Lupinus lepidus (Fabaceae) contains many morphologically divergent varieties and was restricted in its range during the last period of glaciation. A combination of phylogenetic (with the trnDT and LEGCYC1A loci) and population genetics approaches (with microsatellites and LEGCYC1A are used here to characterize intervarietal relationships and examine hypotheses of recolonization of areas in the Pacific Northwest affected by glaciation. Sequenced loci are not found to form a clade exclusive to L. lepidus, nor are any of the varieties found to form clades. Population genetics analyses reveal only negligible genetic structure within L. lepidus, with the majority of variation being found within populations. Isolation-by-distance analysis reveals some correlation between population genetic distances and geographic distance. Microsatellite and sequence results are consistent with a scenario whereby the Oregon and Washington regions were rapidly colonized from the south, with independent invasions along the eastern and western sides of the Cascade Mountains. A predicted disjunction between northern and southern populations is found within the microsatellite data but not the sequence data, suggesting that northern populations were recolonized via a process involving the spread of novel microsatellite mutations, perhaps through the persistence of a glacial refuge isolated from southern populations. Varieties are not shown to be genetically isolated, and are interpreted as representing ecotypes, with local selection outpacing the effects of migration.

Mounted ill. Offprint of the author's journal article in pocket. Includes bibliographies.

[Truncated abstract] The phloem long distance translocation system is not only involved in the transport of nutrients and photo-assimilates to different organs of the plant, but it also appears to be important for the transport of information molecules including growth-regulators, proteins and RNA. Translocation of signals appears to be involved in the coordination of developmental processes and also in the response of the plant to environmental cues. Much of the information about macromolecules in phloem comes from analyses of exudates collected from the stylets of sap sucking insects or from incisions made to the vasculature. Among the legumes, members of the genus Lupinus exude phloem 'freely' from incisions made to the vasculature at most organs of the plant. This feature was exploited in this study to document some of the macromolecules present in exudate of L. albus and which might represent potential mobile signals. Phloem exudate was collected mainly from the sutures of developing pods and from inflorescence racemes. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry were used to identify 83 proteins in exudate. Analysis of a cDNA library constructed from exudate identified 609 unique transcripts. Both proteins and mRNA were classified into functional groups. The largest group was related to general and energy metabolism, suggesting some metabolic activity probably to support the sieve element (SE). Other significant functional groups were represented by proteins and transcripts involved in protein synthesis, turnover and sorting, and in redox homeostasis. Proteins in these categories could play a role in maintaining the functions and stability of proteins in SE. Macromolecules involved in signalling such as transcripts encoding proteins mediating calcium levels and the Flowering locus T (FT) protein were also identified in phloem exudate of L. albus. FT protein has been recently identified as a mobile signal that induces flowering. ... The hen1 mutant accumulates low, sometimes even undetectable levels of miRNA due to the lack of methylation. No translocation of the five miRNA assayed under nutrient replete (non stress) conditions was observed. Translocation of miR395 in response to sulphur (S) deficiency was also investigated, and while conclusive evidence of translocation was not obtained, the data suggested some movement from roots to shoots (possibly in xylem) of a signal in response to S-deficiency. Future work is required to provide greater insight into the translocation path and identity of this S-deficiency signal. This study suggests that not all miRNA identified in phloem exudates are mobile, which raises the question about their biological relevance in SE and how they reached this location (e.g. through the action of a non-selective transport mechanism). However, there is also the possibility that miRNA are translocated only in response to specific internal or external cues not tested in this study. This is the first study that provides information on macromolecules present in the phloem exudate of a member of the Fabaceae. The information obtained from this work, provides a basis for future studies in the identification of potential mobile signals that may play a role in a communication network that traffics information around the plant, regulating its various developmental processes and responding to environmental cues.

Mounted ill. / Offprint of the author's journal article in pocket / Includes bibliographies / xiii, 248 leaves, [50] leaves of plates, [3] folded leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, 1985

Thesis (MscAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / The extrusion and dehulling of sweet blue lupins (Lupinus angustifolius, cultivar Wonga) and the expansion of full-fat canola seed were evaluated in terms of their effect on the nitrogen corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) value and broiler performance.

Thesis (M.A. in Latin American Studies)--Vanderbilt University, May 2007. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

We investigated the root endophytic fungi of lupine using four approaches: (1) occurrence of fungal colonization in field-collected roots; (2) growth response of L. latifolius to inoculation with two types of fungi; (3) structure of root colonizations of Pinus and Lupinus by Phialocephala fortinii, a septate endophytic fungus of lupine; and (4) comparison root morphology, mycorrhizal colonization and natural ¹⁵5N-abundance N₂ fixation of three legumes. In part 1, three species of Lupinus were never observed to have fungal colonization; nine species were colonized by VA mycorrhizal fungi; seven species were colonized by fungi with septate hyphae which often formed intracellular scierotia, here called septate endophytes. In part 2, shoot weight of 16 week old L. latifolius seedlings in the greenhouse was significantly reduced by Glomus spp. in one experiment; p. fortinii significantly increased nodule weight in one experiment and reduced it in the other. In part 3, P. fortinii colonized root epidermal and cortical cells in the root hair zone on ultimate lateral pine roots, as well as cortical and epidermal cells of primary roots of Pinus and Lupinus. Fungal colonization was inter- and intracellular with scierotia forming in cells of both hosts. Labyrinthine tissue, a type of fungal differentiation which occurs in the Hartig net of ectomycorrhizae, formed sporadically on pine roots. In part four, Roots of Lupinus albicaulis cv. hederma had a significantly larger proportion of coarse roots (> 1 mm diameter) and significantly less mycorrhizal colonization than two other legumes, Medicago lupinula and Trifolium hybridum. Estimated aboveground N derived from fixation ranged from 6.1 to 39.9 kg per hectare (average = 22.0 kg/ha) and did not vary significantly among species. / Graduation date: 1992

