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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Computational Studies of Stabilization and Blow-off Mechanisms in Bluff-body Stabilized Lean Premixed Flames

Kim, Yu Jeong 03 1900 (has links)
A bluff-body has been employed as the flame stabilization scheme for many combustion devices such as gas turbines and aviation engines. Although the bluff-body flame holder has a key advantage of generating a hot gas recirculation zone behind it and assist in stable combustion, it also induces flow field and combustion instabilities such as unstable vortex shedding, which can adversely affect the flame stability and lead to blow-off. The understanding of the physical mechanism of flame stabilization and blow-off processes has been one of the critical subjects in premixed combustion systems under highly turbulent conditions. As considering this, the present dissertation presents insight of flame stabilization and blow-off mechanisms using several series of computational studies and detailed analysis using diagnostic approaches. Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations are conducted to examine flame/flow and blow-off dynamics in lean premixed hydrogen-air and syngas-air flames stabilized on a meso-scale bluff-body in a square channel. Several distinct effects on flame stabilization and blow-off dynamics are investigated, such as reduced confinement, hydrodynamic instability, flame time scale, and differential diffusion effects. For the analysis, a proper time scale analysis is attempted to characterize the flame blow-off mechanism, which turns out to be consistent with the classic blow-off theory of Zukoski and Marble. The combined approach of computational singular perturbation and tangential stretch rate is applied to examine chemical characteristics in blow-off dynamics. As an extension from Eulerian to Lagrangian viewpoint, Lagrangian particle tracking analysis of post-processing the pre-computed results is performed to examine the local characteristics during the critical transient event of local extinction and recovery.
2

Determinantes ambientais da densidade de Callicebus coimbrai em fragmentos florestais no nordeste brasileiro e implicações para a sua conservação

Hilário, Renato Richard 12 July 2013 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T14:55:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2384749 bytes, checksum: 484aa16ab64d003c3aa1344ad66f6d95 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Natural environments vary considerably around the globe, due to many factors, such as climate, topography, soil composition and structure, and human interference. Understanding how these factors interact with the local biota is a main goal of ecologists. This thesis investigates how physical variables (climate and topography) influence forest structure and the abundance of four plant groups (bromeliads, bamboos, lianas, and palms), and the interaction between these biotic variables. The principal objective of the thesis was to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on the density of titi monkeys (Callicebus coimbrai) within the species' range, which corresponds to the Atlantic Forest between the São Francisco and the Paraguaçu rivers, in the northeastern Brazilian states of Bahia and Sergipe. Twenty-two forest fragments were surveyed during fieldwork and 19 of them were inhabited by titi populations. Components of forest structure, the abundance of bromeliads, bamboos, lianas, and palms, three climatic variables, fragment size, mean elevation, and the presence/absence of capuchin monkeys (Cebus xanthosternos) were recorded for each fragment. The densities of titis and marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were estimated through the playback method. The larger fragments presented more mature forest structure. Rainfall and topography also influenced the forest structure. Lianas were more abundant in areas with lower rainfall, which is related to a competitive advantage of these plants in drier environments. Bromeliads were also more abundant in environments with less rainfall, but depended on a more even distribution of rainfall. Palms occurred at higher density in areas of late successional forest, which may be related to the occurrence of species that demand preserved habitats. None of the variables were correlated with the abundance of bamboos. The present study found that the fragments with highest titi densities are located in southern Sergipe. Forest with closely spaced and thicker trees, denser understory, and a greater abundance of lianas had higher densities of titi monkeys. These characteristics correspond to forest in late succession and to greater food availability for titis. During fieldwork, the presence of C. coimbrai could not be confirmed at four sites where the species had been recorded previously. Based on the response rate of the species in fragments where it was present, the probability that C. coimbrai would not respond to the playback was estimated at between 0.000177 and 0.0604. Low original density, together with the small size of some fragments and anthropogenic disturbance, may have been the causes of the extinctions. The extinction of titi populations was also suspected at two other sites where less systematic playbacks were not responded to, and local residents confirmed the absence of the species. At three other sites where C. coimbrai had occurred, the forest had been cleared completely. All these populations were lost within the past ten years and represent up to one fifth of the total area occupied by C. coimbrai. / Os ambientes podem variar bastante ao longo da Terra. Diferenças ambientais podem ocorrer devido a fatores como clima, relevo, estrutura e composição do solo, histórico de atividades humanas, etc. Compreender como estes fatores interagem com a biodiversidade é um dos objetivos principais da ecologia. A presente tese aborda como as variáveis abióticas (clima e relevo) influenciam a estrutura das matas e a abundância de alguns grupos de plantas (bromélias, bambus, cipós e palmeiras). Além disso, foi avaliado como a estrutura das matas se relaciona com a abundância desses grupos vegetais. O objetivo principal do trabalho, entretanto, foi avaliar como as variáveis ambientais influenciam a densidade de guigós (Callicebus coimbrai) ao longo de toda a distribuição geográfica da espécie, que corresponde à Mata Atlântica entre os rios São Francisco e Paraguaçu, nos estados de Sergipe e Bahia. A partir disso, o presente trabalho subsidia um plano para a conservação de C. coimbrai, que atualmente está ameaçada de extinção. Durante o trabalho, 22 fragmentos florestais foram amostrados, 19 dos quais abrigaram populações de guigós. Para cada fragmento registrou-se três variáveis climáticas, diversos componentes da estrutura da vegetação, a abundância de cipós, bromélias, palmeiras e bambus, altitude média, o tamanho dos fragmentos e a presença/ausência de macacos-prego (Cebus xanthostenos). A densidade de guigós e de saguis (Callithrix penicilatta) foi registrada pelo método de playback. A vegetação apresentou estrutura de matas maduras nos fragmentos maiores. Maior precipitação e relevo mais plano também influenciaram a estrutura das matas. Os cipós ocorreram em maior abundância em áreas de menor precipitação, o que está relacionado a uma vantagem competitiva que estas formas de vida têm em ambientes de maior restrição de água. As bromélias também foram mais abundantes em ambientes de menor precipitação, mas demandaram também uma distribuição mais regular de chuvas. Já as palmeiras ocorreram em maior quantidade em áreas de mata madura. Nenhuma das variáveis analisadas relacionou-se com a abundância de bambus. O presente estudo detectou que as áreas de maior densidade de guigós se concentram no sul de Sergipe. Matas com árvores mais grossas e próximas entre si, sub-bosque mais denso e maior abundância de cipós favoreceram maiores densidades de guigós. Essas características representam matas em estágio sucessional avançado e condizem com maior disponibilidade de alimento para o guigó. Durante a amostragem, a presença de C. coimbrai não foi confirmada em quatro áreas onde a espécie havia sido anteriormente registrada. Calculou-se que a probabilidade de ocorrência do guigó nessas áreas variou entre 0,000177 e 0,0604. Uma baixa densidade natural juntamente com o pequeno tamanho dos fragmentos e a degradação ambiental seriam as causas dessas extinções. O presente trabalho também levanta a suspeita de extinção em outras duas matas onde a busca pelo guigó não foi feita de forma sistemática, mas onde não houve respostas ao playback e os moradores locais apontaram a ausência do guigó nas matas. Além destas, outros três fragmentos onde o C. coimbrai havia sido previamente registrado foram completamente suprimidos. Somando-se essas áreas, até um quinto da área de ocupação da espécie pode ter sido perdida em menos de uma década, o que é um cenário bastante preocupante para a conservação da espécie.

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