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Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse à la synthèse totale d'alcaloïdes de la famille des Lycorines, produits naturels isolés à partir de plantes des Amaryllidaceae qui possèdent de multiples activités biologiques. Leurs structures sont caractérisées par un squelette commun tétracyclique azoté : le galanthane. L’accès rapide au squelette galanthane a été développé via une étape clé de métathèse tandem cyclisante permettant d’obtenir deux cycles fonctionnalisés en une seule étape. La première partie de ce travail a conduit au développement d’une voie de synthèse asymétrique des (–)-α et (–)-β-lycoranes à partir d’un même intermédiaire, une sulfinylaldimine α-chirale, obtenue par réduction d’un N-sulfinylthioimidate α-chiral grâce à des conditions développées au laboratoire. La seconde partie de ce travail a porté sur la synthèse asymétrique de la (+)-kirkine, nécessitant une révision de la stratégie pour former le cycle B du squelette galanthane de manière précoce dans la synthèse. Nous avons réalisé la première synthèse totale asymétrique de la structure décrite de la (+)-kirkine. L’obtention des lycoranes et de la kirkine prouve la flexibilité ainsi que l'efficacité de la voie de synthèse, en particulier de l'étape clé de métathèse tandem et des N-sulfinylthioimidates comme intermédiaires clés. Cette voie est donc très prometteuse pour accéder à d'autres composés naturels de la famille des Lycorines. / This thesis work focuses on the total synthesis of alkaloids of the Lycorine family, natural products isolated from the plants of Amaryllidaceae, owning many biological properties such as anticancer, antiviral, antimicrobial or anti-inflammatory. Their structure is characterized by a nitrogen-containing tetracyclic galanthan skeleton. A fast access to the galanthan skeleton was developed by a key tandem ring closing metathesis step to obtain two cycles in a single step. The first part of this work concerns the development of an asymmetric synthetic pathway to obtain the (–)-α and (–)-β-lycoranes from a common central intermediate, an α-chiral sulfinylaldimine, obtained by reduction of the corresponding α-chiral sulfinylthioimidate. The second part of this work focuses on the asymmetric synthesis of (+)-kirkine, which required a strategy revision for the formation of the B cycle of the galanthan skeleton earlier in the synthesis. We have succeeded in realising the first asymmetric total synthesis of the described structure for (+)-kirkine. The asymmetric synthesis of lycoranes and kirkine proves the flexibility and efficiency of the synthetic route, in particular of the tandem metathesis step and the N-sulfinylthioimidates as key intermediates. This synthetic pathway is therefore very promising to obtain other natural products of the Lycorine family.

Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany Candidate: Kamila Lipovská Supervisor: doc. Ing. Lucie Cahlíková, Ph.D. Title of Diploma thesis: Preparation of lycorine derivatives and their biological activity The plants of the Amaryllidaceae family are one of the most important sources of biologically active alkaloids. Lycorine, a phenanthridine alkaloid, isolated from various species of the Amaryllidaceae plant family, has attracted considerable attention due to its promising biological activities. Specifically, its anticancer properties have been evaluated in vitro and in vivo in various preclinical models of human cancers. Further biological effects manifested by lycorine are: antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antiplasmodial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and insect antifeedant effects, as well as ascorbic acid biosynthesis and RNA inhibitory activity. So far, lycorine was used for preparation of many derivatives by modification of different functional groups in its molecule, and screened for a various biological activities such as anticancer activity, inhibition of cholinesterases, antiplasmodial, antitrypanosomal, antiviral and anti-Trichomonas vaginalis activity. The present work deals with the preparation of lycorine derivatives and their...

The theoretical overview summarize the characteristics of algae and their primary and secondary metabolism. It also deals with inhibitors of ascorbic acid, glutathione and polyphenolic compounds synthesis. The practical part studies the influence of selected inhibitors (BSO, Lyc, AIP) and CdCl2 on the secondary metabolites production and biomass growth in freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus quadricauda. The content of secondary metabolites (eg. caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid) was detected by HPLC-MS. Furthermore, the total antioxidant capacity, the total polyphenol content and the total flavonoid content was determined spectrophotometrically. All the inhibitors used, reduced S. quadricauda growth in comparison with control samples. The most pronounced inhibitory effect was observed in the samples treated with Lyc + Cd after 7 days of experiment. All the treated samples responded to the stress factors by altering metabolic pathways and inhibiting growth. As a result, there were changes in the composition and the amount of selected secondary metabolites versus the control samples. At the same time, in most cases, the biosynthesis of polyphenolic and flavonoid substances has been stimulated. The oxidative reduction equilibrium and the induction of oxidative stress were probably impaired.