Lupines (Lupinus albus L.) can provide high levels of good quality protein for human and animal nutrition. Unlike soybeans, lupine seeds do not need to be processed before consumption. Being a member of the legume family, lupines improve soil structure and fertility. Lupines also have the advantage of being able to grow in cooler climates and in fields of lower fertility than soybean. Lupine production is relatively new in Eastern Canada and new diseases limit production in this region. In 1990, a Phoma sp. was isolated from diseased lupine in Quebec and Nova Scotia. This research was undertaken to acquire further knowledge about this lupine pathogen. The morphological characteristics of this fungus do not exactly fit the description of any other Phoma sp., but it is very close to P. pinodella. This Phoma sp. on lupines may be a new variety of P. pinodella affecting lupine in particular. In vitro, mycelium grew over a wide range of temperatures (5°--35°C), the optimal temperature being 25°C. Spore germination occurred under different conditions of temperature, from 10°C to 35°C, the optimum being 25°C. Spores germinated at relative humidities from 94% to 100%, (-7.027 to 0 MPa) the optimum being between 98% and 100% (-2.768 to 0 MPa). In controlled environment, disease symptoms appeared over a wide range of leaf wetness durations (8 h--36 h) and temperature regimes (15°C--30°C). The most extensive disease symptoms occurred following 36 hours of leaf wetness duration at 30°C. This Phoma sp. survived over winter in infected stubble of lupines of the previous year crop. The infected crop residue may be another source of inoculum of this seedborne pathogen.

The economic feasibility of lupins in a cropping system as a protein supplement for a representative dairy cattle herd in Southwest Quebec (SWQ) to substitute for soybeans was investigated using a single period linear programming (LP) model. At current prices, lupins were not a profitable base case scenario. The gross margin of the dairy farm was $147,918. This resulted in a total soil loss of 3,504 tonnes (t), 50 percent higher than soil tolerance, T (acceptable level of soil loss) of 14 t ha$ sp-1,$ and produced 541 kg of Nitrogen (N). Sale of corn grain (CG) was 442.3 t, constituting about 39 percent of the gross margin but had a negative effect on the soil. The farm purchased 59 t of straw for animal bedding. / When the environmental constraint of soil erosion, 14 t ha$ sp{-1},$ was imposed, the gross margin was estimated to be $131,148 while total N and soil loss were 2,454 kg and 1,708 t, respectively. Lupins were produced on 18.3 ha with this soil loss level constraint. The tradeoff between soil loss and gross margin and lupins was observed. The N fixation constraint reduced the gross margin while it increased soil loss. CG sales were reduced from 442 to 244.5 t but milk production increased by 163 hectolitres (HL). Sensitivity analysis on labour supply and farm size indicated that lupins became an alternative to soybeans when farm size and labour supply were larger and fewer respectively. / Lupins would substitute for soybeans if yield is increased by 5 percent; cost of production is reduced by 10 percent and home grown clean lupin seed is used for 2 or 3 more years or government provides a subsidy of $328 ha$ sp-1.$ This is approximately equal to the CG subsidy.

Lupin seed has the potential to be used as a protein supplement in ruminant rations, but its usage is restricted by the presence of alkaloids. Experiments were conducted with the aim of determining whether the removal of specific toxic alkaloids, lupanine and 13-hydroxylupanine, from crushed lupin seed (CLS) would improve the organic matter intake (OMI) and average daily gains (ADG) in lambs, and also improve the lactation performance in dairy cows. Effects on liver function in lambs were also investigated. An additional study on the effects of the detoxification of CLS on the degradation of protein was conducted. In Experiment 1, 30 growing Corriedale lambs were fed five diets for 105 d according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with six blocks. Two diets contained intact CLS at 15% (LUI-15) or 30% (LUI-30) of DM; two other diets contained detoxified CLS at 15% (LUD-15) or 30% (LUD-30) and the control (CON) diet was supplemented with crushed sunflower seed, which was locally prepared, on-farm. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (16% CP). The alkaloid content (lupanine and 13-OH lupanine) of the diets was.31,.70,.21 and.52% for LUI-15, LUI-30, LUD-15 and LUD-30, respectively. Thus, diets containing detoxified CLS contained approximately 30% less alkaloids than those with intact CLS. Estimates of ADG of lambs fed diets containing detoxified CLS was higher (P $<$.01) (120 g.d$ sp{-1}$) than that of lambs fed intact CLS (76 g.d$ sp{-1}$). The OMI (73 g/Wkg$ sp{0.75}$) was also higher, although not significantly, for lambs fed diets containing detoxified CLS. Feed conversion efficiency was increased (P $<$.05) by the detoxification of CLS. Lambs fed diets containing intact CLS consumed more OMI as time progressed, suggesting that adaptation to CLS might have occurred. Lambs fed diets containing intact CLS demonstrated increased trends in the activity in plasma of the enzymes glutamic oxaloacetic transferase (GOT) and $ gamma$-glutamyl transfer