1 / SPK / archives@tulane.edu

This report measures and explains the way that new grocery store development in underserved neighborhoods impact economic development. This study evaluates a new grocery storeÕs economic impact in six critical areas: 1) Job Creation 2) Income Creation 3) Tax Revenue Creation 4) Impact on Surrounding Residential Real Estate ) Impact on Surrounding Commercial Real Estate 6) Lower Food Costs The research shows that when these six effects areas are considered together, the potential economic impact of a new grocery store in a food desert is immense. The most important of these topics is the new stores ability to create jobs, local income, and it effect upon the surrounding real estate. National data shows that a new grocery store can have an employment multiplier of nearly 20, meaning that for every directly created job, 20 more are either created or supported elsewhere in the economy. Furthermore, between 50 and 75 percent of directly created jobs are filled locally, helping to pump income into the local communi . Thirdly, the opening of a new grocery store has an immediate and significant effect upon commercial and residential real estate. Data from the Pennsylvania Fresh Food Financing Initiative indicates that the opening of a new store instantly boosts home values by between four and seven percent and reverses negatively trending home values. While the effect on commercial real estate is less measurable, it is no less significant. The new store acts as an anchor retailer, attracting smaller retailers to the area and helping to reduce community vacancy rates and spur economic development. Lastly, the new store will reduce the cost of food to the local community by providing food at cheaper prices than local convenience stores and by removing many of the unnecessary transportation costs that food desert residents frequently encounter. Illustrating these potential impacts, the proposed development of a new Jack and Jakes Grocery Store on O.C. Ha y Boulevard in the Central City neighborhood of New Orleans is a perfect case study. As defined by the USDA, Central City is a low-income food desert. For years it has suffered serious economic decay that has seen its main commercial corridor, O.C. Haley Boulevard, become completely defunct. However, in applying national data and several widely accepted economic theories, this report concludes that the development of a new grocery store in this area is ideal. The new store will help to make community attractive to economic investment and redevelopment once again. By providing jobs and income to the surrounding community, retail demand in the area will be increased. This in turn will make the commercial corridor more attractive to businesses. Furthermore, as an anchor retailer, the new grocery store will further promote economic development by helping to apply downward pressure on community vacancy rates, both residential and commercial. / 0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

A Thesis submitted to The University of Arizona College of Medicine - Phoenix in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Medicine. / Short‐term surgical missions (STSMs) provide an opportunity for the global health care community to address the surgical needs of developing communities worldwide. Conditions that require a one‐time intervention, such as cleft lip and palate, clearly demonstrate the positive impact these short‐term missions can have on the individual patient. However, the long‐term impact on the local health care system, economy, and community is less clear. Many in the global health care community believe that STSMs should seek to have a long‐term impact by establishing sustainable health care programs. Information regarding the impact of STSMs is scarce, however, due to limited regulation, research, and data from short‐term missions. This study investigates how short‐term international missions impact health care sustainability in low‐income and developing communities. This study uses a systematic review to investigate the impact of STSMs on health care sustainability. Additional outcomes included education and skills‐transfer, cost‐effectiveness, and cultural awareness. 15 articles were included in the study. The following outcomes were found: sustainability in 9 studies, education and skills‐transfer in 5, cost‐effectiveness in 4, and cultural awareness in 3. STSMs can successfully establish sustainable programs abroad. Factors that contribute to this success include education and training of host providers, cost‐effective services, and cultural awareness. Understanding the complex dynamic between STSMs and developing communities is key to developing effective and sustainable programs that offer long‐term benefits to those communities.

Violence and Stigmatization against children with disabilities are critical public health issues. Children with disabilities are a vulnerable population as they are exposed to various forms of discrimination and violence globally. The forms of abuse include, but are not limited to, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The experiences of Children with disabilities are massively undocumented and there is also a lack of existing literature addressing the issue. The abuse and violence against children with disabilities are also underreported specifically in cultures where this abuse is socially accepted. There are gaps in the literature regarding the condition of children with disabilities and the attitude towards disability, especially in lower-income communities. Given the invisibility of children with disabilities in most developing countries, especially Africa, it is reasonable to speculate that both killing and abuse of this population is more widespread than reported. The purpose of this study is to explore the various forms of stigmatization and violence against children with disabilities. The secondary purpose is to examine the effects, a child with disabilities might have on caregivers, especially parents. A literature review examining the prevalence and risk of violence against children with disabilities was conducted utilizing various online databases. Peer-reviewed research articles published in the English Language from 2010-2021 that focused on stigmatization and violence against children with disabilities were included for synthesis. Results suggest that children with disabilities are at a higher risk for stigmatization and violence than their non-disabled counterparts.

