Bakgrund: Långvarig smärta påträffas hos uppskattningsvis hälften, 40-65 %, av Sveriges befolkning. Smärtan ska ha varit kvarstående i minst tre månader för att den ska kvalificeras som långvarig. För att behandling ska fungera är det av stor betydelse att personen med smärta ska bli lyssnad på och trodd i sin subjektiva upplevelse av smärta. Den långvariga smärtan påverkar det dagliga livet på ett negativt sätt. Den teoretiska utgångspunkt som har använts är Erikssons teori om lidande samt det vårdvetenskapliga konsensusbegreppet hälsa. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser av att leva med långvarig smärta. Metod: En litteraturöversikt gjordes där åtta vetenskapliga artiklar utgjorde grunden för resultatet i syfte att skapa en översikt på den aktuella befintliga forskningen. Resultat: I litteraturöversikten identifierades sex olika kategorier. Dessa var upplevelsen av förändringar i vardagen, upplevelsen av smärtan som oförutsägbar och en fiende, upplevelsen av förändrad självbild, upplevelsen av smärthantering och smärtlindringsstrategier, upplevelsen av vändpunkter och att se det positiva samt upplevelsen av mötet med vårdpersonal. Det framkom i resultatet att smärtan hade en negativ inverkan på livet ur fysiska, sociala samt psykiska perspektiv. Det visade sig att den långvariga smärtan påverkar det vardagliga livet med en negativ inverkan. När man blev tvungen att ändra på ens livsstil påverkades självbilden och känsla av värdighet negativt. Det visade sig dock att genom en positiv inställning till smärtan kunde personer/patienter lära sig att leva med den samtidigt som det fanns ett stort missnöje med vården främst på grund av upplevelsen att inte bli trodd eller lyssnad på. Diskussion: Metoddiskussionen tar upp fördelar och nackdelar med den valda metoden som diskuteras samt analyseras. I resultatdiskussion analyseras resultatet samt återkopplas till Erikssons teori om lidande samt diskuteras utifrån bakgrunden för denna litteraturöversikt och utifrån nya vetenskapliga artiklar. / Background: Long term pain is found in approximately half, 40-65 %, of the Swedish population. The pain must have been outstanding for at least three months for it to be classified as long term. For treatment to work, it is essential that the person with pain should be listened to and believed in their subjective experience of their pain. The long term pain influences the daily life in a negative way. The theoretical basis used is Erikson's theory about suffering andthecareof scientificconsensusconcept of health. Aim: The aim was to describe the experiences of living with long term pain. Method: A literature study was done where eight scientific papers formed the basis of the results in order to create an overview of the current existing research. Results: The literature review identified six different categories.These were the experience ofchangesin everyday life, the experience of painasunpredictable andan enemy, the experience of alteredself-image,the experience ofpain managementand pain managementstrategies, the experience of turning pointsandto see the positiveas well asthe experience ofmeeting withhealth professionals. Longterm pain hada negative impact onthe life out ofphysical, socialandpsychologicalperspective. It was shown thatchronic painaffectseveryday lifewitha negative impact.Whenthey were forcedto changeone's lifestyleinfluencedthe self-imageandsense of dignitynegative.It turned out, however, that through a positiveattitude towardpaincouldpeople/patientslearn to live with it while there was great dissatisfaction with the caremainly because ofthe experienceof not being believed or listened to. Discussions: The method discussion addresses the advantages and disadvantages of the method chosen are discussed and analyzed. In the discussion of results the result was analyzed and reconnected back to Erikson's theory of suffering and discussed based on the background for this literature review and based on new scientific articles.

The purpose of this study is to learn about the professional development practices of physiotherapists working in long-term care homes in Ontario. A survey was created based on relevant literature and piloted for this study. The survey included both quantitative and open-ended questions. 44 Physiotherapist responded, which represents approximately 10% of physiotherapists working in long-term care in Ontario. The results indicate that physiotherapists are isolated from their physiotherapist peers and lack access to communities of practice, professional socialisation, professional culture and social regulation. Although physiotherapists’ interactions with interprofessional teams added breadth to their knowledge, these interactions did not enhance their profession-specific skills. Many physiotherapists are seeking professional community and social supports in healthcare settings outside of the long-term care context. The implications of this study are that physiotherapists, their professional associations, and their college must understand the importance of professional socialization in learning, and ensure that physiotherapists working in long-term care have access to and seek such social support. Physiotherapy service providers in long-term care should provide mentoring, support and opportunities for social learning for their clinicians. Finally, long-term care homes and the Ministry of Health and Long-term care need to ensure that policies provide a better definition of the role of physiotherapists in long-term care.

