Submitted by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-26T10:43:23Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Influência do tratamento criogênico nas propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas do aço ABNT M2.pdf: 19371042 bytes, checksum: 86cfc4da7ebbbbb0684e4a589f03b84f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Cátia Araújo (catia.araujo@unipampa.edu.br) on 2017-01-26T10:44:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Influência do tratamento criogênico nas propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas do aço ABNT M2.pdf: 19371042 bytes, checksum: 86cfc4da7ebbbbb0684e4a589f03b84f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-26T10:44:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Influência do tratamento criogênico nas propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas do aço ABNT M2.pdf: 19371042 bytes, checksum: 86cfc4da7ebbbbb0684e4a589f03b84f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-18 / O aumento da resistência mecânica dos aços sempre foi objeto de investigação desde os tempos mais remotos. Nos últimos dois séculos, com o aumento da industrialização, a demanda por materiais cada vez mais resistentes se tornou ainda maior. Dentre os materiais metálicos, os aços ferramentas são os mais pesquisados na busca de aumento de dureza, resistência ao desgaste e tenacidade, requisitos essenciais à sua utilização. Nos últimos anos tem sido demonstrado que o tratamento criogênico profundo aplicado aos aços ferramentas provoca, além da transformação da austenita residual em martensita, a precipitação de finos carbetos na matriz metálica, aumentando principalmente a resistência ao desgaste. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estudar a influência do tratamento criogênico profundo nas propriedades mecânicas e tribológicas do aço ABNT M2. Foram realizados ensaios de dureza HRC, microdureza HV e HK, impacto Charpy, desgaste abrasivo, microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura em amostras de aço ABNT M2 submetidas ao tratamento térmico convencional (têmpera e revenido) e ao tratamento térmico convencional com tratamento criogênico. O tratamento criogênico foi realizado por nebulização direta com taxa de resfriamento e aquecimento de 0,3° C/min e permanência de 24 horas na temperatura de -190° C. As temperaturas de austenitização empregadas foram de 1170° C, 1200° C e 1230° C. Foram analisadas amostras com aplicação de revenido antes, após e antes/após o tratamento criogênico. Concluiu-se que o tratamento criogênico profundo aplicado antes do revenido em amostras austenitizadas à temperatura de 1200° C aumenta a dureza, a resistência ao desgaste abrasivo e a tenacidade do material tratado. / The increased resistance of steels has always been under investigation since the earliest times. In the last two centuries, with the rise of industrialization, the demand for increasingly resistant materials became even greater. Among the metallic materials, tool steels are the most investigated in the search for higher hardness and wear resistance, essential to use requirements. In recent years it has been demonstrated that deep cryogenic treatment applied to tool steels causes not only the transformation of residual austenite into martensite, precipitation of fine carbides in the metal matrix, mainly by increasing wear resistance. This research aimed to study the influence of deep cryogenic treatment on mechanical properties and tribological steel AISI M2. Hardness tests were performed HRC, HV and HK microhardness, Charpy impact, abrasive wear, optical and scanning electron microscopy in ABNT M2 steel samples subjected to conventional heat treatment (quenching and tempering) and conventional heat treatment with cryogenic treatment. The cryogenic treatment was performed by direct nebulization with heating and cooling rate of 0.3° C/min and 24 hours residence in -190° C. The austenitization temperatures used were 1170° C, 1200° C and 1230° C. Samples were analyzed with tempering application before, after and before after the cryogenic treatment. It was concluded that deep cryogenic treatment applied before tempering samples austenitized at a temperature of 1200° C increases the hardness, abrasive wear resistance and toughness of the treated material.