Thesis (MA (Psychology))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / Within the medical models, postpartum depression is constructed as a mental illness, that women are predisposed to during the postpartum period because of the biological and physiological changes that occur before, during and after childbirth. The present study aimed to determine whether childbirth increases the risk of developing depressive symptomatology in the first six months after delivery. The objective of the study was to examine the concept of postpartum depression by analyzing the difference in depressive symptom rates between 41 postpartum women and 254 male and female (who had not given birth in the previous six months) community members residing in a semi-rural area of South Africa. This objective was reached by using a cross-sectional survey research design. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used to elicit the quantitative data. Several independent t-tests were conducted to determine the following (i) whether low-income women three months postpartum had higher BDI scores in comparison to a combined gendered community sample, and (ii) whether low-income women six months postpartum had higher BDI scores in comparison to a combined gendered community sample. The results indicated that the postpartum women did not experience elevated rates of depressive symptoms at three months or at six months in comparison to the community sample. Men in the 2003 community sample displayed significantly higher levels of depressive symptoms than the sixmonth postpartum women. These findings do not support the assumption that childbirth predisposes women to psychological vulnerability during the postpartum period.

This study concerns the effects of public school redistricting on communities in Atlanta. It is based upon interviews with people in two neighborhoods which are part of the Atlanta Public Schools (APS) system directly affected by redistricting. All schools slated to close are located in low-income, minority areas and serve similar populations. Of the ten schools selected for closing, three were saved during the final APS board meeting in April 2012, and will remain open. I spoke with people who reside in a neighborhood where a local school is slated to close, as well as those in an area where a school was saved from closing. I asked informants why they felt their schools were identified for closure and how they responded to the threat of closing. I learned that both communities organized to save their schools but with different results based on available forms of social and cultural capital.

This study concerns the use of character education practices in schools and how these practices can be integrated into the art education curriculum to benefit students from urban high-poverty backgrounds. I conducted a document analysis of research in character education referring to methods of integrating character education skills into classroom practice. I identified character education programs that provide instruction in the areas of the emotional resources that Payne (2013) suggests that students from high-poverty backgrounds lack. Then, I made connections between how these identified character education skills align to the studio habits of mind (Hetland, 2013) that the visual arts have been suggested to develop in students to create guidelines for art educators to implement in their classrooms.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Buscamos com este trabalho investigar a representação social que moradores de comunidades de baixa renda têm em relação aos políticos. A Teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici fundamenta o estudo, que conta ainda com o Modelo Estrutural de Abric, conceitos da Lógica Natural de Grize e procedimentos básicos de estatística descritiva para a análise dos dados. O instrumento da pesquisa foi subdividido em quatro partes, dedicadas às coletas de dados de caracterização socioeconômica dos sujeitos, evocações livres a partir do termo indutor "político", respostas às perguntas do questionário semi-aberto e relatos de casos que envolvessem políticos nas entrevistas abertas. Com as evocações, procuramos determinar os prováveis elementos centrais e periféricos da representação social; com as entrevistas, verificamos relações de causalidade entre os temas mais recorrentes nos discursos. Com a análise, as evocações indicaram um núcleo central com elementos que estão consistentemente em torno da noção de "corrupto": "ladrão", "mentiroso" e "safado". A estrutura da representação social parece, a despeito disso, revelar a possibilidade de uma visão embrionária, por parte dos sujeitos, onde os aspectos mais sociais se sobrepõe à percepção mais pessoal e individualista a respeito dos políticos. As respostas ao questionário denotaram interesse e desconhecimento sobre a atividade política, além de um pensamento marcadamente crítico em relação à questão da representatividade: os políticos são vistos como individualistas, defensores de seus próprios interesses e não acessíveis ao eleitor. As entrevistas revelaram seis temas gerais ("são corruptos", "só querem o voto", "fazem falsas promessas", "manipulam as pessoas", "somem depois das eleições" e "não resolvem os problemas") que foram organizados em uma estrutura, formada pelos seus significados articulados entre si como causa ou efeito, para descrição da representação. Esta, parte de uma condição implícita, a corrupção e o individualismo, passa pelas falsas promessas e pela manipulação das pessoas, e termina na incompetência, na não resolução dos problemas. / The aim of this study was to investigate the social representation which people from low-income communities have in relation to politicians. Moscovici's Social Representations Theory formed the basis for the study, which also made use of Abric's Structural Model, concepts from Grize's Natural Logic and basic descriptive statistical procedures for the data analysis. The research instrument was divided into four different parts to collect the following information: data to classify the participants socioeconomically; free evocations using "politician" as the inductor term; answers to the semi-open questionnaire; and accounts of events involving politicians in open interviews. With the free evocations, we endeavored to determine the probable central and peripheral elements of the social representation; with the interviews, we identified the causal relationships among the most recurrent terms mentioned in them. Analysis of the evocations revealed a central core with elements consistently related to the idea of a "corrupt person": "thief", "liar", and "trickster". Despite this, the structure of the social representation appears to show that the participants may have an embryonic vision of politicians in which aspects related to social issues take precedence over a more personal and individualistic perception. The answers to the questionnaire showed both interest in, and lack of familiarity with, political activities, along with markedly critical thinking in relation to the issue of representativeness: politicians are seen as individualists, driven by their own interests and inaccessible to the elector. The interviews revealed six general themes (politicians "are corrupt", "just want votes", "make false promises", "manipulate people" and "do not solve problems"), which were organized according to their meaning and the causal relationships between them to describe the social representation. This begins with an implicit condition, corruption and individualism, and extends through false promises and the manipulation of people to finish with incompetence and the inability to solve problems.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Buscamos com este trabalho investigar a representação social que moradores de comunidades de baixa renda têm em relação aos políticos. A Teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici fundamenta o estudo, que conta ainda com o Modelo Estrutural de Abric, conceitos da Lógica Natural de Grize e procedimentos básicos de estatística descritiva para a análise dos dados. O instrumento da pesquisa foi subdividido em quatro partes, dedicadas às coletas de dados de caracterização socioeconômica dos sujeitos, evocações livres a partir do termo indutor "político", respostas às perguntas do questionário semi-aberto e relatos de casos que envolvessem políticos nas entrevistas abertas. Com as evocações, procuramos determinar os prováveis elementos centrais e periféricos da representação social; com as entrevistas, verificamos relações de causalidade entre os temas mais recorrentes nos discursos. Com a análise, as evocações indicaram um núcleo central com elementos que estão consistentemente em torno da noção de "corrupto": "ladrão", "mentiroso" e "safado". A estrutura da representação social parece, a despeito disso, revelar a possibilidade de uma visão embrionária, por parte dos sujeitos, onde os aspectos mais sociais se sobrepõe à percepção mais pessoal e individualista a respeito dos políticos. As respostas ao questionário denotaram interesse e desconhecimento sobre a atividade política, além de um pensamento marcadamente crítico em relação à questão da representatividade: os políticos são vistos como individualistas, defensores de seus próprios interesses e não acessíveis ao eleitor. As entrevistas revelaram seis temas gerais ("são corruptos", "só querem o voto", "fazem falsas promessas", "manipulam as pessoas", "somem depois das eleições" e "não resolvem os problemas") que foram organizados em uma estrutura, formada pelos seus significados articulados entre si como causa ou efeito, para descrição da representação. Esta, parte de uma condição implícita, a corrupção e o individualismo, passa pelas falsas promessas e pela manipulação das pessoas, e termina na incompetência, na não resolução dos problemas. / The aim of this study was to investigate the social representation which people from low-income communities have in relation to politicians. Moscovici's Social Representations Theory formed the basis for the study, which also made use of Abric's Structural Model, concepts from Grize's Natural Logic and basic descriptive statistical procedures for the data analysis. The research instrument was divided into four different parts to collect the following information: data to classify the participants socioeconomically; free evocations using "politician" as the inductor term; answers to the semi-open questionnaire; and accounts of events involving politicians in open interviews. With the free evocations, we endeavored to determine the probable central and peripheral elements of the social representation; with the interviews, we identified the causal relationships among the most recurrent terms mentioned in them. Analysis of the evocations revealed a central core with elements consistently related to the idea of a "corrupt person": "thief", "liar", and "trickster". Despite this, the structure of the social representation appears to show that the participants may have an embryonic vision of politicians in which aspects related to social issues take precedence over a more personal and individualistic perception. The answers to the questionnaire showed both interest in, and lack of familiarity with, political activities, along with markedly critical thinking in relation to the issue of representativeness: politicians are seen as individualists, driven by their own interests and inaccessible to the elector. The interviews revealed six general themes (politicians "are corrupt", "just want votes", "make false promises", "manipulate people" and "do not solve problems"), which were organized according to their meaning and the causal relationships between them to describe the social representation. This begins with an implicit condition, corruption and individualism, and extends through false promises and the manipulation of people to finish with incompetence and the inability to solve problems.

