Interest in golf and golf course developments has increased considerably in recent years. The reason for this growth is threefold: babyboomers are now making golf the game of choice; women, who in the past were only allowed to play at restricted times or even banned entirely, can now play at almost any time, and presently account for approximately 50 percent (once only 10 percent) of all new golfers; and young people are beginning to take a keen interest in the game. Today, about 200,000 golfers are playing on approximately 85 golfing facilities within the Lower Mainland. By 2011, it is estimated that 318,000 golfers will be playing on 119 golf courses. With a projected demand of an additional 34 golf courses over the next 15 years, locating suitable golf course development sites may be difficult, as local and provincial authorities are cautious about these 150 acre land uses that cause many land use and environmental conflicts. Golf course developers are commonly confronted with seven main concerns from the public and local government when a new development is proposed. The most heavily scrutinized of these concerns is the loss of agricultural land, the loss of wildlife habitat, and the amounts of chemicals used on golf courses. These are followed by increased water consumption levels, errant golf balls causing injury or damage, unwanted urban growth following these recreational developments, and lost recreational opportunities to non-golfers in the community. To varying degrees, these concerns can stall the golf course planning process, or even cause a municipality to reject an application. The golf course concerns were assessed in this thesis to discern how significant the issues are, and how planners and developers throughout North America are addressing them. The analysis is based on information gathered from public meetings, interviews, municipal planning reports, a general literature review and a case study. The result of the analysis is a set of planning guidelines designed to promote better golf courses. If the planning guidelines outlined in this thesis are followed, future and existing courses can become functional, environmentally sensitive and aesthetic land uses, characterized by: • sites that do not conflict with an Official Community Plan; • land fill sites reclaimed into a working recreational land use with native vegetation and wildlife; • chemical turf care management plans; • comprehensive construction plans to protect against erosion and plant damage; • protection zones for sensitive on-site habitats; • mixtures of native turf grass, plants, shrubs, and trees within the site; • nearby secondary sewage treatment plant to provide effluent for irrigation; • drainage systems that feed excess water into retention ponds for re-use; • designs that provide park and recreation space (where feasible) within the site; • proper setbacks or buffering spaces between the playing areas and nearby housing (where applicable); • multi-teed target-style golf course design layout for all skill levels.

Medical social workers from health care institutions in the urban lower mainland of British Columbia were asked about their views, values and practice regarding passive and active euthanasia. This qualitative, exploratory study focused on the attitudes, values and structures that influence professional social work practice with clients requesting euthanasia. During the months of August to November, 1994, seventeen medical social workers, who were experienced in this area, were interviewed. An interview guide format was used that was previously tested in a pilot study of this project. Within the pre-selected categories; views, values and practice, responses were described and emerging themes were identified through content analysis. The study results confirm medical social workers are playing an active professional role with terminally-ill patients, families and staff when requests are made for euthanasia in the health care system. In this study population, in most cases, the social worker's views, whether for or against euthanasia, did not determine his/her practice with patients. Instead, it was the social worker's willingness to give up his/her control in the patient/professional relationship in an effort to support the patient's decision to die with dignity. This practice was based on the value of patient self-determination being paramount against all other interests. Self-determination was ranked as the most influential factor in determining practice by most of the participants. Responses revealed there was a lack of understanding by health care professionals at all levels regarding the process of separating personal values from the professional obligation to respect patient self-determination. Feminist medical ethics suggests that all health care professionals need to engage in self-evaluation to address any need they may have for power and control in the professional/patient relationship. Furthermore, medical social workers should recognize their own such needs, particularly when their personal views and values come into conflict with a patient's decision regarding euthanasia. This study not only presents the issues of power and control that social workers and other health care professsionals experience in the medical system, it also explores and describes the contributions social workers have made in their practice with patients who request the right to die with dignity. