Differential systems appear modelling many natural phenomena in different branches of sciences, in biological and physical applications among other areas. Differential systems usually have invariant curves and we can obtain a better description of the qualitative behaviour of their solutions using them. Such invariant curves may be algebraic or not and in the case where they are closed, isolated in the set of periodic orbits and without singular points, they are called limit cycles. There is a very famous problem, proposed by David Hilbert in 1900 what ask about the maximum number of limit cycle that all polynomial differential systems of a given degree could present. In this work we investigate the existence of some invariant curves in quadratic polynomial differential systems and in discontinuous piecewise differential systems (they are known as Filippovs systems). Even after hundreds of studies on the phase portraits of real planar quadratic vector fields the complete characterization of their phase portraits is a quite complex task, they depend on twelve parameters, after affine transformations and time rescaling, we have families with five parameters, which is still a large number. So many subclasses have been considered instead of the complete system. In this work we investigate conditions under the parameters of the system for a planar quadratic differential system present invariant algebraic curve of degree 3 (a cubic curve) and a Darboux invariant and obtain all the topological non-equivalent phase portraits of these systems. The increasing interest in the theory of nonsmooth vector fields has been mainly motivated by their strong relation with physics, engineering, biology, economy, and other branches of sciences. In the study of the Filippovs systems, we investigate the number of periodic orbits that they can present. In this study we apply the averaging theory. Such theory is used to study some classical models and we also present generalization of such technique for a class of nonsmooth systems. In addition, we also show how the LyapunovSchmidt reduction method can be used to consider cases where the averaging theory is not sufficient to study periodic solutions. / Sistemas diferenciais aparecem na modelagem de muitos fenômenos naturais em diferentes ramos da ciência, em aplicações biológicas e físicas, entre outras áreas. Sistemas diferenciais geralmente possuem curvas invariantes e podemos obter uma melhor descrição do comportamento qualitativo de suas soluções utilizando-as. Tais curvas invariantes podem ser algébricas ou não e, no caso de serem fechadas, isoladas no conjunto de órbitas periódicas e sem pontos singulares, são chamadas de ciclos limites. Há um problema muito famoso, proposto por David Hilbert em 1900, que questiona o número máximo de ciclos limites que os sistemas diferenciais polinomiais de um determinado grau poderiam apresentar. Neste trabalho investigamos a existência de algumas curvas invariantes em sistemas diferenciais polinomiais quadráticos e em sistemas diferenciais contínuos por partes (eles são conhecidos como sistemas de Filippov). Mesmo após centenas de estudos sobre os retratos de fase dos campos vetoriais reais planares e quadráticos, a caracterização completa de seus retratos de fase é uma tarefa bastante complexa. Eles dependem de doze parâmetros e após transformações afins e reescalonamento de tempo, temos famílias com cinco parâmetros, o que ainda é um grande número. Assim muitas subclasses tem sido consideradas em vez do sistema completo. Neste trabalho investigamos condições sob os parâmetros do sistema para que um sistema diferencial planar quadrático apresente uma curva algébrica invariante de grau 3 (curva cúbica) e um invariante de Darboux e obtemos todos os retratos de fase não equivalentes destes sistemas. O crescente interesse na teoria dos campos de vetores suaves por partes tem sido motivado, principalmente, por sua forte relação com a física, engenharia, biologia, economia e outros ramos das ciências. No estudo dos sistemas de Filippov, investigamos o número de órbitas periódicas que eles podem apresentar. Para este estudo, aplicamos a teoria do averaging. Tal teoria é usada para estudar alguns modelos clássicos e também apresentamos a generalização de tal técnica para uma classe de sistemas suaves por partes. Além disso, mostramos também como o método de redução de Lyapunov Schmidt pode ser usado para considerar casos em que a teoria do averaging sozinha não é suficiente para estudar soluções periódicas.