The aims of this thesis were (1) to learn about the identities of the molecules involved in the maintenance of long-term potentiation (LTP), and (2) to develop and test a behavioural paradigm capable of elucidating the interaction between these molecular processes and the persistence of long-term memories. By improving the stability of field recordings in in vitro electrophysiology, it was possible to investigate the molecular processes that determine the long-term changes in synaptic efficacy. In these experiments, the interactions between two convergent inputs onto the same neuronal population in the CA1 region of the hippocampus were monitored for over ten hours. Analytically powerful three-pathway protocols using sequential strong and weak tetanization in varying orders, and test stimulation over long periods of time after LTP-induction, enabled a pharmacological dissociation of potentially distinct roles of the calmodulin kinase (CaMK) pathways in LTP. This places constraints on the mechanisms by which synaptic potentiation, and possibly memories, become stabilized. The experiments show that tag setting is blocked by the CaMK inhibitor KN-93 that, at low concentration primarily blocks CaMKII, whereas a CaMKK inhibitor, STO-609, selectively limits the synthesis or the availability of plasticity related proteins (PRPs). To test whether memories can be subject to modulation by independent experiences, behavioural studies tested the possibility of lengthening the persistence of a relatively weak memory by pairing its induction with an event capable of inducing the synthesis of the required PRPs. Corticosterone-dependent stressful events like a cold swim proved to interfere and weaken spatial memories. On the other hand, the exploration of a novel environment succeeded in rescuing the decay of a weak memory. The effect of the exploration of the novel environment was dependent on NMDA and dopamine receptor activation, as well as protein synthesis. These results are discussed in relation to the synaptic tagging and capture hypothesis and a novel model of the neuronal mechanisms underlying synaptic plasticity is developed from them.

This thesis proposes four novel techniques to solve the problem of growing energy consumption requirements in cellular communication networks. The first and second part of this work propose a novel energy efficient scheduling mechanism and two new bandwidth management techniques, while the third part provides an algorithm to actively manage the power state of base stations (BSs) so that energy consumption is minimized throughout the day while users suffer a minimal loss in achieved data rate performance within the system. The proposed energy efficient score based scheduler (EESBS) is based on the already existing principle of score based resource allocation. Resource blocks (RBs) are given scores based on their energy efficiency for every user and then their allocation is decided based on a comparison between the scores of the different users on each RB. Two additional techniques are introduced that allow the scheduler to manage the user’s bandwidth footprint or in other words the number of RBs allocated. The first one, bandwidth expansion mode (BEM), allows users to expand their bandwidth footprint while retaining their overall transmission data rate. This allows the system to save energy due to the fact that data rate scales linearly with bandwidth and only logarithmically with transmission power. The second technique, time compression mode (TCoM), is targeted at users whose energy consumption is dominated by signalling overhead transmissions. If the assumption is made that the overhead is proportional to the number of RBs allocated, then users who find themselves having low data rate demands can release some of their allocated RBs by using a higher order modulation on the remaining ones and thus reduce their overall energy expenditure. Moreover, a system that combines all of the aforementioned scheduling techniques is also discussed. Both theoretical and simulation results on the performance of the described systems are provided. The energy efficient hardware state control (EESC) algorithm works by first collecting statistical information about the loading of each BS during the day that is due to the particular mobility patterns of users. It then uses that information to allow the BSs to turn off for parts of the day when the expected load is low and they can offload their current users to nearby cell sites. Simplified theoretical, along with complete system computer simulation, results are included. All the algorithms presented are very straightforward to implement and are not computationally intensive. They provide significant energy consumption reductions at none to minimal cost in terms of experienced user data rate.