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Information on the meaning systems underlying body, food, eating, and health for many ethnic cultures within North American society is limited. Existing research suggests that the meaning systems for body, food, eating, and health for most ethnic cultures differ from those of the host North American culture. Despite the growing Filipino Canadian population, no information was found for this ethnic group with regard to these issues. With an increased understanding of Filipino Canadian culture, health professionals working with women of Filipino Canadian ethnicity will have the tools needed to provide culturally sensitive care. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to increase the understanding of the culture of Filipino Canadian women as it pertains to body, food, eating, and health. The qualitative research paradigm was chosen to explore the culture of Filipino Canadian women because, as opposed to quantitative research where the goals are to verify, predict, and control, the goals of qualitative research are to explain, discover, understand, and generate theories. The processes of sampling, data collection, and data analysis occured simultaneously throughout the research process. Sampling was purposive in that informants were chosen according to certain characteristics in order to highlight similarities and differences between informants. The informants consisted of first generation Filipino Canadian women from 19 to 30 years old who were born in the Philippines to parents of Filipino heritage. Data were collected from eleven informants by conducting semi-structured open-ended interviews. Preliminary data analysis guided subsequent sampling of participants, interviews, and analysis strategies. Later analysis stages involved the development of the major themes using domain and taxonomic analyses. Several steps were taken to ensure the trustworthiness of the research. First, peer debriefing, negative case analyses, and member checks were used to establish the credibility of the emergent themes. Second, rich descriptions of the context were provided in order to aid in the transferability of the findings. Third, an inquiry audit was conducted in order to establish the dependability of the research process and confirmability of the findings. The majority of informants valued thinness, valued the concept of "watching" fat, rice and sweet, salty, and junk food intake, and were concerned about minimizing disease risk. These views were associated with "Canadian" culture. On the other hand, a minority valued fatness, valued the concept of "just eating" fat and rice, and revealed a concern with maximizing disease resistance. These views were associated with "Filipino" culture. Although the findings suggested that the informants were fairly well assimilated into the host North American culture, evidence does exist which shows that most of them experienced the conflict of the "Filipino" and "Canadian" cultural systems. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Nitrate pollution of ground and surface water can stem from the mismanagement and over-application of both inorganic and organic fertilizers. This results in the occurrence of non-point externalities, which infringe on the overall level of social welfare. Market based environmental policies, known as economic instruments, can be developed to curb the level of this non-point externality. Such policies directly affect the management decisions of agricultural producers, providing them with incentives to change their management practices. The overall objective of this study is to analyze an array of economic instruments which could feasibly curb water quality degradation resulting from the over-application and misuse of manure and inorganic fertilizers in agricultural production. The economic instruments are compared in terms of their relative effectiveness in decreasing nitrate water pollution and social damage. This thesis develops a three agent manure market model, wherein a vegetable producer and composter can purchase manure from a dairy producer or inorganic fertilizer from an exogenous fertilizer market. The production activities of each agent are modelled using real world production data. A non-linear programming technique is used. The imposition of a percentage manure tax was found to alter the vegetable producer’s derived demand for manure, and resulted in less manure being exchanged between the dairy and vegetable producers. The provisions of a percentage manure composting subsidy increased the quantity of manure demanded by the composter and decreased the amount of manure consumed by the vegetable and dairy producers. The imposition of an inorganic fertilizer tax increased the demands for manure fertilizer, as did the manure application limit. The effects on social damage are dependent on the leaching and surface run-off susceptibilities of each operation’s associated land base. The composting subsidy appeared to be the most efficient instrument for decreasing the overall level of social damage, when qualitatively analyzed. It induced decreases in the demand for manure by both the dairy and vegetable producers, while increasing the demand for manure of the composter. This results in an overall social benefit. There must be, however, financial justification for the implementation of such an instrument. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

