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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Expression of EZH1-Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 and MALAT1 lncRNA and their Combined Role in Epigenetic Adaptive Response

Al Fuhaid, Lamya 04 August 2019 (has links)
Living cells maintain stable transcriptional programs while exhibiting plasticity that allows them to respond to environmental stimuli. The Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is a key regulator of chromatin structure that maintains gene silencing through the methylation of histone H3 on lysine 27 (H3K27me), establishing chromatin-based memory. Two variants of PRC2 are present in mammalian cells, PRC2-EZH2 which is predominantly present in differentiating cells, and PRC2-EZH1 that predominates in post-mitotic tissues. PRC2-EZH1α/β pathway is involved in the response of muscle cells to oxidative stress. Atrophied muscle cells respond to oxidative stress by enabling the nuclear translocation of EED and its assembly with EZH1α and SUZ12. Here we prove that the metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) is required for the assembly of PRC2-EZH1 components. The absence of MALAT1 significantly decreased the association between EED and EZH1α proteins. Biochemical analysis shows that the presence of MALAT1 increases the enzymatic activity of PRC2-EZH1 in vitro. In addition, we show that the simultaneous expression of PRC2 core components is necessary for their solubility. The successful expression of PRC2 proteins enables the execution of several downstream experiments, which will further explain the nature of the interplay between MALAT1 and PRC2.
2

Evaluation du rôle des longs ARN non codants dans les carcinomes mammaires infiltrants / Evaluation of The Roles of lncRNAs in Breast Carcinomas