No presente trabalho foi investigada a nitretação a plasma do aço rápido ASTM M2 utilizando diferentes configurações, envolvendo as técnicas convencional e com tela ativa. Na técnica convencional, o material a ser nitretado atua como o cátodo do sistema, sendo coberto diretamente pela bainha da descarga luminescente. Nos tratamentos conduzidos com a técnica de tela ativa, uma estrutura de tela em formato cilíndrico atua como cátodo e o material a ser nitretado é posicionado no seu interior. Neste novo processo, como não há potencial elétrico externo aplicado aos substratos, a descarga luminescente se desenvolve apenas na estrutura da tela, evitando problemas intrínsecos do método convencional de nitretação a plasma. Todos os tratamentos investigados foram executados com os seguintes parâmetros: Temperatura de 500 °C, mistura gasosa composta 76% de volume de gás nitrogênio e 24% de volume de gás hidrogênio e pressão de 3 milibar. Para os tratamentos com tela ativa, os substratos foram mantidos eletricamente isolados. Os resultados foram comparados observando a diferença de método de nitretação (com e sem o uso de tela ativa) e a influência do tempo de tratamento (variando sua duração em 1, 4 e 8 horas) Todos os experimentos foram realizados utilizando uma fonte de potência de tensão retificada aplicada na tela ou nas amostras, dependendo da configuração. Adicionalmente, para o tempo de nitretação de 4 horas uma fonte de potência com tensão pulsada também foi aplicada. As amostras nitretadas foram caracterizadas por ensaios de rugosidade, ensaios de dureza e microdureza, microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e difração de raios-X. Ensaios tribológicos para avaliação da resistência ao desgaste das diferentes condições de tratamento foram conduzidos. Dentre os principais resultados foi observada uma clara diferença na profundidade de camada nitretada, que foi sempre mais profunda nos tratamentos convencionais. Apesar de formadas camadas menos profundas, as amostras nitretadas oriundas dos tratamentos com tela ativa demonstraram melhor desempenho nos ensaios tribológicos, resultando em taxas de desgaste até sete vezes inferior do que as amostras do nitretadas convencionalmente, este resultado foi atribuído a não formação da zona de compostos nas amostras nitretadas com tela ativa. / In the present work an investigation on the plasma nitriding of ASTM M2 High-Speed Steel using different configurations was carried out, involving traditional and active screen techniques. In the traditional technique, the material to be nitrided act as the system cathode, being directly covered by the glow discharge sheath. In the active screen treatments, a cylindrical mesh structure (screen) plays the role of the cathode and the material to be nitrided is positioned in its interior. In this new process, as there is no external electric potential applied to the specimens, the glow discharge develops only in the screen structure, avoiding intrinsic problems from the conventional plasma nitriding method. All the studied treatments were carried out with the following parameters: temperature of 500 °C, gas mixture of 76 vol.-% N2 and 24 vol.-% H2 and pressure of 3 millibar. For the active screen treatments, the samples were kept electrically insulated. The results were compared observing the differences in the nitriding method (with and without the use of active screen) and the nitriding time influence (varying its duration in 1, 4 and 8 hours) All experiments were carried using a rectified voltage power supply applied to the screen or to the samples, depending on the configuration. Additionally, for the nitriding time of 4 hours a pulsed voltage power supply was also employed. The nitrided samples were characterized by roughness tests, hardness and microhardness tests, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction. Tribological tests to evaluate the wear resistance of the different treatment conditions were also carried out. Among the main results a clear difference in the case layer depth was noticed, which was always deeper in the conventional treatments. Although forming shallower case depths, the active screen nitrided specimens presented better performance in the tribological tests, resulting in wear rates up to seven times lower than the wear rate for conventionally plasma nitrided samples, this result was assigned due to the non-formation of compound layer in the active screen plasma nitrided samples.

Influenza A virus (IAV) exhibits a high mutation frequency. Mutations in primary viral targets such as hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and the proton channel M2 have afforded IAV with substantial drug resistance to previously effective drugs such as oseltamivir and amantadine (AMT) along with their analogs. One of the main drug-resistant alterations in the M2 protein that has become ubiquitous is the mutation S31N. Divalent copper has previously been suggested to have anti-IAV properties using in vitro assays involving Xenopus oocytes and SSNMR. In this work, the EC50 of AMT, two AMT analogs, CuCl2 · 2H2O, and four previously published Cu2+ complexes were tested for antiviral activity against the California/07/2009 (H1N1) IAV strain containing the S31N M2 protein in viral mini-plaque assays. AMT, CuCl2 · 2H2O, and two previously published divalent copper complexes were tested for M2 proton-transport blocking efficacy in liposomes using truncated M2 (22-62, S31N). Two novel divalent copper species, NAG101 and NAG107, both derived from AMT analogs were developed and tested for both antiviral activity and M2 blocking efficacy. Cell integrity was maintained at concentrations up to 1 mM (48 hours of exposure) with all compounds except Cu(II) 3. In the viral mini-plaque assay the novel divalent copper complexes NAG101 (EC50 25.7 +/-7.7 µM) and NAG107 (EC50 2.91 +/- 0.29 µM) were 2.5-fold and 21-fold better than AMT (EC50 64.3 +/- 9.3 µM) respectively. In the liposome assay NAG101 (EC50 18.9 +/- 1.5 µM) and NAG107 (EC50 4.5 +/- 0.6 µM) were 2.5-fold and 11-fold better than AMT (EC50 49.3 +/- 2.9 µM respectively. In the viral mini-plaque assay, CuCl2 · 2H2O (EC50 57.2 +/- 10.1 µM) was comparably effective to AMT, but was more than ten times more effective in the liposome assay targeting S31N M2 with an EC50 6.1 +/- 0.8 µM. Divalent copper species possess anti-IAV activity against the ubiquitous S31N M2-containing viral strain California/07/2009 (H1N1) and may prove to be effective against other IAV strains by blocking M2.

