In 1860, Lynchburg was a thriving tobacco town. The "golden leaf" had stimulated the economy and made the city financially sound. When civil war erupted, Lynchburg cast her fate with Virginia and the Confederacy. Mobilization began at a rapid rate. Men flocked to the ranks, industries geared to war production and women began making clothing for the soldiers. Located on three railroad lines and a canal, Lynchburg became an important transportation link for the Confederacy. Soldiers poured into the city during the first year of war. The city established two camps accommodating over 10,000 soldiers. A military hospital came into being shortly thereafter. As the war progressed, sick and wounded men poured into Lynchburg in such a stream that three general military hospitals and three independent hospitals were ultimately established. The general hospitals were divided into divisions and extended even into various tobacco factories. Lynchburg constantly faced inflation and scarcity during the war. Sometimes action from local authorities aided the problem, but many times Lynchburg citizens lived in fear of privation. With the city full of transit soldiers, crime became an almost insurmountable problem. The end finally came on April 12, 1865, when Mayor Branch surrendered the city to Federal troops. / Master of Arts

The lack of correspondence between job satisfaction attitudes and behavioral indicators of job satisfaction exemplifies the more widely recognized problem of attitude-behavior inconsistency. While various theoretical and methodological explanations for this inconsistency have been offered, it is posited that this inconsistency can be reduced through a more accurate (valid) assessment of the cognitive component of attitudes. The notion of a saliency criterion in the evaluation of the cognitive component of job satisfaction is suggested as such a technique for achieving more accurate assessment. The concept of saliency itself as well as the notion of a saliency criterion is explored using a sample of 72 blue collar women. The concept is found to be both viable and relatively stable for various subgroups within the sample, as defined by several factors external to the job. Job satisfaction scales using specified saliency criteria are compared with scales which do not consider saliency on the basis of their ability to correlate with a behavioral measure of job satisfaction (absenteeism). The findings, with certain delineated reservations, indicate that scales which employ saliency criteria are better correlates of behavior. Saliency thus may be viewed as at least a partial solution to the problem of attitude-behavior inconsistency. / Master of Science

The present study identified which counselor types (male professional, female professional, male peer, female peer) were preferred by male and female college students for various problems (Vocational Choice, College Routine, Adjustment to Self and Others, Drug-Related, and Sex-Related Concerns). It also determined the effect of information on those preferences by exposing the treatment group in the sample to an audio tape with information about counselors and their roles. Warman's (1960) Counseling Appropriateness Check List was revised in order to serve as the questionnaire which determined respondents' preferences for the counselor types. The sample consisted of 351 students, representative by sex and college enrollment of the freshman class at a middle-sized university. A cross tabulation approach was utilized to descriptively define the data and a multivariate analysis of variance design was utilized to determine the effect on respondents' preferences of their sex and their exposure to the information. The following is a summary of the major results established from this study: (1.) Sex of respondents was significant (at the .01 level) in preferences for all four counselor types. (2.) There was an evident pattern of respondents preferring same sex counselors. However, more females chose males than vice versa. Males preferred counselors of their own sex for all problem areas while females chose same sex counselors on all categories but Vocational Choice Concerns. (3.) Both male and female students expressed an overall preference for the professional counselors as compared to the peer counselors. Vocational Choice Concerns, College Routine Concerns and Sex-Related Concerns reflected definite preference for professionals. Drug-Related Concerns was the one category in which more preference existed for peer counselors. Adjustment to Self and Others Concerns reflected equal preference for both counselor types. (4.) Treatment was significant in increasing preference for the peer counselors (at the .05 level for the male peer counselor and at the .10 level for the female peer counselor). Treatment was significant (at the .05 level) in reducing preference for the female professional counselor. (5.) There was no significant interaction effect between treatment and the sex of the respondents, indicating that there was no difference in the way the two sexes responded on preferences when in the treatment group as opposed to the control group. There are implications from these findings for the employment and placement of counselors in terms of their sex and their status as peers or professionals. Matching clients to preferred counselors might be attempted. When preferred counselors are unavailable, information attempts might be made to alter those preferences. / Ed. D.

The discovery of a solar twin in the open star cluster M67 (Önehag et al. 2011) implies a near-solar chemical composition for the cluster. This study uses high-resolution spectroscopic data of five main-sequence stars in M67 to analyze their abundance of a few key elements and compare results to the solar-twin composition and the composition of field twins (Melendez et al. 2009). The derived composition was also compared to predictions of stellar-structure models including the effects of  element diffusion. (Richard, private communication).  It is found that all analyzed elements are, to varying degree, less abundant in the five main sequence stars than in the solar twin. With the possible exception of iron, all derived abundances also fall clearly below the diffusion predictions.

