Chránění paralelních a souběžných vedení je skutečně problematické z důvodů účinku vzájemné indukčnosti vedení v souběhu, odporu poruchy nebo rozložení zpětného proudu poruchy, které zkreslují impedanci jednofázové poruchy „viděné“ distanční ochranou. Proto současné numerické distanční ochrany nabízí kompenzační funkce, které je možno použít pro korekci charakteristik a výpočtu vzdálenosti poruchy pomocí lokátorů její charakteristice s dostatečnou odporovou rezervou a možnosti nastavení odpovídajícího režimu vypnutí. Tato práce se zabývá problémy, kterým čelí lokátor distanční ochrany při měření a výpočtu vzdálenosti místa jednofázové poruchy, a také mapuje současný stav řešení těchto problémů. Na základě výpočtu parametrů zadaného vedení bylo provedeno zhodnocení možných chyb při lokalizaci jednofázové poruchy a navrženo nastavení distanční ochrany určené k jeho chránění včetně nastavení parametrů určených pro kompenzaci výše uvedených negativních jevů. Bylo zjištěno, že zemnící lana a transpozice vedení přispívají k přesnosti lokátorů, protože nejmenší chyba byla zjištěna v transponovaném vedení se zemním lanem.

Au cours des dernières décennies, le besoin pour des communications multimédia en mobilité est devenu indéniable dans les réseaux de type IP, ainsi la gestion de la mobilité et la continuité de session est depuis plusieurs années un problème de recherche très important aussi bien pour le milieu académique qu’industriel. Comme l'hétérogénéité des réseaux d’accès est en perpétuelle évolution, l'intégration des différents types de réseaux sans fil au niveau de la couche IP est devenue un domaine de recherche difficile et inévitable. L'un des problèmes les plus importants liés à l'exécution de la gestion de la mobilité concerne le fait que la couche d'application souffre de la modification d'adresses IP au cours du mouvement du nœud mobile alors que celle-ci construit sa session sur la base de l’adresse IP de connexion au réseau. Une nouvelle approche d'amélioration de la prise en charge de la mobilité propose de séparer l'identification de session et l'identification de l’emplacement ou l’attachement au réseau. Donc, par la séparation de ces deux concepts, les sessions ne sont pas identifiés par les adresses IP qui elles sont dynamiques puisque la mobilité dans le réseau impose le changement d’adresse IP, mais les nouveaux identificateurs uniques qui définissent un nœud et qui ne change pas à cause de la mobilité ce qui offrirait une stabilité pour le niveau applicatif. Selon ces concepts, Host Identity Protocol (HIP) est l'une des solutions dominantes en recherches qui est proposé par l'IETF et l’IRTF. Dans cette thèse, le protocole HIP est principalement examiné et de nouvelles améliorations de la mobilité sur la base de ce protocole ont été conçues et mises en place / Over the last decades, with rapid and tremendous growth of IP networks in mobile and wireless environments, mobility management and session continuity has become a more important issue. As the heterogeneity increases in network environments and gradual spread of Internet of Things wave, the integration of different types of wireless networks in the IP layer became a challenging and inevitable research area. One of the most important issues related to mobility management is related to the fact that the application layer suffers from the changing of IP addresses during the movement of the mobile node. It is expected the network layer and above layers to be aware of movement of mobile nodes. New wave in the improvement ideas on this concept is separating the session identification and the location identification. This avoids the applications to suffer when the IP address changes during the mobility. This new approach needs to introduce a new layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack, on top of the IP layer that will handle the new identifiers correspondent with the current IP address or new complete architecture designs which are inheriting locator/identifier separation idea. According to these concepts, Host Identity Protocol (HIP) is one of the dominant and prominent researches that is proposed by IETF and IRTF. This protocol proposes to solve the locator/identifier split problem by also including the security support. In this thesis, predominantly HIP protocol is examined and new mobility enhancements based on this protocol have been designed and introduced