M.Tech. (Industrial Design) / This study investigated the user’s perspective with reference to the regular use of the WonderbagTM retained-heat cooker in low-income communities in a South African context. This research addresses the limitations of the literature available to support the investigation of the design of a fabric retained-heat cooker from a user’s perspective. As with the WonderbagTM retained-heat cooker, products aimed at underserved low-income communities are often designed without the participation of the end-user. This research focuses on the user’s experience of the fabric retained-heat cooker and seeks to include the user in the process of improving the design of these products. Participatory action research and user-centred design were utilised as the chosen methodologies for this study. The history of retained-heat cookers has been reflected upon when considering the use of insulation materials and alternative fabric improvements. Methods of manufacture, material cost and usage have been considered as critical elements of the design process as well as the skill level of the existing users. Participants indicated their personal interest in the design and development of the prototype retained-heat cooker. They were intensively involved in the design process from the focus group discussion where their perceptions were elicited, right through to their testing of the final prototype. A final workshop concluded the last of three workshops where participants provided individual feedback in terms of their personal experiences of using the prototype retained-heat cooker. Participants were able to selectively customise their prototypes, which brought about a sense of ownership and pride that was not evident in their use of previous retained-heat cookers. Participants indicated personal interest in creating their own retained-heat cookers from the experience that they acquired during the research process. As a result of this experience, the participants believed that they could manufacture their own retained-heat cookers to sell within their community, which could provide income for themselves and other members of their community. The saving of energy in terms of the fuel required to complete the cooking process translated into a direct saving of money, which was highlighted as a recurring theme and identified benefit of retained-heat cooking. By encouraging the use of energy-efficient retained-heat cookers, low-income communities could directly benefit from spending less on fuel costs and more on other essentials.