Le travail présenté dans ce manuscrit consiste à développer une voie de synthèse originale visant les alcaloïdes de type Lycorine, composés naturels isolés de plantes de la famille des Amaryllidaceae, possédant des activités anticancéreuses prometteuses. La réaction clé de métathèse tandem ène-yne-ène a été explorée avec succès, permettant un accès rapide au cœur hexahydroindole des Lycorines. Le développement de nouvelles méthodes synthétiques autour de composés de type N-sulfinylthioimidate a été réalisé ; leur synthèse efficace en trois étapes, leur fonctionnalisation en position α par des halogénures d'alkyles ou des aldéhydes, ainsi que leur réduction ménagée en aldimines α-chirales hautement fonctionnalisées ont été étudiés. Ces aldimines représentent des intermédiaires clés avancés pour la synthèse de divers membres de la famille des Lycorines : la synthèse totale des α et γ-Lycorane a donc été réalisée ; la synthèse de composés mono-hydroxylés tels que la Fortucine et la Kirkine est en cours d'étude. / The work reported in this manuscript concerns the development of an original synthetic strategy towards Lycorine-type alkaloids, natural products isolated from the plants of the Amaryllidaceae family, owning promising antitumoral activities. The tandem metathesis key step ene-yne-ene was explored with success, offering a quick access to the Lycorine hexahydroindole core. The development of new synthetic methods around N-sulfinylthioimidates was performed: the settings up of their efficient synthesis in three steps, their α-functionalization with halide alkyles or aldehydes, as well as their reduction in α-chiral aldimines highly functionalised were studied. These aldimines represent advanced key intermediates for the synthesis of several members of the Lycorine family: we achieved the total synthesis of α and γ-Lycorane; the synthesis of mono-hydroxylated compounds such as Fortucine and Kirkine is on going.

Plus de 300 alcaloïdes d’Amaryllidaceae doués d’activités biologiques ont été isolés à partir des plantes appartenant à cette famille. De nos jours, seule la galanthamine, utilisée pour le traitement palliatif de la maladie d’Alzheimer, est commercialisée. L’accumulation de ces alcaloïdes dans les plantes est limitée. La culture in vitro est une méthode alternative intéressante pour l’obtention plus aisée de ces alcaloïdes à haute valeur ajoutée. Le premier objectif de ce travail vise à développer une méthode de purification efficace, simple et rapide des extraits de plantes préalablement à leur analyse en LCMS et GCMS. Le second objectif est d’étudier l’effet de plusieurs facteurs exogènes, ajoutés au milieu de culture de bulbilles de Leucojum aestivum et de sa variété Gravety Giant en bioréacteurs RITA®, sur les voies de biosynthèse de la galanthamine et de la lycorine. La variation des paramètres exogènes a permis une accumulation accrue en galanthamine et en lycorine (0,814 mg/g et 1,54 mg/g de matière sèche respectivement) dans les bulbilles. Le troisième objectif porte sur l’isolement et l’identification d’endophytes à partir de bulbes in vivo et in vitro de trois espèces d’Amaryllidaceae (L. aestivum, Narcissus pseudonarcissus et Galanthus elwesii). Des bactéries endophytes du genre Bacillus ont été identifiées. Un nouvel alcaloïde a été isolé à partir des cultures bactériennes / Over 300 Amaryllidaceae alkaloids possessing a wide range of biological activities have been isolated from plants belonging to this family. Galanthamine, used for the palliative treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, is the only one commercialized. The biodisponiblity of these alkaloids is low. In vitro culture offers an alternative