<p> </p><p><strong>Bakgrund och problem: </strong>Den svenska börsutvecklingen har de senaste 10 åren haft stora svängningar, varav två höga toppar och två bottnar. Fonderna som följer börsutvecklingen har olika fondkaraktär i avseende om risker och avkastningar. Trots många turbulenta år i världen, fortsätter fondspararna i Sverige att investera i fonder som blivit allt populärare som investeringsalternativ. Men vilken Sverige- eller Rysslandsfond har gått bäst under perioderna?</p><p><strong>Syfte: </strong>Syftet är att utvärdera Sverige- och Rysslandsfonder under två perioder där börsen stiger samt två perioder då börsen sjunker med hjälp av utvärderingsmått.</p><p><strong>Avgränsning: </strong>Avgränsning utförs genom att välja de fyra största Rysslandsfonderna respektive Sverigefonderna. Genom dessa kommer vi att följa upp och jämföra med den svenska aktiemarknaden under tio år, uppdelade i fyra delperioder.</p><p><strong>Metod: </strong>Undersökningen gjordes med kvantitativ metod för att samla in hård data från Morningstar och sedan beräkna utifrån de teorier och prestandamått som finns.</p><p><strong>Resultat och slutsats: </strong>Utifrån de riskjusterade måtten har de svenska fonderna gått bättre i tre av fyra perioder. Dels på grund av att Sverigefonderna haft lägre avkastning men också lägre risk vilket har givit bättre riskjusterade resultat i jämförelse med de ryska fonderna som haft höga avkastningar och höga risker. Under den andra perioden hade Rysslandsfonderna bättre riskjusterade resultat. Detta betyder inte att Sverigefonderna har generat högre monetära värden utan snarare haft bättre avkastning givet den risk som investeraren tagit.</p><p> </p>

A natural Maghnia clay was pillared by Al13 and impregnated by 3-10 wt.% Me (Me = Rh, Ni, Pd, Ce) to be used as catalysts in the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide to synthesis gas. The structural and textural properties of materials calcined at 450°C were determined by several techniques (XRD, FT-IR, 27Al magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), BET, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)- DSC, H2-temperature programmed reduction (TPR) and NH3-TPR). Although impurities are present in the Al-pillared layered clay (PILC) support, most properties are close to those of pure Al-pillared Na-montmorillonite. Impregnation and calcination leads to the plugging of most micropores by clusters or microparticles of oxides. The NMR resonances of AlVI and AlIV specie are not modified after impregnation, and AlVI/AlIV ratio only varies on loading when compared to Al-PILC. Catalytic experiments show that the most active catalyst is 3%Rh/Al-PILC on which 88 mol.% of methane is converted at 650°C with a minimum amount of carbon deposit. The conversions decrease along the 3% Rh-10% Ni > 3%Pd > 3% Ni > 3% Ce series. The H2/CO ratio amounts to 1.1 with Rh and to 0.85 with Pd which are metallic at the temperature of reaction, but it has a lower value with Ni and Ce due to the RWGS reaction known to proceed in the presence of oxides.

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a potent stimulator of cell growth, survival and motility. PDGF exerts its function by binding to specific tyrosine kinase receptors, initiating receptor auotphosphorylation and initiation of specific signaling pathways that regulates the cellular response. It is critical that these signals can be modulated and terminated, since over-activation of signaling pathways are often found in diseases, such as cancer. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) counteract the tyrosine kinases by dephosphorylating proteins, thereby playing a crucial role in the control of signaling events. The aim of this thesis has been to study the regulation of PDGF receptor signaling by the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP). In the first two studies, we demonstrated that loss of TC-PTP specifically redirected the PDGF β-receptor towards a rapid Rab4a-dependent recycling after ligand-induced internalization. Furthermore, we found that the sorting of activated PDGF β-receptor into the recycling pathway was dependent on sequential PKCα and Rab4a activation. Since the PDGF α-receptor did not recycle in the absence of TC-PTP, this study displays the first evidence of differences in trafficking of the PDGF receptor family members. PDGF β-receptor recycling was also induced by activating PKCα through the LPA receptor. The LPA-induced PDGF β-receptor recycling correlated with increased receptor phosphorylation and cell migration at low concentrations of PDGF-BB. The data suggests that PKCα activation could serve as a point of cross-talk between receptor families, regulating the duration and magnitude of PDGF β-receptor signaling. In the last study, we searched for novel substrates for TC-PTP downstream of the PDGF β-receptor, and identified the pyruvate kinase M2, PK-M2, as a possible substrate. PK-M2 is expressed in cells that proliferate rapidly, including tumor cells. Our data suggests that TC-PTP can interact with the glycolytic complex, affecting the activity of PK-M2 and hence, altering the glucose metabolism for proliferating tumor cells.

