Working agile is common in the space of software development, but in other industries and organizational functions an interest has developed in the subject. Mainly because working agile have shown several benefits for teams working with those methodologies. Especially flexibility is one commonly mentioned benefit of teams that adopt agile values and principles. Hence, the research is trying to answer:  How do agile values influence flexibility in budgeting processes, and what barriers hinders their adoption? Flexibility is one key characteristic of successful companies in today’s turbulent market environment. Changes in the market environment are caused by war, inflation, and other geopolitical factors. This is changing the playground for companies that must be flexible for changes in prices, customer demand, investment opportunities and more. To identify critical areas related to these issues this paper will investigate budgeting processes, hence the budget is the foundation for everything the business will do in the upcoming period, for example, how much sales will bring into the business or how much they will set aside for investments.Therefore, this research focuses on the influence agile values and principles have on flexibility within budgeting processes and teams. Through a qualitative interpretive approach, the thesis sought to understand agile values' influence on flexibility. By collecting data through semistructured interviews and later analysing thematically to find patterns and meaning among participants working within the budgeting process at different companies, the research question could be answered.Finally, the findings demonstrate a positive correlation between adherence to agile values and increased budgeting flexibility. Firms with high compliance exhibited greater adaptability compared to those with lower compliance. The study also found three key barriers hindering adoption of agile values in budgeting.  Keywords: “Agile Principles”, “Agile”, “Managerial Accounting”, “Agility”, “Management Accounting”, “Management Accounting”, “Budgeting”, & “Agile methodology”.

The use of financial planning and control systems is one of the factors that influence the survival of small businesses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of financial planning and control systems contributes to the survival of manufacturing MSEs in the Tshwane metropolitan area. The development and use of financial planning and control systems in MSEs was investigated. Manufacturing MSEs were asked to disclose the financial planning and control systems being utilised. Respondents indicated that they use some form of financial planning and control, be it, on a formal or informal basis. Most of these firms had been operating for a number of years suggesting that the use of financial planning and control systems, inter alia, contributes to the survival of an entity. The more modern financial planning and control systems are not readily used by manufacturing MSEs, but could be beneficial to their survival. / Management Accounting / M. Com. (Accounting)

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the Degree of Master of Technology: Cost and Management Accounting, Durban University of Technology, 2014. / Economic Value Added (EVA) is a value based accounting measure used by companies to measure the amount of value created for shareholders. Accounting values derived from company annual financial statements (AFS), are used to calculate EVA. EVA requires the conversion of accounting values to economic values. This conversion process is known as the EVA adjustment. If accounting values are not converted to economic values, the value of the EVA can be distorted. Previous studies have shown that companies are experiencing difficulties in implementing EVA adjustments. To reduce these difficulties, companies have decided to limit their EVA adjustments to ten or even fewer. The problem is that if the appropriate adjustments are not made, an inaccurate EVA measure will be calculated. The aim of the research was to measure the impact of deferred taxes on the EVA measure. The study was conducted within a quantitative research paradigm. Secondary data analysis was carried out on JSE-listed Food producers and Retailers over a seven-year period, from 2004 to 2010. The unadjusted EVA was compared to the adjusted EVA measure to determine the before and after effects of deferred taxes on EVA. The findings of the study revealed that deferred taxes either understated or overstated the value of the EVA during 2004 to 2010. In addition, the results from the regression analysis revealed an overall significance for all deferred tax predictors. The regression results showed that deferred taxes significantly impacted the value of EVA. The study recommends that companies implement the deferred tax adjustment on the EVA measure.

