This study applies the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Model (SAC-SMA)model to the Upper Black Creek Basin, Mississippi and attempts to improve operational lumped hydrologic model performance. The SAC-SMA is a lumped continuous soil moisture model which is typically calibrated continuously over time to all ranges in flow observed during the life of the gauge except when anthropogenic influences warrant historical data irrelevant. This study shows that persistent land use signatures are evident in the historical data indicating a shorter period of record for calibration is appropriate. This study also quantifies the error introduced to the operational model by inputting radar-derived precipitation estimates during forecast operations while Thiessen gauge weighted estimates are used to calibrate model parameters. Radar derived precipitation was used to calibrate the SAC-SMA model parameters for a shorter period of record than that used in the current operational set. The correlation coefficient improved 5 percent from 86 percent to 91 percent.

Yes / In this work a simulation of detailed steady state model of an industrial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit with a newly proposed six-lumped kinetic model which cracks gas oil into diesel, gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), dry gas and coke. Frequency factors, activation energies and heats of reaction for the catalytic cracking kinetics and a number of model parameters were estimated using a model based parameter estimation technique along with data from an industrial FCC unit in Sudan. The estimated parameters were used to predict the major riser fractions; diesel as 0.1842 kg-lump/kg-feed with a 0.81% error while gasoline as 0.4863 kg-lump/kg-feed with a 2.71% error compared with the plant data. Thus, with good confidence, the developed kinetic model is able to simulate any type of FCC riser with six-lump model as catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratios were varied and the results predicted the typical riser profiles.

The Fluidized Catalytic Cracking (FCC) is known for its ability to convert refinery wastes into useful fuels such as gasoline, diesel and some lighter products such as ethylene and propylene, which are major building blocks for the polyethylene and polypropylene production. It is the most important unit of the refinery. However, changes in quality, nature of crude oil blends feedstock, environmental changes and the desire to obtain higher profitability, lead to many alternative operating conditions of the FCC riser. There are two major reactors in the FCC unit: the riser and the regenerator. The production objective of the riser is the maximisation of gasoline and diesel, but it can also be used to maximise products like propylene, butylene etc. For the regenerator, it is for regeneration of spent or deactivated catalyst. To realise these objectives, mathematical models of the riser, disengage-stripping section, cyclones and regenerator were adopted from the literature and modified, and then used on the gPROMS model builder platform to make a virtual form of the FCC unit. A new parameter estimation technique was developed in this research and used to estimate new kinetic parameters for a new six lumps kinetic model based on an industrial unit. Research outputs have resulted in the following major products’ yields: gasoline (plant; 47.31 wt% and simulation; 48.63 wt%) and diesel (plant; 18.57 wt% and simulation; 18.42 wt%) and this readily validates the new estimation methodology as well as the kinetic parameters estimated. The same methodology was used to estimate kinetic parameters for a new kinetic reaction scheme that considered propylene as a single lump. The yield of propylene was found to be 4.59 wt%, which is consistent with published data. For the first time, a Z-factor correlation analysis was used in the riser simulation to improve the hydrodynamics. It was found that different Z factor correlations predicted different riser operating pressures (90 – 279 kPa) and temperatures as well as the riser products. The Z factor correlation of Heidaryan et al. (2010a) was found to represent the condition of the riser, and depending on the catalyst-to-oil ratio, this ranges from 1.06 at the inlet of the riser to 0.92 at the exit. Optimisation was carried out to maximise gasoline, propylene in the riser and minimise CO2 in the regenerator. An increase of 4.51% gasoline, 8.93 wt.% increase in propylene as a single lump and 5.24 % reduction of carbon dioxide emission were achieved. Finally, varying the riser diameter was found to have very little effect on the yields of the riser products.