Bakgrund och problem: Den svenska börsutvecklingen har de senaste 10 åren haft stora svängningar, varav två höga toppar och två bottnar. Fonderna som följer börsutvecklingen har olika fondkaraktär i avseende om risker och avkastningar. Trots många turbulenta år i världen, fortsätter fondspararna i Sverige att investera i fonder som blivit allt populärare som investeringsalternativ. Men vilken Sverige- eller Rysslandsfond har gått bäst under perioderna? Syfte: Syftet är att utvärdera Sverige- och Rysslandsfonder under två perioder där börsen stiger samt två perioder då börsen sjunker med hjälp av utvärderingsmått. Avgränsning: Avgränsning utförs genom att välja de fyra största Rysslandsfonderna respektive Sverigefonderna. Genom dessa kommer vi att följa upp och jämföra med den svenska aktiemarknaden under tio år, uppdelade i fyra delperioder. Metod: Undersökningen gjordes med kvantitativ metod för att samla in hård data från Morningstar och sedan beräkna utifrån de teorier och prestandamått som finns. Resultat och slutsats: Utifrån de riskjusterade måtten har de svenska fonderna gått bättre i tre av fyra perioder. Dels på grund av att Sverigefonderna haft lägre avkastning men också lägre risk vilket har givit bättre riskjusterade resultat i jämförelse med de ryska fonderna som haft höga avkastningar och höga risker. Under den andra perioden hade Rysslandsfonderna bättre riskjusterade resultat. Detta betyder inte att Sverigefonderna har generat högre monetära värden utan snarare haft bättre avkastning givet den risk som investeraren tagit.

名古屋大学博士学位論文 学位の種類 : 博士(医学)(課程) 学位授与年月日:平成25年1月31日 匠原龍太郎氏の博士論文として提出された

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease whereby the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system, possibly related to an inappropriate immune reaction to dietary antigens and/or microbes in the gut. We previously observed a deficit in gut-resident CD163+ M2 anti-inflammatory macrophages in BioBreeding diabetes-prone (BBdp) rats. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the CD163 pathway and through the breakdown of toxic heme releases potent antioxidants. We hypothesized that the treatment of animals with cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP), an inducer of HO-1 expression, would inhibit development of T1D through modulation of the CD163/HO-1 pathway and increase M2 macrophages. HO-1 expression was significantly increased in the pancreas and gut. T1D incidence was inhibited in CoPP-treated rats and these animals showed an unexpected increase in cells expressing CD68 (an M1 pro-inflammatory macrophage marker) in the pancreas and gut. CoPP induced the expression of cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide (CAMP) in the jejunum, which co-localized with CD163+ (M2) macrophages. KLF4, an M2 macrophage-specific transcription factor, was significantly upregulated in the pancreas and jejunum of CoPP-treated animals and co-localized with CD68 and HO-1 in the pancreas. We conclude that HO-1 induction prevented T1D through modulation of the gut immune system and potential recruitment of a unique population of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages in the gut and pancreas

In this thesis I respond to Miroslav Volfs proposal that in the eschaton painful memories will be forgotten in order not to detract from the joy of the New Creation. Through consideration of the constitution of personal identity and memory I will show that his proposal is problematic if, in the New Creation, persons are to be continuous with themselves. In my chapter on forgiveness I show that that it is possible, through forgiveness, for people to come to remember even the most painful of experiences without experiencing pain anew, I will show that painful memories can be healed and transformed, and thus that eschatological forgetting is not necessary. I will argue in the final chapter that, just as in his resurrection body Christ bore scars of the crucifixion, so in the New Creation we too will bear scars from our earthly lives. The main sources in the chapter on personal identity are John Macmurray, Alastair McFadyen and, to a lesser extent, Paul Ricoeur. The work of Gregory Jones is significant in chapters 2 and 3 (looking at memory and forgiveness respectively). In chapter 4 (New Creation) I have drawn on the work of Jurgen Moltmann as well as that of Bauckham and Hart.