yet interesting approach for the biotechnological production of these valuable alkaloids. The aim of this work was, first, to develop a fast, efficient and easy purification method of plant extracts prior to their phytochemical analysis both in LCMS and GCMS. Second, the combined effects of bioreactor RITA® culture and feeding with different exogenous factors on the biosynthetic pathway of both galanthamine and lycorine were studied. The experiments were conducted both with Leucojum aestivum and L. aestivum ‘Gravety Giant’ bulblets. The variation of several exogenous parameters resulted in a better accumulation of galanthamine and lycorine (0.814 mg/g and 1.54 mg/g dry weight respectively) in the bulblets. The third aim was to isolate and identify alkaloid producing endophytes from in vivo and in vitro bulbs of three Amaryllidaceae species (L. aestivum, Narcissus pseudonarcissus and Galanthus elwesii). Bacterial endophtes belonging to the Bacillus genus were identified. A new alkaloid was isolated from bacterial liquid cultures

Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit ont permis dans un premier temps de développer avec succès deux nouvelles méthodes pour réaliser des cyclisations radicalaires 5-endo et dans un second temps d'illustrer le potentiel synthétique de la chimie radicalaire des xanthates, mise au point au sein du laboratoire, par son application à la synthèse de substances biologiquement actives. Dans la première partie, différentes approches permettant un accès aux γ-lactames par cyclisation radicalaire 5-endo sans l'utilisation de métaux lourds toxiques tel que l'hydrure de tributylétain ont été étudiées. L'originalité des deux systèmes développés réside dans l'oxydation du radical issu de la cyclisation. Ainsi, contrairement aux réactions induites par l'hydrure de tributylétain, différents γ-lactames insaturés peuvent être obtenus après déprotonation. Les travaux réalisés dans la deuxième partie ont permis l'élaboration de nombreux analogues des duocarmycines, qui ont fait l'objet de tests biologiques. Ces différents composés ont pu être préparés grâce à une synthèse convergente et efficace qui consiste à coupler un noyau alkylant avec un bras intercalant par formation d'une hydrazone. Différentes parties alkylantes ont été synthétisées rapidement grâce à l'application de la séquence d'addition-cyclisation radicalaire à partir de xanthate, précédemment développée au laboratoire. Une étude a également été menée pour tenter d'apporter des modifications à ces molécules. Enfin, nous avons préparé divers bras intercalants selon plusieurs méthodes. Nous avons ensuite couplé les différentes parties. Les molécules ainsi synthétisées ont révélé des activités cytotoxiques très prometteuses (IC50 ~ 0.5-1.2 µM). Cette étude prouve donc l'intérêt synthétique de la chimie radicalaire des xanthates.

Lycorin gilt bei vielen Amaryllidaceae als Hauptalkaloid und die Aufnahme dieser Pflanzen ist eine häufige Vergiftungsursache bei Mensch und Tier. Als Hauptsymptome infolge dieser Pflanzenvergiftungen werden Nausea und Emesis genannt, aber systematische Untersuchungen zu diesen biologischen Effekten, zum Wirkmechanismus und zur Pharmakokinetik von Lycorin, das als auslösendes Agens angenommen wird, existieren bislang nicht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen verabreichter Lycorin-dosis und Lycorin-induzierter Nausea und Emesis, die Beeinflussbarkeit dieser emetischen Effekte durch etablierte Antiemetika und die Pharmakokinetik von Lycorin in einem cross-over und vehikel-kontrollierten Design in vivo untersucht. Die Studie wurde an elf Beagle-Hunden beider Geschlechter durchgeführt. Die Lycorin-induzierten emetischen