In this paper, the application of the diffusion equation to the problem of moisture movement below the fiber saturation point is investigated. The general diffusion equation was solved by numerical methods for the case of a concentration-dependent coefficient and a boundary condition of a specified concentration variation. Experimental concentration-distance curves were generated from the drying of yellow poplar. Solutions to the diffusion equation using coefficients from the literature were then compared with the experimental data. The diffusion coefficient of yellow poplar was determined directly from the concentration-distance curves by the method of Matano. On the basis of the above information, a diffusion coefficient was determined which accurately describes the drying of yellow poplar between 61 and 181 moisture content. / Master of Science

A study was conducted of the corticolous lichen community of Q. rubra on the southeast face of Salt Pond Mountain, Giles County, Virginia. These communities were examined according to altitude, vertical level on the tree, total lichen cover, lichen growth form composition, and the presence and abundance of foliose and fruticose species. Moss percentage cover was also estimated in situ as an indicator of available moisture trends. The results of this study indicate that, with the exception of fruticose lichens, the character and species composition of this lichen community does not vary directly in accordance with altitude. Most of the 48 fruticose and foliose lichen species examined exhibited their greatest frequency and abundance at a preferred vertical height above the ground. These lichen communities appear to lack the characteristics of those disturbed by atmospheric sulfur dioxide. / Master of Science

The habitat use and energetics of American black ducks (Anas rubripes) wintering at Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Virginia, were investigated. Twenty-two female black ducks were systematically radiotracked on the 25,600 ha study area between 15 December 1985 and 28 February 1986. Diurnal time and energy budgets were constructed by distributing 1,471 scans (collected in 1985-86 and 1986-87) over a time-tide matrix within refuge, saltmarsh, and tidal water habitats. Sixty-four ducks were collected during early, mid, and late winter in 1985-86 to determine changes in carcass composition. The Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) model for wintering black ducks was evaluated. Age affected range and core areas but did not affect habitat selection. Tide, ice, and time of day affected habitat use. Refuge pools were used during the day and saltmarsh was used at night. Subtidal water was used during periods of icing. Black ducks fed least and rested most when in refuge pools but fed most and rested least when in tidal waters. Black ducks curtailed feeding and increased time spent in alert and locomotion behaviors in response to disturbance. Whole carcass analysis indicated that black ducks were at least as fat and heavy in the spring as they were in the fall. Comparisons with similar work in Maine suggested that black ducks wintering in Maine and Virginia expend the same energy at a given temperature. However, because of lower temperatures, black ducks collected at Chincoteague were in relatively better condition than ducks wintering in Maine. / Master of Science

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:15:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GislanaPO_DISSERT.pdf: 2864834 bytes, checksum: b1f83a6ab365b376d0414e03eb26742e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The Galaxy open clusters have a wide variety of physical properties that make them valuable laboratories for studies of stellar and chemical evolution of the Galaxy. In order to better settle these properties we investigate the abundances of a large number of chemical elements in a sample of 27 evolved stars of the open cluster M67 with different evolutionary stages (turn-off, subgiant and giant stars). For such a study we used high-resolution spectra (R 47 000) and high S/N obtained with UVES+FLAMES at VLT/UT2, covering the wavelength interval 4200-10 600 ?. Our spectral analysis is based on the MARCS models of atmosphere and Turbospectrum spectroscopic tool. The oxygen abundances were determined from the [O I] line at 6300 ?. In addition, we have also computed abundances of Si I, Na I, Mg I, Al I, Ca I, Ti I, Co I, Ni I, Zr I, La II and Cr I. The abundances investigated in this work, combined with their stellar parameters, offers an opportunity to determine the level of mixing and convective dilution of evolved stars in M67. Based on the obtained parameters, the abundances of these seem to follow a similar trend to the curve of solar abundances. Additionally, following strategies of other studies have investigated the relative abundances as a function of effective temperature and metallicity, where it was possible to observe an abundance of Na, Al and Si to the stars in the field of giants. A large dispersion from star to star, is observed in the ratios [X / Fe] for the Co, Zr and La, and the absence of Zr and La, in the stars of the turn-off. Comparisons made between our results and other studies in the literature show that values of abundances are in agreement and close to the limits of the errors / Os aglomerados abertos da gal?xia possuem uma grande variedade de propriedades f?sicas que os tornam valiosos laborat?rios para estudos da evolu??o qu?mica estelar e da Gal?xia. A fim de melhor compreender essas propriedades n?s investigamos a abund?ncia de um grande n?mero de elementos qu?micos em uma amostra de 27 estrelas evolu?das com diferentes est?gios evolutivos (turn-off, subgigantes e gigantes) do aglomerado aberto M67. Para tal estudo foram utilizados espectros de alta resolu??o (R 47 000) e alto sinal ru?do obtidos com UVES+FLAMES em VLT/ UT2, cobrindo um intervalo de comprimento de onda de 4200- 10 600 ?. Nossa an?lise espectral ? baseada nos modelos de atmosfera MARCS e a ferramenta espectrosc?pica Turbospectrum. O oxig?nio [O I] foi determinado a partir da linha 6300 ?. Al?m disso, tamb?m determinamos a abund?ncia de Si I, Na I, Mg I, Al I, Ca I, Ti I, Co I, Ni I, Zr I, La II e Cr I. As abund?ncias investigadas neste trabalho, combinadas com seus par?metros estelares, oferecem a oportunidade de determinar o n?vel de dilui??o e mistura convectiva em estrelas evolu?das de M67. Com base nos par?metros obtidos, as abund?ncias referidas parecem seguir uma tend?ncia semelhante ? curva de abund?ncias solares. Adicionalmente, seguindo estrat?gias de outros estudos investigamos as abund?ncias relativas como fun??o da temperatura efetiva e da metalicidade, onde foi poss?vel observar uma superabund?ncia de Na, Al e Si para as estrelas no ramo das gigantes. Uma grande dispers?o, de estrela para estrela, ? observada nas raz?es de [X/Fe] para o Co, Zr e La, al?m da inexist?ncia do Zr e La, nas estrelas do Turn-off. Compara??es feitas entre nossos resultados e com outros estudos encontrados na literatura mostram valores de abund?ncias que se encontram em acordo e pr?ximos dos limites das margens de erros

