As preferências humanas de iluminação nos ambientes internos estão relacionadas inicialmente à satisfação de conforto luminoso a partir de exigências não somente visuais, mas fisiológicas de saúde, conforme os objetivos do projeto e atividades. Este trabalho aborda a percepção da iluminação natural e artificial complementar diurna, em ambiente de escritório com o objetivo de identificar preferências humanas pesquisadas em um mock up, modelo que reproduz o ambiente em escala real. A partir do entendimento do ato de ver, procuramos mostrar como a luz pode alterar a percepção do espaço, revelar os contornos, alterar limites, escalas, cores e texturas das superfícies. A relação entre luz e espaço determina a nossa percepção visual do mundo que nos cerca e da maneira que o sentimos. Procuramos redefinir então o conceito de conforto visual, ampliando-o para conforto luminoso, que passaria a abordar aspectos não visuais da luz que exercem grande influência no metabolismo humano, através da regulação dos ritmos circadianos com desdobramentos na saúde, bem-estar e produtividade. Para a pesquisa experimental, o mock up foi construído simulando um ambiente de trabalho com mobiliário e objetos, onde as aberturas projetadas poderiam ser fechadas ou liberadas criando tipologias distintas de captação de luz, seja lateral e/ou zenital. Ao entrevistado, caberia escolher entre duas situações em que as variáveis consideradas foram: as posições e dimensões das aberturas para luz natural e inserção de luz artificial complementar. Para validação dos modelos e comparação dos resultados obtidos, trabalhamos com outros modelos, desde a maquete, à simulação computacional através do software Agi-32 e fotografias do ambiente em situações similares às pesquisadas no mock up. Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que as preferências de iluminação em escritórios estão relacionadas à satisfação do conforto luminoso em função das tarefas, incluindo aqui também a distribuição da luz, dos contrastes obtidos nas superfícies e plano de trabalho, ou distribuição harmoniosa de luminâncias. Nas situações em que a luz natural atende aos requisitos quantitativos da tarefa e conforto luminoso, ela é preferida em relação à luz artificial. A pesquisa pretende contribuir para trabalhos futuros, acerca do estudo da percepção da luz, relacionando atividade ou função do espaço, intenções do projeto, qualidade da luz arquitetural e luz tarefa. / The aim of this project is the study of people\'s preferences in interior lighting. These are initially connected to a sense of satisfaction and comfort, stemming from demands that are not only visual but also physiological. This study considers the perception of natural and complementary artificial daylight in an office environment and aims to identify preferences by means of a life size mock up model. Starting from the understanding of the act of seeing, the study seeks to show how light can change our perception of space, reveal outlines , and change limits, scale, colours and textures of surfaces. The relationship between light and space determines our visual perception of the world around us. This study seeks to redefine the concept of visual comfort, expanding it to the notion of luminous comfort. This notion comes to consider non visual aspects of light which greatly influence human metabolism by regulating our biorhythms, which in turn have ramifications for our health, well-being and productivity. In order to conduct our research a mock up was built which simulated a work environment. The space contained furniture and objects and openings could be closed or opened to create distinct types of lighting, whether lateral or zenithal. The subjects interviewed simply had to choose between tow situations. Variables considered were the aperture and position of the openings allowing in natural light and the use of complementary artificial light. To validate the models, results were compared with other models, computer simulations using Agi-32 software and photographs of the environment in similar situations as those investigated in the mock up. The results confirm the hypothesis that preferences for lighting in offices are connected to fulfilling the need for luminous comfort. Preferences are also linked to task lighting, including the distribution of light, contrast on surfaces and the work area as well as the harmonious placement of light sources. In those situations where natural light meets the quantitative demands of the lighting task luminous comfort is achieved and this is preferred to artificial light. The research contributes to future studies in how perception of light is linked to activity or the function of space. It also contributes to studies on the quality of light and task lighting.