Effekte wurden quantifiziert und über Videoaufzeichnungen zeitnah dokumentiert. Nausea wird hierbei mittels eines Scoring-Systems quantifiziert, während die Parameter Latenzzeit, Dauer und Anzahl der Brechakte zur Beurteilung der Emesis herangezogen werden. Die subkutane Applikation von Lycorin induziert, beginnend ab einer Dosis von 0,5 mg/kg KGW Nausea und Vomitus. Eine statistische Signifikanz ist allerdings erst ab 1,0 mg/kg und ein maximaler emetischer Effekt bei einer Dosis von 2 mg/kg (ED100) zu verzeichnen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Korrelation zwischen applizierter Lycorin-Dosis und Nausea-Score sowie der Anzahl der Brechakte. Lycorin-induzierte Nausea und Emesis sind in den vorliegenden Untersuchungen selbstlimitierend und dauern maximal 2,5 Stunden an. Lycorin weist in den untersuchten Dosierungen von 0,25 mg/kg bis 2,0 mg/kg eine lineare Plasmakinetik auf. Nach subkutaner Gabe werden maximale Plasmakonzentrationen (Cmax) nach 0,5 h gemessen, die mittlere Plasma-Halbwertszeit beträgt 0,67 h nach subkutaner, respektive 0,51 h nach intravenöser Applikation. Die errechnete orale Bioverfügbarkeit beträgt ca. 40 %. Das Auftreten von Nausea und Emesis, sowie deren Verlauf decken sich weitestgehend mit dem Verlauf der Lycorinkonzentration im Plasma. In keiner der untersuchten Dosisstufen sind blutchemische oder hämatologische Abweichungen aufgetreten. Um Rückschlüsse auf die Zielstrukturen von Lycorin und somit auf den emetischen Wirkungsmechanismus der Lycorin-induzierten Emesis und Nausea zu gewinnen, wurden die Hunde jeweils mit Diphenhydramin, Maropitant, Metoclopramid, Ondansetron oder Scopolamin vorbehandelt. Diese therapeutisch etablierten Antiemetika besitzen eine selektive Rezeptoraffinität und entfalten ihre antiemetische Wirkung über einen Antagonismus an histaminergen H1- (Diphenhydramin), dopaminergen D2- (Metoclopramid), muskarinergen M1-3- (Scopolamin), serotoninergen 5-HT3- (Ondansetron) oder Neurokinin-1-Rezeptoren (NK1) (Maropitant). Durch die Bindung des jeweiligen Antiemetikums an die spezifischen Rezeptoren, soll die anschließende Bindung von Lycorin an den gleichen Rezeptoren verhindert oder reduziert werden, was sich in einer Reduktion oder Abwesenheit von Nausea und Emesis auswirkt. Die Vorbehandlung mit Ondansetron ist mit einer signifikanten Verminderung der Anzahl der Brechakte verbunden und durch die Vorbehandlung mit Maropitant kann Lycorin-induzierte Emesis komplett verhindert werden. Einzig Ondansetron reduziert darüber hinaus den Ausprägungsgrad der Nausea und verlängert die Latenzzeit bis zum Auftreten von Vomitus, was eine Beteiligung von 5-HT3 Rezeptoren bei lycorin-induzierter Nausea nahe legt. Histaminerge (H1), dopaminerge (D2) und muskarinerge (M1-3) Rezeptoren sind vermutlich nicht an Lycorin-induzierter Nausea und Emesis beteiligt. Die Befunde der vorliegenden Arbeit weisen darauf hin, dass Lycorin bei Vergiftungen mit Pflanzen oder Pflanzenteilen, die zu den Amaryllidaceae gehören, eine entscheidende Bedeutung für die klinische Symptomatik und den Verlauf von Intoxikationen hat. Nach den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit sind eine prädominierende Beteiligung von NK1- und eine etwas geringer ausgeprägte Beteiligung von 5-HT3-Rezeptoren im emetischen Wirkmechanismus wahrscheinlich. Somit erscheint die therapeutische Anwendung von Maropitant beim Hund (und evtl. Apreptitant beim Menschen) und/oder Ondansetron zur symptomatischen Behandlung anhaltender Nausea und Emesis bei Pflanzenvergiftungen mit Amaryllidacaen bei denen die Wirkung von Lycorin dominiert, wissenschaftlich begründet und klinisch von Vorteil gegenüber anderen antiemetischen Prinzipien zu sein.