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Ne couvrant que 8% de l’océan mondial mais offrant 85% des ressources marines exploitées, les systèmes côtiers sont d’importantes plaques tournantes d’échanges de matières et d’énergie, jouant un rôle capital dans les cycles biogéochimiques. De plus, ces milieux sont marqués par une forte hétérogénéité spatio-temporelle des facteurs environnementaux, contribuant ainsi à leur complexité. Au cours des dernières décennies, les changements globaux s'exerçant sur ces systèmes sont devenus si intenses, que la mise en place de réseaux d'observation à long-terme est devenue cruciale afin d'extraire les grandes tendances et de prédire les changements potentiels. La question de l'identification de la réponse spécifique de ces zones d'interfaces littorales reste cependant posée. En France, le suivi des paramètres physiques et chimiques des eaux côtières est assuré depuis 1997 par le programme SOMLIT (Service d’Observation en Milieu LIToral). L'objectif de cette thèse est de donc caractériser l'évolution physico-chimique, à l'échelle décennale, des systèmes côtiers français et d'estimer les parts respectives de la variabilité naturelle et de l'influence anthropique. Dans un premier temps, l'analyse de ces séries chronologiques montre que les systèmes côtiers français présentent une variabilité temporelle importante, liée en partie aux fluctuations hydro-climatiques à méso-échelle, mais également à des échelles plus régionales. Dans un deuxième temps, le développement d'une nouvelle procédure multivariée non paramétrique, aboutissant à la construction d'états de référence relatifs et à la détection rapide des changements, permet de quantifier le phénomène de fertilisation en nutriments. Il est montré que la fertilisation peut être fortement influencée par le forçage climatique. Dans un troisième temps, après soustraction de la part de variabilité climatique naturelle, des indicateurs de fertilisation anthropique sont proposés, permettant la quantification de l'impact des activités humaines sur les systèmes côtiers français. Ce travail propose une nouvelle approche qui permet de détecter dès que les données deviennent accessibles les perturbations potentielles dans tous types de systèmes, avec plus particulièrement pour objectif de répondre aux attentes, scientifiques et sociétales, d'une gestion adaptée des milieux côtiers. / Covering only 8% of the World Ocean but with 85% of exploited marine resources, coastal systems are important areas for the exchange of materials and energy, playing a crucial role in biogeochemical cycles. Moreover, these environments are marked by strong spatial and temporal heterogeneity of environmental factors, contributing to their complexity. In recent decades, global change exerted on these systems has become so intense that the implementation of long-term monitoring programmes has become essential to extract major trends and predict potential changes. However, the identification of the specific response of these coastal systems remains posed. In France, monitoring of physical and chemical parameters of coastal waters is provided since 1997 by the programme SOMLIT (Service d'Observation en Milieu LITtoral). The aim of this PhD Thesis is therefore to characterize year-to-year variability in physic-chemical properties of the surface layer, at a decadal scale, of the French coastal systems, and to evaluate the respective influence of natural and anthropogenic variability. Firstly, the analysis of these time series shows that the French coastal systems exhibit significant temporal variability, due to hydro-climatic fluctuations at meso and regional scales. Secondly, the development of a new nonparametric multivariate procedure, resulting in the constitution of relative reference states for the rapid detection of changes, allows quantifying the fertilization in nutrient concentrations. Moreover, it is shown that fertilization can be strongly influenced by climate forcing. Thirdly, after the removal of natural climate variability, indicators of human fertilisation are proposed, allowing the quantification of the impact of human activities on French coastal systems. This study proposes a new approach to detect as soon as data become available, potential alterations in all types of systems, with the aim of meeting the scientific and societal assumptions and allowing the adaptive management of coastal environments.

Il est nécessaire qu'une signature électronique garde ses propriétés de sécurité durant sa période archivage légale. La première partie de ce mémoire adresse cette problématique en formalisant la validation de signature à long terme. On utilise notre modèle pour définir la sémantique d'une règle de résolution de litige et pour formaliser plusieurs notions tels que la preuve de jugement, son expiration et son renouvellement. La révocation est l'un des principaux aspects formalisés par le modèle. La gestion de la révocation est particulièrement critique pour une Autorité de Certification. Dans un premier temps, on investigue différent niveaux de compromission et de révocations. Ensuite, on adresse la sécurité de l'application de signature de certificats. On propose une solution qui permet au module cryptographique de l'AC de déléguer les vérifications sur les requêtes de signature de certificats, à un environnement moins sécurisé mais avec une puissance de calcul plus importante. / Nowadays digital signature schemes and infrastructures have time limitations. This situation is disturbing considering that there are many cases, such as government records, where the signatures are required to be kept valid for a long period of time. In this thesis, we address this issue by modeling signature validation in the scope of a dispute between a verifier and a signer. The model is accompanied with a formal calculus to formalize several important concepts in the scope of long-term validation, such as judgment proof, proof expiration and renewal. Certificate revocation is one of the main issues considered by the model. Revocation is particularly critical for a Certification Authority (CA). We investigate this issue in the scope of the revocation settings allowed in X.509 and we show that some settings permit efficient countermeasures to prevent the revocation of the CA. For the same objective, we investigate approaches allowing to combine hardware protection with fine-tuned control on the usage of the CA's key. We propose a general solution which allows the execution of the of CA's certification policies at a processor which runs in an insecure environment under the control of the CA's secure module.

