi-productive en fonction des facteurs suivants: a) la distribution des allomorphes à l’intérieur du paradigme, et b) la productivité des classes verbales. Nous supposons que la différence dans le traitement de la palatalisation chez les adultes devrait être reflétée dans le langage des enfants. Notre deuxième article présente les résultats de l’étude sur les effets de la rétroaction négative dans l’acquisition de la morphologie flexionnelle en russe. Pour ce faire nous avons mené une série de tâches induites auprès d’enfants russophones âgés de 3 à 4 ans. Des verbes sensibles à la surgénéralisation en yod /j/, une erreur typique des enfants de cet âge, ont été utilisés comme stimuli. Les participants ont été divisés en quatre groupes selon le type de rétroaction (correction, question de clarification et répétition) auquel ils étaient exposés. Dans chaque groupe de participants, nous avons observé une amélioration significative en production cible de formes verbales avec le temps. Cependant aucune différence significative n’a été trouvée concernant le type de rétroaction. Ces résultats suggèrent que la rétroaction négative ne joue pas un rôle important dans le processus d’acquisition. Ensemble, les deux études représentent une nouvelle contribution à la discussion sur les processus irréguliers en morphologie et le phénomène de surgénéralisation, ainsi que sur le (non) rôle de la rétroaction dans l’élimination des formes surgénéralisées dans le langage des enfants. / This thesis aims at studying certain aspects of Russian verb morphology processing and acquisition. The goal was two-fold: first, we investigated the productivity of morphonological alternations that lead to irregular verb stem allomorphy among adult speakers of Russian. The verbs in the study are known to undergo overregularization in Russian child speech. Second, we tested the (potentially) lasting effect of negative feedback on the retreat from overregularization errors in children. In the first paper, we present experimental data on the processing of loanwords and nonce words that focus on a morphonological alternation (palatalization) in Russian. This study addresses the issue of how stem allomorphy involving palatalization of the velar/palatal and dental/palatal types in the Russian verb system is processed by adults. Processing of palatalization is shown to be quite variable and to depend on: (i) different distribution of allomorphs (past/non-past or 1Sg./other forms) within the verb paradigm, and (ii) overall productivity of verbal classes. We also hypothesized that these differences should be reflected in child language verb morphology acquisition. The study presented in the second article investigates negative feedback effects on inflectional morphology acquisition in Russian. With that goal in mind, we conducted a series of elicited tasks with Russian speaking children aged from 3 to 4 years. Verbs which undergo overregularization in the non-past tense resulting from applying the yod /j/-pattern (typical errors for children of this age) were used as stimuli. Four groups of participants were formed accordingly to three types of feedback (Correction, Clarification question and Repetition), and a control group without feedback. Our results revealed a significant effect of time on target verb form production. However, no significant difference was observed as a function of feedback type, or even where there was no feedback. This finding supports the general hypothesis that negative feedback is not an important factor of language acquisition. Altogether, the results presented in this thesis provide new insights on irregular processes in Russian verb morphology, as well as on the inefficiency of negative feedback in the acquisition of L1 morphology.

<p>This dissertation examines direct and subordinate questions, as well as verb morphology in L2 Swedish, from a developmental perspective. The study is cross-sectional, containing data from Iraqi Arabic, Persian and Somali adolescent learners representing three different levels of proficiency. The data are analysed on the basis of two theories: The Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Processability Theory. Data elicited through four different techniques are examined with the aim of examining the possible impact of different data types on the results. The different elicitation techniques used in the study are: oral production, written production, grammaticality judgement and a receptive skills task. Two of the elicitation techniques, written production and grammaticality judgement, include all three structures in focus in the study, whilst the oral production and the receptive task is centred on direct questions.</p><p>The results suggest that there are implicational relationships regarding the order in which the grammatical structures are acquired. On the whole, predictions based on the two theories used as a basis for the analyses find support in the material. Having a wide scope for predictions at the morpho-syntactical level, the results meet the claims in particular of Processability Theory. The predictions and the results do not contrast the two theories with each other. A comparison of the different data types clearly indicates that the grammaticality judgement task substantially diverges from the other data types providing less consistent data and exhibiting trends that are in conflict with the data obtained through the three other elicitation techniques.</p>

This study investigates the use of formulaic language in spoken French produced by native and non-native speakers. It aims at describing the development of formulaic sequences in learners ranging from beginners to very advanced users. It draws on data from the InterFra corpus, which includes both formal and semi-formal learners. Four measures are used to characterize this development: extent of formulaic language used, category distribution, type / token ratio and frequency of types. It has been shown that a user’s knowledge of formulaic sequences impacts heavily on language proficiency and idiomaticity. Because these sequences follow neither grammatical nor lexical rules, they constitute the last threshold for advanced L2 learners. In second language acquisition, the term formulaic sequence not only applies to strict idiomatic constructions, but it is also used to refer to sequences that appear to be acquired in a holistic manner during the first phases of acquisition. A categorization is therefore proposed that can account for native and non-native usage of formulaic sequences (prefabs). Five categories of prefabs are included: Lexical, Grammatical, Discourse, Situational and Idiosyncratic. The extent of a learner’s use of formulaic language increases as the learner progresses, the largest amount found in the production of native speakers and very advanced learners. The learner’s distribution of categories moves towards native speaker distribution, albeit slowly. Situational and Idiosyncratic prefabs are found to characterize the early phases of acquisition, while Lexical prefabs are mastered later and are a major difficulty for L2 learners. Only very advanced learners who have spent considerable time in France produce the same proportion of Lexical prefabs as native speakers. Discourse prefabs constitute the most important category for all groups, including natives and non-natives. It can therefore be postulated that the main function of formulaic sequences in spoken French is that of discourse structuring and speech management. The development and use of formulaic language is explained within a framework of Frequency Effects. Coupled with other factors, frequency can account for why Lexical prefabs are hard to acquire and why formulaic sequences take a long time to master. / The thesis is published and can be purchased by Peter Lang http://www.peterlang.com/index.cfm?vID=11369&vLang=E&vHR=1&vUR=1&vUUR=38

This dissertation examines direct and subordinate questions, as well as verb morphology in L2 Swedish, from a developmental perspective. The study is cross-sectional, containing data from Iraqi Arabic, Persian and Somali adolescent learners representing three different levels of proficiency. The data are analysed on the basis of two theories: The Markedness Differential Hypothesis and Processability Theory. Data elicited through four different techniques are examined with the aim of examining the possible impact of different data types on the results. The different elicitation techniques used in the study are: oral production, written production, grammaticality judgement and a receptive skills task. Two of the elicitation techniques, written production and grammaticality judgement, include all three structures in focus in the study, whilst the oral production and the receptive task is centred on direct questions. The results suggest that there are implicational relationships regarding the order in which the grammatical structures are acquired. On the whole, predictions based on the two theories used as a basis for the analyses find support in the material. Having a wide scope for predictions at the morpho-syntactical level, the results meet the claims in particular of Processability Theory. The predictions and the results do not contrast the two theories with each other. A comparison of the different data types clearly indicates that the grammaticality judgement task substantially diverges from the other data types providing less consistent data and exhibiting trends that are in conflict with the data obtained through the three other elicitation techniques.