The open cluster Messier 67 is known to have chemical composition, metallicity and age (~ 4 Gyr) close to the Sun. Therefore, it is advantageous for stellar physical studies and of stellar evolution, in particular for solar like stars within the cluster. This work considers three such stars, the formerly studied solar twin M67-1194 and two more recently suggested solar twins M67-1787 & 2018. Most solar twins show a ratio of volatile to refractory elements that systematically depart from the Sun’s. Our targets do not follow this trend as closely. Their composition is closer to the Sun and they are, therefore, exquisite targets for studies of stellar evolution within the cluster. However, their solar likeness also provides studies regarding the origin and evolution of the Solar system. The stellar ages of the solar twins are established through a chemical clock [Y/Mg] and via stellar isochrones from BaSTI. The latter age assessment of the solar twins is supplemented with the analysis of two subgiant stars M67-1442 & 1844. We approach the isochrone-based method using spectroscopically, astrometrically and photometrically derived parameters. The different ages of the stars and methods thus estimate the age of the cluster itself. The chemical ages of the stars suggest a cluster age of 4.56  ±0.44 Gyr and the isochrone-based estimates suggests a cluster age within the range 3.30-5.51 Gyr. Our results thus affirm and imply a near solar age of the cluster.

Often the basic assumptions of the ANOVA for an experimental design are not met or the statistical model is incorrectly specified. Randomization of treatments to experimental units is expected to protect against such shortcomings. This paper uses randomization theory to examine the impact on the expectations of mean squares, treatment means, and treatment differences for two model mis·specifications: Systematic response shifts and correlated experimental units. Systematic response shifts are presented in the context of the randomized complete block design (RCBD). In particular fixed shifts are added to the responses of experimental units in the initial and final positions of each block. The fixed shifts are called border shifts. It is shown that the RCBD is an unbiased design under randomization theory when border shifts are present. Treatment means are biased but treatment differences are unbiased. However the estimate of error is biased upwards and the power of the F test is reduced. Alternative designs to the RCBD under border shifts are the Latin square, semi-Latin square, and two-column designs. Randomization analysis demonstrates that the Latin square is an unbiased design with an unbiased estimate of error and of treatment differences. The semi-Latin square has each of the t treatments occurring only once per row and column, but t is a multiple of the number of rows or columns. Thus each row-column combination contains more than one experimental unit. The semi-Latin square is a biased design with a biased estimate of error even when no border shifts are present. Row-column interaction is responsible for the bias. Border shifts do not contaminate the expected mean squares or treatment differences, and thus the semi-Latin square is a viable alternative when the border shift overwhelms the row-column interaction. The two columns of the two-column design correspond to the border and interior experimental units respectively. Results similar to that for the semi-Latin square are obtained. Simulation studies for the RCBD and its alternatives indicate that the power of the F test is reduced for the RCBD when border shifts are present. When no row-column interaction is present, the semi-Latin square and two-column designs provide good alternatives to the RCBD. Similar results are found for the split plot design when border shifts occur in the sub plots. A main effects plan is presented for situations when the number of whole plot units equals the number of sub plot units per whole plot. The analysis of designs in which the experimental units occur in a sequence and exhibit correlation is considered next. The Williams Type Il(a) design is examined in conjunction with the usual ANOVA and with the method of first differencing. Expected mean squares, treatment means, and treatment differences are obtained under randomization theory for each analysis. When only adjacent experimental units have non negligible correlation, the Type Il(a) design provides an unbiased error estimate for the usual ANOVA. However the expectation of the treatment mean square is biased downwards for a positive correlation. First differencing results in a biased test and a biased error estimate. The test is approximately unbiased if the correlation between units is close to a half. / Ph. D.