M.Ing. / The increase of interest in the development of radio communications, both terrestrial and satellite is reaching far and beyond the most optimistic expectations. There has been an accelerated emergence of newer technologies, all claiming highly coveted radio frequency spectrum resources. With the push for the development of location based services, utilizing satellite com- communications for military purposes and later for civilian use; there has been a parallel development in terrestrial communications technology making it possible to implement cost efficient reliable user systems for voice and data services ...

Short-termism and myopia on the part of corporate managers, analysts, and investors have created a business environment driven by the excessive focus on short-term results and the need to meet earnings targets at the expense of long-term value creation. These are accompanied by numerous consequences, including the potential for short-term-oriented firms, particularly in the U.S., to lag behind global long-term-oriented firms, as well as the potential for short-term mindsets in the corporate world to catalyze financial crises. In this paper, I demonstrate that the market generally assigns higher values to long-term firms rather than short-term ones. This is evidenced by the fact that firms characterized to be long-term according to various financial metrics have higher valuation multiples than their short-term counterparts. The results suggest that the market has a degree of sophistication that rewards investments for the future rather than earnings management and present gratification, and that the corporate world should therefore increasingly develop a long-term mentality.

The Triratna/FWBO Buddhist movement has been associated with younger people and a lifestyle in which single sex residential communities and work projects (TBRLs) have been prominent. There is now a trend towards a wider range of lifestyles including fewer people living communally. Demographic changes include 50+ average age for ordained members and some people developing Long-Term Care (LTC) needs, with limited family and financial support. This raises questions as to the extent to which ‘Buddhist identity’ can be supported in LTC situations, with informal care, mainstream LTC services and possible care-based TBRLs all relevant.Data-gathering was initially on the basis of a general investigation of LTC issues in Triratna/FWBO using an eclectic, primarily qualitative design which had features of both a case study and a cross-sectional survey. 17 interviews included participants with current LTC needs, others asked to anticipate future care preferences, and people with relevant expertise. A questionnaire was formulated to explore attitudes to possible care-based TBRLs, with 107 participants and numerous additional comments. There was a strong consensus that Buddhist-based LTC services would, for example, provide better vegetarian diets and have an understanding of Buddhist names taken at ordination. These features were included in a conceptualisation of Buddhist identity which contrasted ‘Buddhist’ and ‘Non-Buddhist’ life, and noted ‘Dreams’ and ‘Nightmares’ as to LTC. Effective basic care was seen as essential to the general level of well-being needed for Buddhist practice, whilst a higher level of support might facilitate access to Buddhist ‘life goods’, and assist people in self-verifying themselves as committed Buddhists through ongoing practice. Informal support from fellow Buddhists was available in many contexts, but not at levels of intensity and duration characteristic of some family-based care, and it was seen as modulated by perceptions of burden, ‘busy-ness’ and other factors. There was a ‘legacy of suspicion’ of mainstream LTC, mainly focussed on residential care, with acknowledgement of some good/respectful carers and care services. TBRLs in LTC were generally welcomed, being seen as suitably altruistic work which might feature an atmosphere of ‘mutuality’ between staff and clients who were Buddhist or of Buddhist sympathy. Comparative material was used here from Methodist, Jewish and Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender (LGBT) communities in LTC contexts, with the last of these conceptualised as comparable to the Western Buddhist community as a currently emerging identity in terms of later life services. Practicality and feasibility were discussed with reference to existing TBRLs, and experience of paid-for care input between Buddhists. The latter appeared supportive of Buddhist identity and readily linked to the personalisation agenda in social care. Buddhist-friendly services were seen as a possible context for generativity, and the concept of ‘a natural part of life’ was explored in terms of the emergence of LTC in the Triratna/FWBO movement, and of Buddhism as a gradually more familiar identity which might be encountered in the sphere of LTC.