As preferências humanas de iluminação nos ambientes internos estão relacionadas inicialmente à satisfação de conforto luminoso a partir de exigências não somente visuais, mas fisiológicas de saúde, conforme os objetivos do projeto e atividades. Este trabalho aborda a percepção da iluminação natural e artificial complementar diurna, em ambiente de escritório com o objetivo de identificar preferências humanas pesquisadas em um mock up, modelo que reproduz o ambiente em escala real. A partir do entendimento do ato de ver, procuramos mostrar como a luz pode alterar a percepção do espaço, revelar os contornos, alterar limites, escalas, cores e texturas das superfícies. A relação entre luz e espaço determina a nossa percepção visual do mundo que nos cerca e da maneira que o sentimos. Procuramos redefinir então o conceito de conforto visual, ampliando-o para conforto luminoso, que passaria a abordar aspectos não visuais da luz que exercem grande influência no metabolismo humano, através da regulação dos ritmos circadianos com desdobramentos na saúde, bem-estar e produtividade. Para a pesquisa experimental, o mock up foi construído simulando um ambiente de trabalho com mobiliário e objetos, onde as aberturas projetadas poderiam ser fechadas ou liberadas criando tipologias distintas de captação de luz, seja lateral e/ou zenital. Ao entrevistado, caberia escolher entre duas situações em que as variáveis consideradas foram: as posições e dimensões das aberturas para luz natural e inserção de luz artificial complementar. Para validação dos modelos e comparação dos resultados obtidos, trabalhamos com outros modelos, desde a maquete, à simulação computacional através do software Agi-32 e fotografias do ambiente em situações similares às pesquisadas no mock up. Os resultados confirmaram a hipótese de que as preferências de iluminação em escritórios estão relacionadas à satisfação do conforto luminoso em função das tarefas, incluindo aqui também a distribuição da luz, dos contrastes obtidos nas superfícies e plano de trabalho, ou distribuição harmoniosa de luminâncias. Nas situações em que a luz natural atende aos requisitos quantitativos da tarefa e conforto luminoso, ela é preferida em relação à luz artificial. A pesquisa pretende contribuir para trabalhos futuros, acerca do estudo da percepção da luz, relacionando atividade ou função do espaço, intenções do projeto, qualidade da luz arquitetural e luz tarefa. / The aim of this project is the study of people\'s preferences in interior lighting. These are initially connected to a sense of satisfaction and comfort, stemming from demands that are not only visual but also physiological. This study considers the perception of natural and complementary artificial daylight in an office environment and aims to identify preferences by means of a life size mock up model. Starting from the understanding of the act of seeing, the study seeks to show how light can change our perception of space, reveal outlines , and change limits, scale, colours and textures of surfaces. The relationship between light and space determines our visual perception of the world around us. This study seeks to redefine the concept of visual comfort, expanding it to the notion of luminous comfort. This notion comes to consider non visual aspects of light which greatly influence human metabolism by regulating our biorhythms, which in turn have ramifications for our health, well-being and productivity. In order to conduct our research a mock up was built which simulated a work environment. The space contained furniture and objects and openings could be closed or opened to create distinct types of lighting, whether lateral or zenithal. The subjects interviewed simply had to choose between tow situations. Variables considered were the aperture and position of the openings allowing in natural light and the use of complementary artificial light. To validate the models, results were compared with other models, computer simulations using Agi-32 software and photographs of the environment in similar situations as those investigated in the mock up. The results confirm the hypothesis that preferences for lighting in offices are connected to fulfilling the need for luminous comfort. Preferences are also linked to task lighting, including the distribution of light, contrast on surfaces and the work area as well as the harmonious placement of light sources. In those situations where natural light meets the quantitative demands of the lighting task luminous comfort is achieved and this is preferred to artificial light. The research contributes to future studies in how perception of light is linked to activity or the function of space. It also contributes to studies on the quality of light and task lighting.

Au cours des 50 dernières années, la Palestine, a été le lieu d’une transformation importante tant du point de vue politique qu’économique, social, urbain, etc. Tout au long de cette transformation, le concept architectural des habitats traditionnels à cour (introvertis) a été abandonné en faveur de nouveaux concepts résidentiels (extravertis). Ces derniers sont quasiment identiques sur l’ensemble de la Palestine malgré ses différentes zones climatiques. Contrairement au concept traditionnel, les concepts contemporains n’ont malheureusement pas respecté les valeurs environnementales, énergétiques, fonctionnelles et socioculturelles tant sur le plan du coût que de la taille, de l’emplacement et de l’esthétique. En outre, les architectes se sont plutôt intéressés à l’environnement intérieur qu’à celui extérieur dans l’habitat contemporain. Pour toutes ces raisons, ce nouveau type d’habitat extraverti est en train d’être remis en cause ce qui justifie notre étude. Pour notre recherche doctorale, nous nous penchons sur le rôle que peut jouer par rapport à cette problématique l’espace extérieur (privé) et ses caractéristiques spatiales, environnementales et humaines. En quoi l’existence de la cour est-elle une stratégie efficace pour un habitat durable en Palestine ? Pour répondre à telles questions, nous avons dans une première phase commencé ce travail en présentant un état de l’art des différents repères et facteurs intervenants dans la conception de l’habitat, la transformation qu’a subie cette conception au cours du temps et la qualité des ambiances (hygrothermiques et lumineuses) dans ces espaces. Une attention particulière est apportée à la cour, forme traditionnelle de l’espace extérieur dans l’architecture vernaculaire ainsi qu’à ses fonctions. Pour l’habitat contemporain cet espace prend majoritairement la forme d’un balcon ou d’une loggia. Dans une deuxième phase, nous abordons l’interrelation entre l’espace extérieur et la question de la qualité des ambiances dans l’habitat palestinien (traditionnel et contemporain) à travers deux approches : qualitative et quantitative. Dans la première, nous