Atualmente existe uma demanda por sistemas de comunicação com altas taxas de transferência de dados, trabalhando em ondas milimétricas (mmW). Além disso, os sistemas devem ser cada vez menores, apresentando um baixo consumo de potência e baixo custo para poderem ser utilizados em aplicações sem fio direcionadas ao mercado do consumidor. Neste trabalho, é proposto um defasador passivo miniaturizado de baixas perdas para aplicações em mmW baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas (S-CPW). Assim, a defasagem é conseguida pela liberação das fitadas da camada de blindagem da S-CPW utilizando um processo de corrosão com vapor de HF. As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas quando uma tensão DC é aplicada, o que muda a fase do sinal propagado. É apresentado também um modelo eletromecânico e RF do defasador, compostos de elementos concentrados, permitindo a simulação do comportamento dinâmico do dispositivos e a mudança da fase. O defasador foi fabricado utilizando um processo realizado integralmente no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Alguns testes elétricos de atuação, demonstram que o processo de fabricação é viável e permitiu a liberação e atuação do plano de blindagem. / There is a demand for millimeter-wave (mmW) high data-rate communication systems. Systems should have small area as well as low power consumption and low cost in order to address wireless consumer applications. In this work, a low-loss distributed microelectromechanical (MEMS) phase shifter for mmW applications based on an innovative concept using distributed MEMS and slow-wave coplanar transmission lines (S-CPW) is proposed. The phase shift is achieved by releasing the ribbons of the shielding layer of the S-CPW with a HF vapor etching process. In this way the ribbons can be allows actuated when a DC voltage is applied, which changes the phase of the propagating signal. An electromechanical model and a RF model were developed using lumped elements, allowing the simulation of the dynamic behavior of the distributed MEMS and the phase shift. The phase shifter was entirely fabricated at the Laboratory of Microelectronics of the Polytechnic School from the University of São Paulo. Some electrical tests showed that the fabrication process is viable and allowed the correct release of the shielding layer of the phase shifter.

Atualmente existe uma demanda por sistemas de comunicação com altas taxas de transferência de dados, trabalhando em ondas milimétricas (mmW). Além disso, os sistemas devem ser cada vez menores, apresentando um baixo consumo de potência e baixo custo para poderem ser utilizados em aplicações sem fio direcionadas ao mercado do consumidor. Neste trabalho, é proposto um defasador passivo miniaturizado de baixas perdas para aplicações em mmW baseado em um conceito inovador utilizando sistemas micro-eletromecânicos (MEMS) distribuídos e linhas de transmissão coplanares de ondas lentas (S-CPW). Assim, a defasagem é conseguida pela liberação das fitadas da camada de blindagem da S-CPW utilizando um processo de corrosão com vapor de HF. As fitas liberadas podem ser movimentadas quando uma tensão DC é aplicada, o que muda a fase do sinal propagado. É apresentado também um modelo eletromecânico e RF do defasador, compostos de elementos concentrados, permitindo a simulação do comportamento dinâmico do dispositivos e a mudança da fase. O defasador foi fabricado utilizando um processo realizado integralmente no Laboratório de Microeletrônica da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo. Alguns testes elétricos de atuação, demonstram que o processo de fabricação é viável e permitiu a liberação e atuação do plano de blindagem. / There is a demand for millimeter-wave (mmW) high data-rate communication systems. Systems should have small area as well as low power consumption and low cost in order to address wireless consumer applications. In this work, a low-loss distributed microelectromechanical (MEMS) phase shifter for mmW applications based on an innovative concept using distributed MEMS and slow-wave coplanar transmission lines (S-CPW) is proposed. The phase shift is achieved by releasing the ribbons of the shielding layer of the S-CPW with a HF vapor etching process. In this way the ribbons can be allows actuated when a DC voltage is applied, which changes the phase of the propagating signal. An electromechanical model and a RF model were developed using lumped elements, allowing the simulation of the dynamic behavior of the distributed MEMS and the phase shift. The phase shifter was entirely fabricated at the Laboratory of Microelectronics of the Polytechnic School from the University of São Paulo. Some electrical tests showed that the fabrication process is viable and allowed the correct release of the shielding layer of the phase shifter.

The aim of The Diploma Thesis was to compile a conceptual rainfall-runoff model, that would be eligible to model discharge in conditions of climate changes. After thorough verifications of possible variants, user program Runoff Prophet that is eligible to simulate discharge in closing profile of any river basin was compiled within this paper. Runoff Prophet is deterministic lumped model with monthly computation time step and from the hydrologic phenomena it takes soil moisture, evapotranspiration, groundwater flow and the watercourse flow into account. Its calibration is based on the differential evolution principle with Nash–Sutcliffe model efficiency coefficient as the calibration criterion. Developed software was tested on Vír I. catchment basin and the results of this probe were evaluated from viewpoints of air temperature, precipitation and discharge characteristics in the Dalečín measurement river cross section in distant future according to A1B SRES climate scenario, implemented in LARS-WG weather generator.