A família Amaryllidaceae é reconhecida como fonte de compostos bioativos, sendo o isolamento e elucidação estrutural de seus alcaloides, aliado às avaliações farmacológicas, um tema importante. Estudos mostram que o mecanismo de ação da citotoxicidade desses alcaloides é seletivo e depende da linhagem celular. Trichomonas vaginalis é um protozoário parasita que causa a tricomonose, a doença sexualmente transmissível de origem não viral mais comum no mundo. Além de ser considerado um importante organismo patogênico, suas características bioquímicas peculiares, como a ausência de mitocôndrias, torna o tricomonas um adequado modelo para estudos de vias metabólicas de morte celular. A atividade anti-T. vaginalis dos alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae licorina e candimina, assim como o potencial citotóxico de diaminas sintéticas, foram investigados. Estudos de semi-síntese com a licorina também foram desenvolvidos. Nossos resultados mostraram que a licorina e candimina induzem importantes alterações na ultraestrutura dos parasitos e nenhum marcador morfológico clássico de apoptose, como corpos apoptóticos, foi observado. Além disso, nem a fragmentação do DNA genômico nem a exposição de resíduos de fosfatidilserina foram detectadas. Por outro lado, ambos os alcaloides atrasaram o ciclo celular do parasito e inibiram a atividade das enzimas NTPDase e ecto-5`- nucleotidase, importantes na manutenção da relação parasito/hospedeiro. O alcaloide pró-apoptótico licorina e a candimina induziram morte celular no parasito amitocondriado T. vaginalis por um mecanismo de ação que não cumpre as características morfológicas de apoptose. Entretanto, similaridades com a morte celular denominada paraptose foram observadas: intensa vacuolização citoplasmática periférica aliada à integridade nuclear. Considerando que a citotoxicidade dos alcaloides pode ser considerada moderada (250 μM), derivados de poliaminas foram escolhidos para desenvolver estudos de semi-síntese com a licorina e aperfeiçoar a atividade do alcalóide. Poliaminas são moléculas catiônicas de estruturas simples, essenciais para a diferenciação celular e regulação do ciclo celular. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se a síntese e avaliação da atividade anti-T. vaginalis de uma série de derivados de diaminas, dos quais N-hexadecil-1,4-butanodiamina apresentou CIM igual a 2,5 μg/ml, duas vezes mais ativo em comparação ao metronidazol, utilizado como composto de referência. A hibridização molecular da licorina com as diaminas foi prejudicada pela instabilidade da licorina mesilada, intermediário chave para prosseguir a rota sintética. No entanto, seis derivados inéditos da licorina, todos ésteres, aromáticos ou alifáticos, foram sintetizados. / Amaryllidaceae family has proven to be plentiful sources for therapeutic agents. Hence, the isolation, biology and chemistry of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids make an important subject. Investigations on cytotoxic mechanisms of these alkaloids indicate a promising selective cell-type-dependent cytotoxicity. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that causes trichomonosis, the number one non-viral sexually-transmitted disease in the world. However, whilst T. vaginalis is a prime pathogenic target, its lack of mitochondria makes it a suitable biochemical model to study cell death-related mechanisms. Anti-T. vaginalis activity of lycorine and candimine alkaloids were investigated, as well as the cytotoxic potential of diamine analogs. Finally, studies on lycorine semi-synthesis were developed. Our results showed that, after lycorine and candimine treatment, no hallmark suggestive of apoptosis were observed, such as apoptotic bodies, but instead several important ultrastructural alterations, assessed by electronic microscopy. Additionally, DNA fragmentation and membrane phosphatidylserine exposure were not detected. Analysis showed that lycorine and candimine arrested T. vaginalis cell cycle and inhibited the NTPDase and ecto-5`- nucleotidase activities, important enzymes on parasite/host relationship. The proapoptotic alkaloid, lycorine, and the lactone alkaloid, candimine, caused cell death in the amitochondriate T. vaginalis by a mechanism of action that fails to completely fulfill the criteria for apoptosis. However, some similarities were observed to paraptotic cell death, like intense cytoplasmic periferic vacuolization and nuclear integrity. Since the cytotoxic potential of the alkaloids was moderated (250 μM), the polyamines analogs were chosen to investigate the anti-T. vaginalis activity and to develop semi-synthesis studies with lycorine in order to improve the alkaloid cytotoxicity. Polyamines are simple structured aliphatic amines essential for cell proliferation and differentiation and it has been shown that interfering with their function or biosynthesis the cellular growth can be blocked. Our results showed the synthesis of a series of diamine derivatives, and N-hexadecil-1,4-butanediamine was found to be the most active compound in vitro against T. vaginalis with MIC of 2.5 μg/mL, twice more active in comparison to the reference drug metronidazole. The molecular hybridization of lycorine with diamines was impaired by the unsuccessful synthesis of the lycorine mesilate, a key intermediary on the synthetic route. However, six new lycorine ester derivatives were synthesized.