Interest in golf and golf course developments has increased considerably in recent years. The reason for this growth is threefold: babyboomers are now making golf the game of choice; women, who in the past were only allowed to play at restricted times or even banned entirely, can now play at almost any time, and presently account for approximately 50 percent (once only 10 percent) of all new golfers; and young people are beginning to take a keen interest in the game. Today, about 200,000 golfers are playing on approximately 85 golfing facilities within the Lower Mainland. By 2011, it is estimated that 318,000 golfers will be playing on 119 golf courses. With a projected demand of an additional 34 golf courses over the next 15 years, locating suitable golf course development sites may be difficult, as local and provincial authorities are cautious about these 150 acre land uses that cause many land use and environmental conflicts. Golf course developers are commonly confronted with seven main concerns from the public and local government when a new development is proposed. The most heavily scrutinized of these concerns is the loss of agricultural land, the loss of wildlife habitat, and the amounts of chemicals used on golf courses. These are followed by increased water consumption levels, errant golf balls causing injury or damage, unwanted urban growth following these recreational developments, and lost recreational opportunities to non-golfers in the community. To varying degrees, these concerns can stall the golf course planning process, or even cause a municipality to reject an application. The golf course concerns were assessed in this thesis to discern how significant the issues are, and how planners and developers throughout North America are addressing them. The analysis is based on information gathered from public meetings, interviews, municipal planning reports, a general literature review and a case study. The result of the analysis is a set of planning guidelines designed to promote better golf courses. If the planning guidelines outlined in this thesis are followed, future and existing courses can become functional, environmentally sensitive and aesthetic land uses, characterized by: • sites that do not conflict with an Official Community Plan; • land fill sites reclaimed into a working recreational land use with native vegetation and wildlife; • chemical turf care management plans; • comprehensive construction plans to protect against erosion and plant damage; • protection zones for sensitive on-site habitats; • mixtures of native turf grass, plants, shrubs, and trees within the site; • nearby secondary sewage treatment plant to provide effluent for irrigation; • drainage systems that feed excess water into retention ponds for re-use; • designs that provide park and recreation space (where feasible) within the site; • proper setbacks or buffering spaces between the playing areas and nearby housing (where applicable); • multi-teed target-style golf course design layout for all skill levels. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The expanding population in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, has been accompanied by a commensurate increase in the pressure of demand for land. In recent years attention has been focused on the competition for the regional land resources by agricultural and urban interests. Coincident with this conflict, public concern has been expressed over market allocation of agricultural land to urban uses. In this respect reference has often been made by the public, to the benefits of planning regional land allocation. To date no quantitative economic examination of this trend in land resource allocation has been undertaken. This thesis is an attempt to show how a mathematical technique - linear programming, - can be used to analyse and evaluate such land allocation problems. The linear programming model optimizes a system based on a conceptual framework in which the stated objective is the allocation of land to its "highest and best use". Economic, highest and best use of land is shown to exist when the activity bidding the highest price for the resource is allocated the site. Utilizing Lower Mainland Regional Planning Board land inventories and population projections, and Vancouver Real Estate Board price data, the specifications of the linear programming model were formulated such that the allocation of land uses results in the maximization of the aggregate value of the regional land base. The model was used to analyse the allocation of land in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia for four time periods: 1966-1971, 1966-1976, 1966-1981 and 1966-1986. In each case, the pattern of land use associated with the maximum aggregate land value as determined by the model, shows from an economic standpoint, the most efficient possible use of land in the whole region. The plans derived are normative in that they show the pattern of land use development which should be followed to achieve optimum land allocation. The model, apart from being normative, also appears positive in that it shows the actual present day trend of continuing urban expansion onto rural land. The positive aspects of the model were attributed to the mechanism by which the real estate market operates, and it was hypothesised that by being to some extent positive, the model could be used for predictive purposes. This specific model appears limited in its applicability on account of certain problems of specification and data availability, but the methodology is considered to be a significant advance on present land use planning concepts which lack explicit economic criteria and objectives applicable to land resource development. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