Le déploiement d'une infrastructure de supervision permet une gestion plus intelligente des réseaux de distribution d'électricité comparé à un renforcement traditionnel pour répondre aux nouveaux enjeux de la maitrise de l'énergie (Consommations, EnR, VE, ...). Pour acheminer les données, les Courants Porteurs en Ligne (CPL) possèdent un atout majeur. En effet, cette technologie permet de superposer un signal de plus haute fréquence au signal électrique 50/60 Hz. Toutefois, le support de transmission est difficile et non maîtrisable. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour objectif d'apporter une contribution à cette problématique par l'élaboration d'une plateforme de simulation des réseaux pour des fréquences allant jusqu'à 1 MHz dans un but de transmission de données. Des éléments clés des réseaux sont traités de façon séparés puis assemblés pour estimer les performances des CPL « Outdoor » actuels. La variation du comportement des réseaux en fonction du temps et de la fréquence, en particulier des perturbations en tête d'installation clients sur 24h est étudiée. Les transformateurs entre les réseaux HTA et BT sont modélisés sous la forme d'un « modèle à constantes localisées » et d'un « modèle boite noire ». Les deux modèles sont appliqués sur un transformateur H61 100 kVA. Par la suite, une modélisation des câbles de distribution est proposée sous forme d'un « modèle cascadé ». Celle-ci est appliquée sur un câble souterrain BT. Chaque modèle est obtenu à l'aide de mesures d'impédances, et validé par des mesures de transmissions. Pour compléter, une étude préliminaire sur les communications radio mobile est réalisée pour la supervision des réseaux de distribution. / Establishing a supervisory infrastructure allows a better smart management than an expensive strengthening of distribution network to respond to new constraints at the energies control (Consumption, REN, EV ...). To transmit data, Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies present an advantage in this context. In fact, it enables a superposition of High Frequency (HF) signals on electrical signal 50/60 Hz. However, electric networks have not been developed to this application because of difficult propagation conditions. This research work makes a contribution to develop a simulation platform in objective to transmit data to 1 MHz. In first time, each network element is studied singly and in second time, together, to estimate "Outdoor PLC" transmission performance. The first element studied is the networks variation in function of frequency and time. Several 24h disturbance measurements on LV customers are presented. The second element is the transformers which established connection between Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV). The proposed modeling method is based on a "lumped model" and a "black box model". These models are applied to a 100 kVA H61 transformer most commonly used by French distribution system operator in rural and suburban networks. The third element is the power line used in MV and LV networks. The proposed modeling method is based on a "cascaded model" from the theory of transmission line. This model is applied to one power line used in LV underground network. Each model is obtained from various impedance measurements. To complete, an introductory study on mobile radio communication is performed to remote network distribution.

Afin de définir une conception optimale d’un système électromécanique, celui-ci doit intégrer des contraintes toujours plus drastiques et de nombreux phénomènes physiques issus de : l’électromagnétique, l’aérothermique, l’électronique, la mécanique et l’acoustique. L’originalité de cette thèse est de proposer une modélisation multi-physique pour la conception reposant sur des modèles à constantes localisées : solution intermédiaire entre la modélisation analytique et numérique. Ces différents modèles permettront l’étude et la conception sous contraintes d’une machine synchrone à aimants permanents dédiée pour la traction ferroviaire. Les résultats de simulations seront comparés à des résultats éléments finis mais aussi à des essais expérimentaux. Ce modèle multi-physique est entièrement paramétré afin d’être associé à des outils d’optimisation. On utilisera ici une optimisation par essaim de particules pour chercher des compromis entre différents objectifs sous forme de Front de Pareto. Dans ce papier, nous ciblerons les objectifs suivants : le couple d’origine électromagnétique et le bruit d’origine électromagnétique. Finalement une étude de sensibilité valide la robustesse de la conception retenue quand celle-ci est soumise aux contraintes de fabrication. L’objectif étant de poser les bases d’un outil d’aide à la décision pour le choix d’une machine électrique / In order to perform an optimal design of electromechanical system, the designer must take into account ever more stringent constraints and many physical phenomena from electric, magnetic, aeraulic, thermic, electronic, mechanic and acoustic. The originality of this thesis is to put forward a multi-physic design based on lumped models: halfway between analytical and numerical modeling. These models allow sizing a permanent magnet synchronous machine under constraints for rail traction. The results are validated with finite element simulations and experimental analysis. The multi-physic modeling is fully automated, parameterized, in order to combine the model with the optimization tool. We used here particle swarm optimization to search compromises between several objectives (Pareto Front). In this paper, we focus on electromagnetic torque and electromagnetic noise. Finally a sensitive study validates the robustness of selected design when it is subjected to manufacturing constraints. The aim of this work is to propose a decision tool to size electrical machines