Helena Petáková, Greek as a source of enrichment of the Czech vocabulary Abstract: The Masterʼs thesis examines the influence of the Greek language on the Czech vocabulary from different angles. In the introduction, we define basic terms, which we use in the text, especially "loanword" and with it synonymous "lexical borrowing". Next chapter is devoted to the issues of lexical borrowing in general (motivation, ways of involvement of foreign words in the system of the recipient language, and the sorting options of the loanwords). The third chapter maps borrowing of the Greek words into the Czech language in various periods of development. Furthermore, we are interested in the Czech reception of the Greek language (the admiration of Greek, comparison of Czech with Greek) in the crucial moments of modern history and its connection with national and linguistic defensive trends. After this cultural-historical insight, in the fifth, sixth and seventh chapter we return to the lexical borrowings from Greek. We follow various means by which they entered the Czech language, the way of their involvement in the Czech vocabulary, and finally the semantic and stylistic spheres, in which the Graecisms were most applied in our country. As a separate attachment following the final summary, we attach a list of words of Greek...

Contemporary Japanese possesses three major types of words, (1) kango (Sino-Japanese words), (2) wago (Japanese native words), and (3) gairaigo (loanwords), and each word type is associated with three types of scripts, (1) kanji (Chinese characters), (2) hiragana, and (3) katakana. Kanji are a set of logographic/ideographic scripts, and both hiragana and katakana are phonetic syllabaries. Kanji are used for presenting kango and wago, while some wago are written only in hiragana. Katakana are used for presenting gairaigo. Moreover, katakana are unconventionally used to write kango and wago for the purposes of emphasis and so forth. This paper extensively examines katakana words including gairaigo as well as kango and wago written in katakana unconventionally. Many observers have commented that katakana words are increasing in Japanese writings. However, there is little empirical data to prove their increase in such writings. This dissertation pursues this question by hypothesizing that katakana words have been increasingly used in Japanese writings. Together with providing evidence of their increase, this dissertation captures differences in katakana word usage between different publication outlets, namely, magazines and newspapers as well as television commercials. In order to investigate these issues, a research project is conducted where vocabularies from the three types of media are collected on computer databases. The increase of katakana words in Japanese writings poses a problem to foreign learners of Japanese whose L1 is English. As reported in various research including Chikamatsu (1996), the learners generally experience difficulty in processing and comprehending katakana words. From the learners’ perspective, the increase of katakana words in Japanese writings means that the learners need to know more katakana words than ever before to read Japanese writings. Meanwhile, native readers of Japanese also express some difficulty with katakana words, as illustrated in the recent survey results by the National Institute for Japanese Language and the Japan Broadcasting Corporation. Both governmental agencies found that many Japanese had the experience of being unable to understand the meaning of some gairaigo. Their difficulty seems to partially be caused by the increase of gairaigo in Japanese writings. From the native readers’ perspective, the increase of gairaigo means that new gairaigo are continuously introduced in such writings, some of which are not deeply rooted in Japanese gairaigo inventory but have been introduced relatively recently, with the ensuing result that many people do not know the meaning of such words. Although it is clear that both foreign learners and native readers of Japanese have difficulty with katakana words due to the increase of such words, to date no linguistic analysis has been conducted to account for reasons of their difficulty. Thus, this dissertation examines such reasons, and then offers some suggestions as to how to make gairaigo more comprehensible from the point of view of script policy and pedagogical practice. And ultimately, some conclusions regarding the role of katakana in the Japanese orthographic system will be discussed in the light of the history of the Japanese language and its writing system.

El trabajo examina la historia de la incorporación del quechuismo “cachua” en el español. Las cachuas, un baile y canto de origen andino, fueron identificadas como idolátricas desde su primera aparición en documentos del siglo XVI y en la lexicografía colonial quechua. Después de ofrecer un breve panorama del contacto entre el quechua y el español en la época colonial y de la revisión de textos historiográficos, judiciales y catequéticos, así como de los trabajos lexicográficos antiguos y contemporáneos en que se documente la voz, se trata la incorporación del préstamo en cuestión en función de aspectos comunicativos, fonéticos y semánticos. / The present article examines the history of the incorporation of the Quechua loanword “cachua” into Spanish. The “cachua”, a dance and song of Andean origin, was identified as idolatrous ever since its first appearance in documents of the 16th century and in the colonial Quechua lexicography. First, we offer a brief panorama of the contact between Quechua and Spanish in the colonial era and a text revision of historiographic, juridical and catechetical documentation, as well as of the old and contemporary lexicographical works in which the word is documented. Subsequently, we will concentrate on the incorporation of the loan at issue based on communicative, phonetic and semantic aspects.

In Albanian, there is more than eight hundred Latin and Romance loanwords. The suggested chronological stratification is following: 1) Latin loanwords, 2) Balkan-Romance loanwords, 3) loanwords from the time of Via Egnatia and 4) Venetian loanwords. By the chronological classification of the words is decisive both the phonetic development of the word and the semantical point of view. Many loanwords went through dramatical phonetic development, which can be characterised by neutralisations and syncopes. The oldest Latin loanwords are those from the field of religion, craft, construction or transport; in the Balkan-Romance phase we find many pastoral words, names of the plants and animals or names of the body parts, some cultural words, marine words or some articles of daily use. The study of Latin loanwords offers a new view on the ethnogenesis of Albanian people and the question of their Illyrian origin. Together with the interdisciplinary view (history, archeology, zoology etc.) we come to the conclusion that Albanians met Latin first in the northern part of the Balkan peninsula and later in the time of the Slavic expansions they were in an intense contact with the romanized Vlah people in the mountains of Central Balkan.