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:21:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Andre Luiz Gomide de Morais.pdf: 1627953 bytes, checksum: 05ab427707618c3afdeb890e320268e6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-13 / Introduction Strategies to obtain the working length to prepare and fill the root canals has been relevant theme of discussion in endodontics. The purpose of this study was to compare in vivo the canal root working length measures determined by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images with the ones obtained by using periapical radiograph and electronic apex locator. Methods The root canal working lengths of 30 single-rooted teeth from 19 patients whose diagnosis was apical periodontitis were evaluated. Initial periapical radiographs for diagnosis and treatment planning, employing the parallelism technique, were taken. CBCT images were acquired with i-CAT system (aiming of diagnosing the cases of apical periodontitis that showed to be complex and doubtful) and measured with specific function of i-CAT software. The coronal opening was made, the root canals were irrigated with sodium hypochlorite solution 2.5%, being performed the exploration and initial emptying of root canal. After, the preparation of the inlet orifice and of the cervical root third was carried out . The minor foramen was located using Root ZX® locator by advancing a stainless steel K-file that best suited the root canal, according to the manufacturer´s instructions. The radiographic measurement was made by advancing a stainless steel K-file in the root canal, until its tip was 1.0 mm from the root apex (determined from the measures obtained by the electronic ape locator). These 3 working length were tabulated and compared. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the differences between working lengths methods. The significance was set at α=5%. Results The mean values and standard deviations for working length determination by electronic apex locator, periapical radiograph and CBCT images were 21.5 ± 3.1, 21.32 ± 3, 21.4 ± 2.7, respectively. Significant differences were not verified statistically (P>0.05). Conclusions CBCT images working length determination showed to be as similar as the determinations obtained by using periapical radiograph and electronic apex locator. / Introdução: Estratégias para obtenção do comprimento de trabalho para preparar e obturar canais radiculares têm sido tema relevante de discussão em Endodontia. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar in vivo as medidas de comprimento de trabalho do canal radicular determinadas por meio da tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) com as obtidas por meio de radiografia periapical e localizador apical eletrônico. Metodologia: Foram avaliados os comprimentos de trabalho dos canais radiculares em 30 dentes de 19 pacientes com diagnóstico de periodontite apical. Radiografias periapicais iniciais de diagnóstico e plano de tratamento, empregando a técnica do paralelismo, foram realizadas. As imagens de TCFC foram obtidas usando o sistema i-CAT (com o intuito de diagnosticar os casos de periodontite apical que se mostraram complexos ou duvidosos) e foram medidas a partir de função específica do programa desse sistema. Foi realizada a abertura coronária, os canais radiculares foram irrigados solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%, sendo realizada a exploração e o esvaziamento inicial do canal radicular. Depois foi realizado o preparo do orifício de entrada e do terço cervical da raiz. O forame apical foi localizado usando o localizador Root ZX® por meio do avanço de uma lima tipo K-file que melhor se adaptasse ao canal radicular de aço inoxidável no canal radicular, de acordo com instruções do fabricante. A medida radiográfica foi feita por meio da colocação de uma lima tipo K-file de aço inoxidável no canal radicular, até que sua ponta estivesse a 1,0mm do ápice radicular (determinado pelas medidas obtidas com o localizador apical eletrônico). Essas três medidas de comprimento de trabalho foram tabuladas e comparadas. O teste de Kruskal-Wallis foi empregado para analisar as diferenças entre os métodos de obtenção dos comprimentos de trabalho. O nível de significância foi estabelecido em α=5%. Resultados: O valor médio e os desvios-padrões para a determinação do comprimento de trabalho por meio de imagens de TCFC, localizador apical eletrônico e radiografia periapical foram de e 21,4 ± 2,7, 21,5 ± 3,1, 21,32 ± 3, respectivamente. Diferenças significantes entre as medidas obtidas pelos três métodos não foram verificadas (p>0.05). Conclusões: A determinação do comprimento de trabalho em imagens de TCFC mostrou ser tão similar quanto às determinações obtidas por meio do método radiográfico e do localizador apical eletrônico.

I will attend to creation suitable model of e-marketing for e-shop with flowers in my diploma work. The aim will by join the possible instruments of online marketing in order that the company can succesfully work on the Internet. and ensure the betterposition before the competition. I will focus on e-marketing and its individua instruments. I will make some analysis of the company, by virtue of I will propose what kind of e-marketing can company use. Last but not least I will attend to the aims, which company should achieve and own potential which should valorize.

Master’s thesis deals with implementation of a European standard DATEX II. This standard specifies the data format for information transmission in road transport. The road traffic is flowing streams of current information. For the work was selected network of meteorological stations, which will publish the measured data, ie weather conditions of road transport. Measured data will be available to consumers in the format DATEX II. Implementation will be operational in its entirety meteorological station from design to the actual web service that will produce data information for consumers.