Mancur Olson states that individual, after reasonable evaluation, takes the action of free ride. The main factor of free ride lies in the goal of collective actions --- collective goods. And the non-excludability in collective goods enables consumers to benefit without sharing costs. Based on the framework of Olson¡¦s and Russell Hardin¡¦s theories of reaching the goal of collective actions, along with the theory of political entrepreneurs, this study surveys the collective actions of Tzu-Chi Foundation, in hope of depicting its factors and strategies for overcoming difficulties in collective actions. This study gives an analysis of Tzu-Chi Foundation in terms of collective actions, concluding that its selective incentives are Master Cheng Yen¡¦s unconditional love, cause & effect cycle and pursuit of pop culture. Successful marketing and computerized fund-raise tactics make people more willing to invest time and money in promoting Tzu-Chi Foundation. Few entrepreneurs are willing to bear the costs even without cooperation from other members, as they are satisfied with the collective goods provided by the group, just as Hardin states. Furthermore, one of the solutions to collective actions of free ride is to rely on organization operating by political entrepreneurs. Master Cheng Yen successfully plays the role of entrepreneur leader, adopting strategies like keeping equidistance from each political party, developing constant sense of mission within the organization, exercising mild leadership and management strategies, consolidating the Foundation with religious prospect, recruiting elites and making good use of talents...etc. Multiplied by her female leader impact on Taiwan, these factors combined are the key points of Tzu-Chi Foundation¡¦s success.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:33:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 3071922 bytes, checksum: 48d46b8aebf39c5cd1a3b7b837b070fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-31 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The research objective was to develop a resource management proposal based on wood fuel usage. Relied on the classic resource management science and its principles, presuppositions and hypothesis from biological science, the research aimed to overcome theoretical vulnerabilities from developed frameworks of this science resulted of lack of prediction and explanation of empirical problems. It also aimed to introduce elements from the social science which could explain better the wood fuel usage dynamics. The analysis started with the evaluation of concepts and their relationships in the classic resource management science. After the identification of some vulnerability in the classic model, the research exposes a way that could overcome some of these by the usage of systems basic thinking and the New Institutional Economics approach. These theories showed how difficult is to comprehend collective human behavior and this evidence directed the research to new concepts and proposals which helped the process of understanding collective human behavior with wood fuel use. The application of the framework was based in Lavras Novas, district belonged to Ouro Preto city, MG, which has a complex dynamic of wood fuel usage. This application allowed a comparison of the framework with the usage pattern in the locality which allowed the analysis of the theoretical and empirical viability of the framework and made possible the suggestion of utilities of the framework to future researchers in resource management area. / O presente trabalho objetivou desenvolver uma proposta de manejo de recursos tendo como referência empírica o uso da madeira energética. Sendo orientado pela ciência clássica do manejo de recursos apoiada pelos princípios, pressupostos e hipóteses das ciências biológicas, a proposta da pesquisa consistiu em superar as vulnerabilidades teóricas dos modelos desenvolvidos por essa ciência, resultantes de anomalias empíricas não previstas e não explicadas, e introduzir elementos explicativos aos modelos por meio da identificação de alternativas teóricas nas ciências sociais. Desta maneira, a análise inicial recaiu sobre conceitos e relações entre esses conceitos, conforme apresentados pela proposição clássica de manejo de recursos. A partir dessa apresentação e da identificação das suas vulnerabilidades, houve a exposição de como a abordagem sistêmica e a teoria da nova economia institucional podem suprir, pelos conceitos, pressupostos e relações entre os conceitos, algumas daquelas vulnerabilidades. Não obstante, a partir dessas teorias, identificou-se, ainda, a complexidade da compreensão do comportamento grupal entre seres humanos, o que direcionou a investigação teórica para conceitos e proposições que permitiram apreender o comportamento coletivo em um ambiente estruturado pelo uso energético da madeira para diversos fins. A delimitação do ambiente, representado pelo distrito de Lavras Novas por apresentar uma complexa dinâmica de uso socioeconômico do recurso, permitiu a comparação do sistema teórico desenvolvido com o padrão de utilização do recurso na localidade. Isso permitiu analisar a viabilidade teórica e prática do sistema desenvolvido em relação ao padrão de utilização encontrado empiricamente e sugerir possíveis aplicabilidades do modelo para a pesquisa em manejo de recursos.