The diploma thesis deals with English loanwords that were integrated into French during the past 5 years and became a part of metalinguistic corpus. There are two aims, on one hand, we will analyze English loanwords that entered general language dictionary in the past 5 years. On the other hand, using sociolinguistic research, we will try to find how native speakers perceive given loanwords. The text is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part characterizes loanwords, describes individual types of loanwords, and discusses their general characteristics and codification. The practical part is dedicated to classification of loanwords codified in the given metalinguistic corpus and deals with their perception by native speakers. Key words: anglicisms, English loanwords, French, language borrowing, codification, metalinguistic corpus

The diploma thesis deals with English loanwords that were integrated into French during the past 5 years and became a part of metalinguistic corpus. There are two aims, on one hand, we will analyze English loanwords that entered general language dictionary in the past 5 years. On the other hand, using sociolinguistic research, we will try to find how native speakers perceive given loanwords. The text is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part characterizes loanwords, describes individual types of loanwords, and discusses their general characteristics and codification. The practical part is dedicated to classification of loanwords codified in the given metalinguistic corpus and deals with their perception by native speakers. Key words: anglicisms, English loanwords, French, language borrowing, codification, metalinguistic corpus

The topic of this thesis is a comparison of attitude to English loanwords in Czech and Danish. The process of adopting anglicisms into both languages is viewed from several different angles in effort to provide a complex picture of the researched issue. The first part is devoted to the description of the diachronic development of Czech and Danish, especially to the influence of foreign languages on their vocabulary. In this part there is also defined used terminology and the theoretical framework is described, i.e. ways of enriching vocabulary and characterization of borrowings from foreign languages. The second part is devoted to the sociolinguistic view, i.e. the language policy of both countries, the approach of language institutions. In this section there are also described some central topics that are typical for the current linguistic situation in the Czech Republic and Denmark. The third part describes the formal adaptation of anglicisms in Czech and Danish from the morphological, orthographic, phonetic and syntactic point of view. The last chapter is devoted to the evaluation of the survey, which represents the practical part of this thesis. The theoretical part was processed using the method of literary review and the practical part using the questioning method. Since the thesis deals with...

It is not unexpected that we can find several Swahili-loanwords in Oromo because Swahili- and Oromo speaking people were neighbours for, at least, several centuries. If we are looking for Swahili-loanwords in Oromo we have, of course, to examine the southern Oromo-dialects first.

The topic of this Master's degree thesis are the lexical loanwords from Italian to European Spanish from the diachronic point of view. The first part is dedicated to the problems of language contact focused on lexical borrowings, followed by the characteristics of Italianisms and the history of the mutual contact of Spain and Italy, that led to the adoption of Italian word in Spanish and vice versa. The adaption of Italianisms in Spanish language is also analysed. The research part of this work is based on the so far most extensive and complex publication about Italianisms in Spanish, which at the same time has been strongly criticized by the science community. The expressions marked in Terlingen's work as Italianisms from the field of commerce are submitted to dictionary analysis. Based on approximately 70 historical, etymological and contemporary Spanish dictionaries, it is being verified whether the chosen words are truly loanwords of Italian origin. Every entry has its origin, meaning and ortographical variations evaluated, and the attention is also drawn to the period of time of their first occurrence and their use in Spanish. These aspects are being studied both in historical and the contemporary language. Last, the conclusions about mercantile Italianisms in Spanish are phrased and the...

Pendant près de cinq siècles, Rome ne cessa de tenter de maintenir sous influence l'Arménie face aux ambitions parthes puis sassanides, en raison de la position stratégique de ce royaume. Cette thèse se concentre sur les relations entretenues par Rome depuis la deditio de Tigrane II en 65 av. J.-C., et jusqu'en 224 ap. J.‑C., date de l'arrivée des Sassanides. Généralement, les études de ces relations ne se limitent qu'à donner la vision événementielle de la question. Cette thèse remet en contexte les relations diplomatiques entre Rome et l'Arménie ainsi que les interactions qui en découlent en prenant en considération d'autres sources jusqu'alors peu étudiées. Dans ce but, une analyse thématique, divisée en trois parties, a été réalisée. La première partie analyse la représentation de l’Arménie transmise par Rome par l’étude de son image monétaire et sa représentation dans la sculpture. La seconde remet en contexte les relations diplomatiques, vues précédemment à travers le prisme idéologique des monnaies, pour comprendre les tactiques romaines visant à intégrer et maintenir le royaume d'Arménie dans la sphère romaine. Enfin, la troisième partie se concentre sur la présence romaine dans le royaume d'Arménie en étudiant la répartition des troupes romaines et les interactions culturelles et linguistiques qui en découlent. / For almost five centuries, the Roman Empire tried to keep Armenia under its influence against the ambitions of the Parthians and Sassanians, due to the strategical location of this kingdom. This thesis reviews the relationship of the Roman Empire with Armenia from the deditio of Tigrane II in 65 BC until the arrival of Sassanians in AD 224. Typically, such studies are only based on factual events. In this thesis however, the diplomatic relationship between Rome and Armenia and the resulting interactions are put into context by also taking into account other sources, which have rarely been studied until now. Therefore, a thematic analysis was performed, which is divided in three parts. The first part deals with the depiction of the Armenian Kingdom that Rome conveyed by analysing its monetary iconography and its representation in the sculptures. The diplomatic relationships, beforehand seen through the ideological prism conveyed by the coins, are put into context in the second part. This allows to understand the tactics used to integrate and keep the Armenian Kingdom in the Roman sphere of influence. The third and last part concentrates on the Roman presence in the Armenian Kingdom by studying the distribution of Roman troops and the resulting cultural and linguistic interactions.