Le travail présenté est dédié à des problèmes d'EDP non linéaires. L'idée principale est de construire des solutions régulières á certaines EDPs elliptiques et hypo-elliptiques et étudier leur propriétés qualitatives. Dans une première partie, on considère un problème sur-critique du type $$-Delta u = lambda e^u$$ avec $lambda > 0$ posé dans un domaine extérieur avec conditions de Dirichlet homogènes. Une réduction en dimension finie permet de prouver l'existence d'un nombre infini de solutions régulières quand $lambda$ est assez petit. Dans une deuxième partie, on étudie la concentration de solutions d'un problème non local $$(-Delta)^s u = u^{p pm epsilon}, u>0, epsilon > 0$$ dans un domaine borné, régulier sous conditions de Dirichlet homogènes. Ici, on prend $0 < s < 1$ et $p:=(N+2s)/(N-2s)$, l'exposant de Sobolev critique. Une réduction en dimension finie dans des espaces fonctionnels bien choisis est utilisée. La partie principale de la fonction réduite est donnée en termes des fonctions de Green et Robin sur le domaine. On prouve que l'existence de solutions dépend des points critiques de la fonction susmentionnée augmentée d'une condition de non-dégénérescence. Enfin, on considère un problème non local dans le groupe de Heisenberg $H$. On s'intéresse à des propriétés de rigidité des solutions stables de $(-Delta_H)^s v = f(v)$ sur $H$, $s in (0,1)$. Une inégalité de type Poincaré connectée à un problème dégénéré dans $R^4_+$ est prouvée. Au travers d'une procédure d'extension, cette inégalité est utilisée pour donner un critère sous lequel les lignes de niveaux de la solution de l'EDP sont des surfaces minimales dans $H$. / This work is devoted to nonlinear PDEs. The aim is to find regular solutions to some elliptic and hypo-elliptic PDEs and study their qualitative properties. The first part deals with the supercritical problem $$ -Delta u = lambda e^u,$$ $lambda > 0$, in an exterior domain under zero Dirichlet condition. A finite-dimensional reduction scheme provides the existence of infinitely many regular solutions whenever $lambda$ is sufficiently small.The second part is focused on the existence of bubbling solutions for the non-local equation $$ (-Delta)^s u =u^p, ,u>0,$$in a bounded, smooth domain under zero Dirichlet condition; where $0<s<1$ and $p:=(N+2s)/(N-2s) pm epsilon$ is close to the critical exponent ($epsilon > 0$ small). To this end, a finite-dimensional reduction scheme in suitable functional spaces is used, where the main part of the reduced function is given in terms of the Green's and Robin's functions of the domain. The existence of solutions depends on the existence of critical points of such a main term together with a non-degeneracy condition.In the third part, a non-local entire problem in the Heisenberg group $H$ is studied. The main interests are rigidity properties for stable solutions of $$(-Delta_H)^s v = f(v) in H,$$ $s in (0,1)$. A Poincaré-type inequality in connection with a degenerate elliptic equation in $R^4_+$ is provided. Through an extension (or ``lifting") procedure, this inequality will be then used to give a criterion under which the level sets of the above solutions are minimal surfaces in $H$, i.e. they have vanishing mean $H$-curvature.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions l'ensemble des solutions d'équations aux dérivées partielles résultant de modèles d'astrophysique et de biologie. Nous répondons aux questions de l'existence, mais aussi nous essayons de décrire le comportement de certaines familles de solutions lorsque les paramètres varient. Tout d'abord, nous étudions deux problèmes issus de l'astrophysique, pour lesquels nous montrons l'existence d'ensembles particuliers de solutions dépendant d'un paramètre à l'aide de la méthode de réduction de Lyapunov-Schmidt. Ensuite un argument de perturbation et le théorème du Point xe de Banach réduisent le problème original à un problème de dimension finie, et qui peut être résolu, habituellement, par des techniques variationnelles. Le reste de la thèse est consacré à l'étude du modèle Keller-Segel, qui décrit le mouvement d'amibes unicellulaires. Dans sa version plus simple, le modèle de Keller-Segel est un système parabolique-elliptique qui partage avec certains modèles gravitationnels la propriété que l'interaction est calculée au moyen d'une équation de Poisson / Newton attractive. Une différence majeure réside dans le fait que le modèle est défini dans un espace bidimensionnel, qui est expérimentalement consistant, tandis que les modèles de gravitationnels sont ordinairement posés en trois dimensions. Pour ce problème, les questions de l'existence sont bien connues, mais le comportement des solutions au cours de l'évolution dans le temps est encore un domaine actif de recherche. Ici nous étendre les propriétés déjà connues dans des régimes particuliers à un intervalle plus large du paramètre de masse, et nous donnons une estimation précise de la vitesse de convergence de la solution vers un profil donné quand le temps tend vers l'infini. Ce résultat est obtenu à l'aide de divers outils tels que des techniques de symétrisation et des inégalités fonctionnelles optimales. Les derniers chapitres traitent de résultats numériques et de calculs formels liés au modèle Keller-Segel / In this thesis we study the set of solutions of partial differential equations arising from models in astrophysics and biology. We answer the questions of existence but also we try to describe the behavior of some families of solutions when parameters vary. First we study two problems concerned with astrophysics, where we show the existence of particular sets of solutions depending on a parameter using the Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction method. Afterwards a perturbation argument and Banach's Fixed Point Theorem reduce the original problem to a finite-dimensional one, which can be solved, usually, by variational techniques. The rest of the thesis is de-voted to the study of the Keller-Segel model, which describes the motion of unicellular amoebae. In its simpler version, the Keller-Segel model is a parabolic-elliptic system which shares with some gravitational models the property that interaction is computed through an attractive Poisson / Newton equation. A major difference is the fact that it is set in a two-dimensional setting, which experimentally makes sense, while gravitational models are ordinarily three-dimensional. For this problem the existence issues are well known, but the behaviour of the solutions during the time evolution is still an active area of research. Here we extend properties already known in particular regimes to a broader range of the mass parameter, and we give a precise estimate of the convergence rate of the solution to a known profile as time goes to infinity. This result is achieved using various tools such as symmetrization techniques and optimal functional inequalities. The last chapters deal with numerical results and formal computations related to the Keller-Segel model