effectuons une étude analytique et bioclimatique de l’habitat traditionnel dans deux villes climatiquement différentes. Nous investiguons ensuite les caractéristiques et la dimension socio-environnementale de l’habitat contemporain par le biais d’une enquête. Pour la seconde approche, nous réalisons des campagnes de mesures in-situ dans des exemples de différente typologie d’habitat en vue de valider les résultats obtenus par la première approche. Enfin, en termes de conclusion, nous proposons un ensemble de recommandations et principes conceptuels susceptibles d’améliorer la qualité des ambiances dans le futur habitat palestinien. / Palestine has been witnessing enormous political, economical, social, cultural, urban…. transformation over the past 50 years resulted in changing the architectural residential designs from introverted into extraverted schemes. The latter are almost identical to all Palestine despite different climatic zones. Unlike traditional designs, contemporary architecture have, unfortunately, focused on issues such as cost, size, form and aesthetics rather than environmental, energetic, functional and socio-cultural values. Moreover, in contemporary housing, architects are more interested in interior environment than exterior. For all of these reasons, this new type of habitat extrovert is being questioned that justifying our study. This research focuses on the role of private outdoor space (traditional and modern) regarding spatial, environmental and human characteristics, How a courtyard is vital for sustainable housing in Palestine?To answer such questions, a state of the art of different benchmarks and factors involved in the housing design was presented in the first phase, the transformation it has been witnessing over time the hygrothermal quality and luminous environments. Particular attention was paid to the courtyard, a traditional form of outdoor space in the vernacular architecture and its functions. For contemporary dwelling this space takes mostly the form of a balcony or a loggia.In the second phase, the interrelationship between outdoor space and environmental quality of the Palestinian residences (traditional and contemporary) was discussed following two approaches: qualitative and quantitative. In the first one, an analytical and bioclimatic study of traditional dwellings in two cities (Jericho and Nablus) of two different climatic zones of Palestine was carried out. Then, the characteristics and the socio-environmental dimension in the contemporary housing design were investigated by conducting a questionnaire survey. For the second approach, in-situ measurements were carried out in a number of different habitat types to validate the outcomes of the first approach. Finally, in terms of conclusion, a set of design principles and recommendations were suggested that may improve the environmental quality in any future Palestinian residences.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:01:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Christiane R de P Cavalcante.pdf: 2530151 bytes, checksum: c8418cc369a22584f8884d3a586e48ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-23 / The PET, tereftalato of ethylene, is the most known and appropriated material in the manufacture of several packings of nourishing products, specially the bottles of beverages. The correct management of the urban solid residues to the transformation into those which return to the use and the environment education are essential tasks to guarantee the exploitation of the complete useful life of this material and to prevent it on environmental focus. From the industrial point of view, the PET recycling in Brazil is still a recently activity. All around the country there are recycling industries, but they were created specially for environmental reasons. Although they became an important source of jobs and income. That s why, nowadays, recycling industries are considered an important social order factor. In Brazil, there are industries which transform the PET into roofing tiles for covering for drawing or injection. In this work, the main analyzed topic was the properties of the transparent roofing tiles of PET and other materials, the polycarbonate and the available fiberglass in the civil construction market through the main properties and relative parameters to the natural illumination, including its optic properties and the objective of the luminous and thermal comfort. Using the results of the spectrophotometer device, it was made a comparison among the studied materials in order to help the best choice of luminous and thermal comfort materials. PET, compared to the other studied materials, is not the best choice, even concerned to the price. However, for environmental solutions, the best way to use this solid waste recycling is the utilization of the PET as transparent roofing tiles, specially considering the amount of material all around rivers, scoots, attires, and so on. / O PET, tereftalato de etileno, é o material mais conhecido e apropriado na fabricação de várias embalagens de produtos alimentícios, entre as quais se destacam as garrafas de refrigerante. A correta gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos, com a transformação desses resíduos para o retorno ao uso, e a educação ambiental são tarefas essenciais para garantir o aproveitamento da totalidade da vida útil daquele material e evitar que seja ele o foco de contaminação ambiental. Do ponto de vista industrial, a reciclagem de PET no Brasil ainda é uma atividade recente. Há indústrias recicladoras em todo o território nacional criadas primordialmente para guarnecer uma questão ambiental, mas que culminou em uma questão de ordem social com geração de empregos e renda. No mercado existem no Brasil empresas que transformam o PET em telhas de cobertura por extrusão ou injeção. Neste trabalho foram analisadas as propriedades das telhas transparentes de PET e de outros materiais, o policarbonato e a fibra de vidro disponíveis no mercado da construção civil através das principais propriedades e parâmetros relativos à iluminação natural, incluindo suas propriedades óticas e com o objetivo do conforto lumínico e o térmico. Por meio dos resultados obtidos pelo uso do aparelho de espectrofotômetro, elaborou-se uma comparação entre os materiais estudados a fim de auxiliar na sua escolha, visando um melhor conforto lumínico e térmico. O PET não obteve o comportamento ansiado em comparação com os demais materiais estudados, também em relação ao custo pode-se observar que é mais onerosa a instalação do telhado de PET. Mas já em relação ao quesito de reaproveitamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos descartados no meio ambiente, o PET possui melhor desempenho uma vez que seu material se encontra em abundância e pode ser transformado e reaproveitado, amenizando o impacto ambiental.