Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:06:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiano Braun de Moraes.pdf: 1084322 bytes, checksum: 27c8c8cac757f91e433fd9e084ba6016 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aimed to investigate the level of physical fitness of students from elementary school in Florianópolis. This research is characterized as descriptive, with the school population of males and females aged 9-12 years enrolled in the fourth and fifth years of elementary education in the public schools in Florianópolis, capital city from state of Santa Catarina. The sample selection was intentional and was conducted in 3 public schools, and data collection was performed in three steps. In the first step, the anthropometric data of 297 children (weight, height and BMI ) were assessed. In a second step, the research presents conducted a review of Physical Fitness, using such instruments as the tests that make up the MAFE Manual of Physical Evaluation in School that shows: Aerobic Capacity, Speed, Flexibility, Agility and the Strength of upper limbs and lower body. As a third step, psychosocial aspects related to the evaluation by means of a questionnaire answered by the students was held. In statistical analysis, it was used descriptive statistics, through the analysis of simple frequencies and percentages, analysis of variance and standard deviation, minimum, maximum and median values, using the statistical program EPINFO by analyzing the distributions of simple frequencies and percentage. The results showed that the physical fitness of schoolchildren have content similar to another regions of the country. The boys obtained values of physical fitness statistically superior to girls in all tests, except for the upper limb strength test, which were not identified differences in relation to gender. Concerning anthropometric measures, both boys and girls had a body mass index - BMI - average as being normal for the age group between 9-12 years. The psychosocial questionnaire was conducted to characterize the school. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o nível de aptidão física de escolares, do Ensino Fundamental 1, do município de Florianópolis. Esta pesquisa é caracterizada como descritiva, tendo como população os escolares dos sexos masculino e feminino, com idade entre 9 a 12 anos, matriculados no quarto e no quinto anos do Ensino Fundamental da rede pública de Florianópolis, Santa Catarina. A seleção da amostra foi do tipo intencional. A coleta de dados foi realizada em 3 escolas da rede pública, e em três etapas. Na primeira etapa, foram avaliados os dados antropométricos dos 297 escolares (peso, estatura e IMC). Em um segundo momento, foi realizada a avaliação da Aptidão Física, utilizando como instrumento de medida os testes que compõem o MAFE Manual de Avaliação Física Escolar: Capacidade Aeróbica, Velocidade, Flexibilidade, Agilidade, Força de Membros Inferiores e Superiores. Como terceira etapa, relacionado aos aspectos psicossociais, foi realizada a avaliação por meio de um formulário respondido pelos alunos. No tratamento estatístico, utilizou-se a estatística descritiva, mediante a análise das frequências simples e percentuais, análise de variância e desvio-padrão, valores mínimo, máximo e mediano, utilizando o programa estatístico EPINFO, mediante a análise das distribuições das frequências simples e percentuais. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os escolares pesquisados possuem índice de aptidão física semelhante aos de outras regiões do país. Os meninos obtiveram valores de aptidão física, estatisticamente superiores, às meninas em todos os testes, com exceção do teste de força de membros superiores, em que não se identificou diferença em relação ao gênero. Quanto às medidas antropométricas, tanto os meninos quanto as meninas obtiveram índice de massa corporal IMC médio normal para faixa etária entre 9 a 12 anos. O questionário psicossocial foi realizado para caracterização dos escolares.

À l’holocène, le développement de l'agriculture par les populations humaines a modifié la morphologique du squelette humain. Dans ce cadre, plusieurs recherches se sont intéressées à la biomécanique des populations passées et modernes. Elles supposent qu’une activité physique répétée affecte la structure de l’os. Cette réponse osseuse est analysée par les propriétés géométriques de l’os qui permettent de reconstruire le comportement passé et présent des individus. La distribution osseuse en coupe a donc été étudiée sur les membres supérieurs et inférieurs de populations centrafricaines (du Cameroun et de la République Démocratique du Congo). La première hypothèse de ce mémoire est la suivante, les agriculteurs centrafricains, au mode de vie sédentaire, auraient les membres supérieurs plus robustes, tandis que les chasseurs-cueilleurs, plus mobiles, auraient les membres inférieurs plus robustes. La deuxième hypothèse suppose que les populations d’un milieu/terrain plus accidenté auraient les membres, supérieurs et/ou inférieurs, plus robustes. Nos résultats indiquent plutôt que les chasseurs-cueilleurs et les agriculteurs ont la même robustesse générale, bien que les peuples non sédentarisés soient plus robustes à la mi-diaphyse des radius droits. Contrairement à ce qui était attendu, les fémurs sont plus résistants (CSA) chez les agriculteurs, quand ils sont standardisés par la masse corporelle. En revanche, la moitié supérieure des tibias semblent être plus robuste chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs, quand les propriétés sont standardisées par la longueur de l’os. Les radius et les ulnas des chasseurs-cueilleurs vivant en forêt et en montagne ont la même robustesse. Enfin, seule la section distale des fibulas est plus résistante (CSA) chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs de la montagne que chez les chasseurs-cueilleurs de la forêt. En conclusion, ce mémoire ne nous permet pas d’affirmer que la transition vers l’agriculture s’accompagne d’une réduction de la mobilité et de la robustesse en Afrique centrale. En revanche, il montre que ces individus sont quand même influencés par leur stratégie de subsistance. Un plus grand échantillon est nécessaire pour mieux documenter la transition agricole et l’influence du milieu sur la structure osseuse en Afrique centrale. / The emergence of farming in the Holocene had major impacts on human populations. Many biomechanical studies have explored past and recent populations and have suggested that physical activity affects bone structure. Cross-sectional geometric properties of bones are measured to reconstruct past and recent human behavior. The present study analyses bone cross-sectional geometry of upper and lower limbs long bones of Central African populations (from Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo). This study is based on the premise that agriculturalists, a sedentary group using their upper limbs for farming activities, have more robust upper limbs, while hunter-gatherers, that have an extremely mobile lifestyle, have more robust lower limbs. In addition, it is assumed that populations in more rugged environments/terrains would have more robust upper and/or lower limbs. Against expectation, the upper limbs of non-sedentary and sedentary populations have the same robusticity, although the right radius midshafts of hunter-gatherers are more robust. The femora are more robust in agriculturalists when the significant properties are normalized by body mass. In contrast, the upper part of the tibiae is more robust in hunter-gatherers when the properties are standardised by bone length. Against expectation, it was found that the upper limbs (radii and ulnae) of hunter-gatherers living in the lowland forests and in the mountains have the same robustness. Meanwhile, for the lower limbs, the fibula is more robust in people living in the mountains than those in the forest. In conclusion, these findings do not allow us to assert that the transition to agriculture is accompanied by a reduction in mobility and robusticity in the lower limbs or an increase in robusticity of the upper limb. Nonetheless, this study suggests that individuals are influenced by their economic strategy. However, a larger sample will be needed to better evaluate the role of the transition to agriculture on bone structure in Central Africa.