A família Amaryllidaceae é reconhecida como fonte de compostos bioativos, sendo o isolamento e elucidação estrutural de seus alcaloides, aliado às avaliações farmacológicas, um tema importante. Estudos mostram que o mecanismo de ação da citotoxicidade desses alcaloides é seletivo e depende da linhagem celular. Trichomonas vaginalis é um protozoário parasita que causa a tricomonose, a doença sexualmente transmissível de origem não viral mais comum no mundo. Além de ser considerado um importante organismo patogênico, suas características bioquímicas peculiares, como a ausência de mitocôndrias, torna o tricomonas um adequado modelo para estudos de vias metabólicas de morte celular. A atividade anti-T. vaginalis dos alcaloides de Amaryllidaceae licorina e candimina, assim como o potencial citotóxico de diaminas sintéticas, foram investigados. Estudos de semi-síntese com a licorina também foram desenvolvidos. Nossos resultados mostraram que a licorina e candimina induzem importantes alterações na ultraestrutura dos parasitos e nenhum marcador morfológico clássico de apoptose, como corpos apoptóticos, foi observado. Além disso, nem a fragmentação do DNA genômico nem a exposição de resíduos de fosfatidilserina foram detectadas. Por outro lado, ambos os alcaloides atrasaram o ciclo celular do parasito e inibiram a atividade das enzimas NTPDase e ecto-5`- nucleotidase, importantes na manutenção da relação parasito/hospedeiro. O alcaloide pró-apoptótico licorina e a candimina induziram morte celular no parasito amitocondriado T. vaginalis por um mecanismo de ação que não cumpre as características morfológicas de apoptose. Entretanto, similaridades com a morte celular denominada paraptose foram observadas: intensa vacuolização citoplasmática periférica aliada à integridade nuclear. Considerando que a citotoxicidade dos alcaloides pode ser considerada moderada (250 μM), derivados de poliaminas foram escolhidos para desenvolver estudos de semi-síntese com a licorina e aperfeiçoar a atividade do alcalóide. Poliaminas são moléculas catiônicas de estruturas simples, essenciais para a diferenciação celular e regulação do ciclo celular. Neste trabalho demonstrou-se a síntese e avaliação da atividade anti-T. vaginalis de uma série de derivados de diaminas, dos quais N-hexadecil-1,4-butanodiamina apresentou CIM igual a 2,5 μg/ml, duas vezes mais ativo em comparação ao metronidazol, utilizado como composto de referência. A hibridização molecular da licorina com as diaminas foi prejudicada pela instabilidade da licorina mesilada, intermediário chave para prosseguir a rota sintética. No entanto, seis derivados inéditos da licorina, todos ésteres, aromáticos ou alifáticos, foram sintetizados. / Amaryllidaceae family has proven to be plentiful sources for therapeutic agents. Hence, the isolation, biology and chemistry of the Amaryllidaceae alkaloids make an important subject. Investigations on cytotoxic mechanisms of these alkaloids indicate a promising selective cell-type-dependent cytotoxicity. Trichomonas vaginalis is a parasite that causes trichomonosis, the number one non-viral sexually-transmitted disease in the world. However, whilst T. vaginalis is a prime pathogenic target, its lack of mitochondria makes it a suitable biochemical model to study cell death-related mechanisms. Anti-T. vaginalis activity of lycorine and candimine alkaloids were investigated, as well as the cytotoxic potential of diamine analogs. Finally, studies on lycorine semi-synthesis were developed. Our results showed that, after lycorine and candimine treatment, no hallmark suggestive of apoptosis were observed, such as apoptotic bodies, but instead several important ultrastructural alterations, assessed by electronic microscopy. Additionally, DNA fragmentation and membrane phosphatidylserine exposure were not detected. Analysis showed that lycorine and candimine arrested T. vaginalis cell cycle and inhibited the NTPDase and ecto-5`- nucleotidase activities, important enzymes on parasite/host relationship. The proapoptotic alkaloid, lycorine, and the lactone alkaloid, candimine, caused cell death in the amitochondriate T. vaginalis by a mechanism of action that fails to completely fulfill the criteria for apoptosis. However, some similarities were observed to paraptotic cell death, like intense cytoplasmic periferic vacuolization and nuclear integrity. Since the cytotoxic potential of the alkaloids was moderated (250 μM), the polyamines analogs were chosen to investigate the anti-T. vaginalis activity and to develop semi-synthesis studies with lycorine in order to improve the alkaloid cytotoxicity. Polyamines are simple structured aliphatic amines essential for cell proliferation and differentiation and it has been shown that interfering with their function or biosynthesis the cellular growth can be blocked. Our results showed the synthesis of a series of diamine derivatives, and N-hexadecil-1,4-butanediamine was found to be the most active compound in vitro against T. vaginalis with MIC of 2.5 μg/mL, twice more active in comparison to the reference drug metronidazole. The molecular hybridization of lycorine with diamines was impaired by the unsuccessful synthesis of the lycorine mesilate, a key intermediary on the synthetic route. However, six new lycorine ester derivatives were synthesized.