A nine month field and laboratory study was undertaken to measure, predict and model the variation of detected ammonia concentrations in landfill gas. An additional side study attempted to characterize organic trace contaminants found in landfill gas. The field project consisted of biweekly sampling of gas extraction wells from four Vancouver-area landfills for the analysis of NH₃-N in the gas and leachate. Methane and other common landfill gases were also analyzed. The wet chemical boric-acid sampling technique used in this study was estimated to have a ammonia gas recovery efficiency of 50 %. Other than a low recovery efficiency, problems encountered with this sampling technique was the high humidity and negative interferences inherent in the landfill gas. Laboratory analysis of the collected NH₃-N gas samples was by the automated phenate method, which could detect NH₃-N gas concentrations greater than 10 ppb. The NH₃-N concentrations in gas were found to exceed 600 ppb, but were more commonly in the 50 to 200 ppb range. In the statistical and graphical analysis, gas temperature and precipitation were found to correlate the most to the variation in ammonia gas concentration, while leachate ionic strength correlated strongest with most CH₄ % analysis. Prediction of both NH₃-N gas and CH₄ % by regression analysis was found to be suspect due to low R² values and non-normality of some data. Four different Henry's Law constants of ammonia gas were evaluated to help predict the concentration of NH₃-N in the gas phase. The combination of already measured NH₃-N leachate concentrations and Henry's Law constants yielded results that over and underpredicted measured NH₃-N gas data by 2000 fold or more. This leads the author to believe Henry's Law may not be applicable in a landfill environment due to non-equilibrium conditions coupling with various other reaction mechanisms. Comparison of landfill ammonia gas flux rates with total ammonia leachate flux rates in two of the four landfills yielded an insignificant gas flux rate of less than 0.03 % of the total leachate NH₃-N fluxes. The NH₃-N gas flux results were calculated from a spreadsheet emission model employing both convection and diffusion flow through the landfill cover. A comparison of the emission model results for the 20 ha Richmond landfill study area (3.862 kg/yr) compared favorably to the mass flux results determined from a simple gas generation mass balance model. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

The mobile home is one response to the problems associated with the issue of housing affordability. For many individuals mobile home living in a park environment is a viable and attractive alternative to conventional housing. Older mobile home parks, the focus of this thesis, are an integral part of the wider system of mobile home environments. The older parks existing today have been subject to many changing conditions, the scale, rate and nature of which have been felt by all those associated with parks and park living. The role of older parks is unclear and a situation exists which poses problems for some people and is of no concern to others. Older parks are criticized as being, among other things, unsightly, ill-designed, poorly located and the source of a variety of other problems. At least two recent studies indicate that something should be done to improve conditions in existing parks. To begin this task it has been necessary to identify the conditions and problems and suggest a means to remedy the situation. This study of older parks is designed to be used as a framework for developing a public policy regarding the place of older mobile home parks within the metropolitan environment of Greater Vancouver. Moreover, it is hoped that the study will provide an example for smaller communities in this province in how to deal with mobile home parks. The research process has involved a detailed study of the nature of the mobile home and mobile home park in terms of general historical perspective and the particular Canadian experience. A discussion of the state of the mobile home industry in Canada and background to the slowdown experienced since 1974 serve to indicate the close ties between mobile home and mobile home park. Following a review of the constraints and regulations in the system of providing for mobile home parks, and variety of types and functions of these parks, the process and economics of park development are described briefly. The extensive literature review portion of this thesis is justified in terms of its non-existence in a Canadian academic format and the necessity for a more complete perspective of the analytical study. Empirical research for the thesis involved the compilation and analysis of existing physical, operational and management characteristics of thirty older mobile home parks in Langley, Surrey, Coquitlam and Maple Ridge. Data was obtained by first hand investigation of conditions in these parks and interviews with many parties concerned about the provision for mobile home parks. The interviews included some core questions but were largely unstructured due to the nature of the investigation. Collection of this data was made possible through a summer position in 19 78 with the former B.C. Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing. Motivation for research into this topic was based on the hypothesis that older parks are subject to criticism from a stereotyped point of view and often unsubstantiated claims of problems and inadequacies. The study does identify certain problems associated with some older parks, including poor design and location, park redevelopment and combined commercial-residential operations. Other problems however, can be associated with some parks of any age, and these include park entrance fees, regulations, rent control, the landlord-tenant relationship, poor design and the significant shortage of mobile home park spaces. The research has clearly indicated that there is no such entity as a typical older mobile home park. Thus, the recommendations put forth are meant to account for the extent of variety among parks and to guide policy decisionmaking. The most significant conclusions of this thesis are: 1. The evaluation of park quality is, like so many qualitative judgements in life, a function of personal and societal values and biases. What is adequate and functional shelter to one person may be substandard and offensive to another. 2. Some of the readily apparent problems with older parks can be construed more as institutional in nature rather than as defects that can be corrected by camouflaging o by moving them. 3. Older parks are victims of changing times, escalating land values and urban pressure on the land. It may be that the market will ultimately determine local government planning objectives with respect to mobile parks. This however, will be an evolutionary process, with parks of various forms and vintages remaining for many years to come. 4. The mobile home park is a unique form of land and dwelling tenure. As such, the relationship between landlord and tenant requires close and judicious scrutiny. 5. Official attitudes toward mobile home parks are only slowly changing. It is critical that local governments become more responsive to the issues at hand if the pressures on the existing park system are to be reduced The strategies that can be developed to manage the problems must clearly identify the objectives in mind and for whom the problems are the objects of concern. This thesis will outline the concerns that must be examined in order to promote a comprehensive planning approach toward the future of older mobile parks in the lower mainland. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis provides a long term analysis of strategic regional planning for the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, 1969-1981. However, the very nature of such a long term study exposes research problems that are masked by the traditional, short term or 'snap shot' approach. The first chapter reviews the problems of the traditional approach and argues that the lack of a dynamic, systems oriented approach in strategic regional planning stems from a theoretical gap between grand, i.e., general, theories and empirically testable hypotheses. In the theoretical framework, chapter two, Faludi's (1973) classification scheme is selected as the most evolved example of a middle range or contingency theory within the ambit of procedural planning theory. Faludi's three dimensions of planning—the blueprint versus process planning styles; the rational comprehensive versus disjointed incremental planning styles; and the normative versus functional planning styles— are then related to the three basic components of the strategic regional planning system: the type of plan; the type of planning agency; and the type of (ongoing) planning process. The variables that Faludi uses to define these three dimensions are also operationally defined in the context of the Lower Mainland study. Without any a priori hypotheses, the theoretical framework is used in chapter three to descriptively interpret shifts along these dimensions of planning for each of the Lower Mainland study's four time periods. The events and issues of the Lower Mainland study suggest the existence of a long term planning cycle, one driven by both economic growth and interactions between the components of the strategic regional planning system. In the conclusions to the study, chapter four, this cycle is generalized into a pattern of movements along the dimensions of planning and is offered as an initial hypothesis for exploring strategic regional planning in other locations. It was not possible, however, to directly establish causal relationships between the components of the strategic regional planning system because the movements along the dimensions of planning that were used to measure these components were interpreted as 'averages' based on the conflicting impacts of numerous events and issues. While a long term, systems oriented approach to analyzing strategic regional planning is still valid and required, further research requires a more detailed (direct) and integrated classification scheme or model. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

A mixed integer optimization model is developed to determine both the optimal location of transit centres to serve BC Transit's Lower Mainland route network and the optimal allocation of buses to those centres. The existing five transit centres are explored as well as five candidate facilities. The model considers nonrevenue transportation cost (deadhead), capital cost of constructing candidate transit centres and the salvage values of existing centres. A linear regression is generated to produce the travel times from the terminus of a route to potential transit centre locations. The optimal solution is determined, resulting in potential annual savings of over $560,000 compared to the current location-allocation strategy. Various experiments are performed to examine the sensitivity of model parameters and to determine the effect of different planning scenarios. The effect of the optimal solution on driver relief is considered. Conclusions as well as directions for further research are offered.