Meseure, Didier 02 December 2016 (has links)
Le cancer du sein représente à l’échelle mondiale le deuxième cancer le plus fréquent et la première des tumeurs malignes de la femme. Actuellement, seuls certains biomarqueurs (RO, RP, récepteur HER2, index Ki67) et la signature transcriptomique PAM50 sont pris en compte dans la classification morphologique et l’orientation thérapeutique. Les analyses transcriptomiques à haut débit ont révélé que plus de 80% du génome humain est transcrit en ARN. Parmi les ARNs non codants, les transcrits dont la longueur est supérieure à 200 nt sont arbitrairement qualifiés de longs ARNs non codants (lncRNAs). Les lncRNAs jouent un rôle crucial dans le maintien de l’homéostasie cellulaire et présentent des profils d’expression anormaux dans diverses pathologies, dont le cancer. L’objectif principal de mon projet de thèse a consisté à analyser l’expression des lncRNAs, leur fonctionnalité et leur rôle dans l’oncogénèse mammaire. La première partie s’est focalisée sur l’étude des gènes ANRIL (ainsi que 10 gènes de la même voie de signalisation) et MALAT1, deux lncRNAs dont les mécanismes d’action et la signification clinique au cours de la cancérogénèse mammaire sont encore controversés. ANRIL et MALAT1 sont respectivement surexprimés dans 20% et 14% des tumeurs de notre série, confirmant leurs rôles pro-oncogénique dans la cancérogénèse mammaire. La surexpression de MALAT1 se traduit en RNA-FISH par la présence de volumineux speckles intranucléaires. La complexité de leur dérégulation est liée à la présence d’isoformes et de réseaux d’interactions avec les mRNAs et les miRNAs. Concernant les sous-unités appartenant aux complexes Polycomb PRC2 et PRC1qui interagissent avec ANRIL, EZH2 (PRC2) est normalement ciblé par 3 miRNAs onco-suppresseurs (miR-26A1, miR-125B et miR-214) qui sont sous-exprimés dans notre série de CCIs. Les 2 oncomiRs miR-181B1 and miR-181A2 qui ciblent et inactivent CBX7 (PRC1), apparaissent surexprimés dans notre série, en relation avec l’activation de l’oncogène HMGA1. Concernant MALAT1, le complexe de biogénèse des miRNAs Drosha-DGCR8-Microprocesseur régule l’expression d’un variant d’épissage ∆-MALAT1 et ce dernier est impliqué dans l’activation de la voie PI3K/Akt. Des corrélations significatives sont observées entre MALAT1 et des gènes impliqués dans l’épissage alternatif, le cycle cellulaire, l’apoptose, la réparation de l’ADN et la migration cellulaire. Les profils transcriptomiques aberrants de ces 2 lncRNAs semblent caractéristiques des carcinomes mammaires. Ainsi, ANRIL (i) présente une association positive inattendue avec le cluster p16-CDKN2A/p15-CDKN2B/p14-ARF dans notre série, alors que cette association apparait négative dans les carcinomes de prostate et (ii) inactive épigénétiquement les miRNAs onco-suppresseurs miR-99a/miR-449a dans les carcinomes gastriques et non dans notre série de CCIs. D’un point de vue clinique, deux signatures pronostiques indépendantes ont pu être identifiées, l’une intégrant les 2 partenaires protéiques d’ANRIL appartenant aux complexes Polycomb (surexpression d’EZH2 / sous-expression de CBX7), et l’autre représentée par la sous-expression de Δ-MALAT1, observée dans 20% des tumeurs de notre série. La présence de variants d’épissage alternatifs, de réseaux d’interactions multiples et d’une spécificité d’organe devra être prise en compte lors de l’évaluation des thérapies épigénétiques ciblant ANRIL (inhibiteurs des bromodomaines et des oncoMIRs) ou MALAT1 (ASOs) dans les cancers du sein. La deuxième partie du projet de thèse a consisté en l’analyse du transcriptome non codant des carcinomes mammaires par une stratégie pangénomique, afin d’identifier de nouveaux types de lncRNAs, tels les nouveaux lncRNAs antisens, circulaires et associés à des séquences ultra-conservées ou induisant des résistances médicamenteuses. / Breast cancer is the second most common cancer and the first malignancy of women. Currently, only few biomarkers (ER, PR, receptor HER2, index Ki67) and transcriptomic signature PAM50 are included in the morphological classification and therapeutic orientation. Transcriptome genome-wide analyses unexpectedly revealed that over 80% of the DNA is transcribed into RNA. Among these noncoding RNAs, transcripts longer than 200 nt are arbitrarily qualified as long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). LncRNAs play a crucial role in maintenance of cellular homeostasis and present abnormal expression patterns in various diseases, including cancer. The main objective of my project was to analyze expression of lncRNAs, their functionality and their roles in breast oncogenesis. The first part focused on the study of ANRIL and MALAT1 genes, two lncRNAs whose mechanisms of action and clinical significance in breast carcinogenesis are still controversial. ANRIL and MALAT1 respectively overexpressed in 20% and 14% of tumors in our series, confirming their pro-oncogenic roles in mammary carcinogenesis. MALAT1 overexpression results in RNA-FISH by presence of huge intranuclear speckles. Complexity of their deregulation is associated with presence of various isoforms and interaction networks with miRNAs, mRNAs and other lncRNAs. Concerning PRC2/PRC1 polycomb sub-units interacting with ANRIL, EZH2 (PRC2) is normally targeted by 3 onco-suppressor miRNAs (miR-26A1, miR-125B and miR-214) that are under-expressed in our series of CCIs. The 2 oncomiRs miR-181B1 and miR-181A2 that normally target and inactivate CBX7 (PRC1) appear overexpressed in our series of CCIs, resulting from activation of the oncogene HMGA1. Concerning MALAT1, the miRNAs biogenesis complex Drosha-DGCR8-Microprocessor regulates expression levels of the splicing variant Δ-MALAT1 and the latter is involved in activation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Significant correlations were observed between MALAT1 and genes involved in alternative splicing, cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair and migration. Aberrant transcriptomic profiles of these two lncRNAs seem characteristics of mammary carcinomas. Thus, ANRIL (i) presents an unexpected positive association with the p16-CDKN2A/p15-CDKN2B/p14-ARF cluster in our series of CCIs, whereas this association appears negative in prostate carcinomas and (ii) epigenetically inactivates onco-suppressor miRNAs miR99a/miR-449a in gastric carcinomas, but not in our series. From a clinic point of view, two independent prognostic signatures were identified, one incorporating two protein partners of ANRIL belonging to the polycomb complexes (EZH2 overexpression / CBX7 under-expression) and the other represented by under-expression of the variant Δ-MALAT1 observed in 20% of tumors in our series. The presence of alternative splice variants, multiple interactions with mRNAs and miRNAs and organ specificity should be considered when evaluating epigenetic antitumoral drugs designed to target ANRIL (bromodomains and oncoMIRs inhibitors) and MALAT1 (ASOs) in breast cancers. The second part of the project involved analysis of non-coding transcriptome of mammary carcinomas to identify new types of lncRNAs, including new antisens lncRNAs, circular lncRNAs, induced lncRNAs, noncoding ultraconserved transcripts and lncRNAs associated with resistance to systemic treatments. The preliminary analysis performed on a small cohort of breast cancers (n=8) will allow the implementation of the main (n=40) which will enhance robustness of identified signatures.
3

Analýza plasticity invazivity nádorových buněk / The analysis of plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness

Merta, Ladislav January 2020 (has links)
The ability of cancer cells to adopt various invasive modes (the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness) represents a significant obstacle in the treatment of cancer metastasis. Cancer invasiveness involves various modes of migration. Cells can move together (with the preserved intercellular junctions; collective invasiveness) or individually. Within individual invasiveness, we distinguish two principal invasive modes - mesenchymal and amoeboid. The mesenchymal mode of migration is characterized by an elongated shape, proteolytic degradation of the fibres of the extracellular matrix, and the formation of strong contacts with the extracellular matrix. The amoeboid mode of migration is not dependent on proteolytic activity, the cells are characterized by a round shape and increased contractility, which they use to squeeze themselves through the pores of the extracellular matrix. This thesis deals with the analysis of the plasticity of cancer cell invasiveness, specifically the transitions between individual amoeboid and mesenchymal migration modes, in the 3D environment of the collagen gel as a model of extracellular matrix. The work presents models of mesenchymal-to-amoeboid transition (MAT), which include BLM, HT1080 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines, in which MAT is induced by the expression of...

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