Success of a company is obviously influanced by superior desicion making of its management. No matter of size, bussiness, locality, all companies face this fact. In order to be able to utilize all information flowing into, within, out of a company, a manager needs help. The solution could be to build controlling system. The main aim of the thesis is comparison of principles applied in companies and theoretical controlling. Business differences are taken into account. The thesis is divided in two main parts, which lead to fulfilment of the main goal. First part prepares information base for analytic research. It includes description of historical development, controlling tools and tasks. The second part comprises research methods and the most important part of the thesis, which is focused on revealing of aplied controlling within analyzed companies.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria_Rosangela_da_Silva.pdf: 550901 bytes, checksum: 63eddfad275ad5beddca660f634f6b3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-04-01 / The fundamental set of problems reviewed in this research resides in the fact that the accommodation sector demonstrates a lack about the management information to make available decisions by their managers. The research importance is to enhance since it's not possible to know at what point the accountants are acting attending to this demand, and how they have presented the necessary information to the hotel managers. Thus, the main purpose of this study is to identify the types of services required from the accounting offices by the hotels and bread-and-breakfast (B & B's) in Campos do Jord??o; another aim of the research is to identify the needs in term of information required by the hotels and B&B's managers related to the accountancy, that could be attended by the offices which supply services to them. Having how predominant methodological element the application of a questionnaire, the research performed is of an empirical theoretical nature and it was used a quantitative approach on an exploratory type. The interest population of the present study covers the hotels and B & B's located at the city of Campos do Jord??o, S??o Paulo state. The sampling wasn't probabilistic and to convenience based. Related to the results of the research, it was revealed that the services required by the managers are the ones related to fiscal nature information. It was identified that there is "space" to develop accounting services in the city object of study and if the accountants assume a posture of pro-activity there could be an adequacy of the accountant services on what the most recent literature indicates how the accountant future, what is, the consultant role. / A problem??tica desta pesquisa reside no fato de que o setor de hospedagem carece de informa????es gerenciais para tomada de decis??es por parte de seus gestores. A import??ncia da pesquisa ?? real??ada visto que n??o se sabe at?? que ponto os contadores est??o atuando em atendimento a esta demanda, e como t??m apresentado as informa????es necess??rias para os gestores hoteleiros. Desta forma, o objetivo principal deste estudo ?? identificar os tipos de servi??os requeridos dos escrit??rios de contabilidade pelos hot??is e pousadas de Campos do Jord??o; a pesquisa tamb??m tem o prop??sito de identificar as necessidades informativas que esses gestores de hot??is e pousadas t??m, relativamente ?? contabilidade, as quais poderiam ser atendidas pelos escrit??rios que lhes prestam servi??os. Tendo como elementos metodol??gicos predominantes a aplica????o de um question??rio, a pesquisa realizada ?? de natureza emp??rico-te??rica e utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa do tipo explorat??ria. A popula????o de interesse para o presente estudo compreende os hot??is e pousadas localizados na cidade de Campos do Jord??o, no estado de S??o Paulo. A amostragem foi n??o probabil??stica e por conveni??ncia. No que diz respeito aos resultados da pesquisa, ficou revelado que os servi??os requeridos pelos gestores s??o aqueles relacionados ?? informa????o de natureza fiscal. Foi identificado que h?? "espa??o" para o desenvolvimento de servi??os cont??beis na cidade estudada e que se houver uma postura de pr??-atividade dos contadores haveria a adequa????o dos servi??os cont??beis ao que a literatura mais recente indica como o futuro do contador, qual seja, o papel de consultor

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Joao_Roberto_Cordeiro_Duarte.pdf: 497605 bytes, checksum: 3292422b92972c74a32838b42e84e517 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-28 / Some characteristics of family companies continue even though these enterprises reach high platforms of invoicing, using, for times, hundreds of employees. During its initial phase, many of these enterprises adopt informal procedures that, times later can constitute problems to its higher development, exactly for the fact to be persisted on to the company's culture of the initial phase. In many cases, the lack of a practical and structuralized accounting and the adoption of informal practices constitute serious obstacles, leading the company the filings for the inspection agencies, labor law actions and shunting line of materials and financial resources. Additionally, the absence of more rigid or efficient controls implicates the strategic administration of the company, for the lack of highlights (management information) on competitiveness, costs and financial health. This research had as objective to analyze the problems lived for a great company of the textile segment, caused for a family management, and shows as the reorganization of the countable sector oriented for the adoption of a series of measures, amongst them the implantation of a management accounting. For this study bibliographical documentary research and study of case had been used predominantly, that had allowed lining up the theory and the objectives. Through the developed study, one proves that a structured accounting and the participation and integration of all the sectors in the spreading of the information allow the implantation of a management accounting. / Algumas caracter??sticas de empresas familiares persistem mesmo quando esses empreendimentos atingem elevados patamares de faturamento, empregando, por vezes, centenas de funcion??rios. Muitos desses empreendimentos adotam, durante sua fase inicial, procedimentos informais que, tempos depois, podem acabar se constituindo em empecilhos ao seu maior desenvolvimento, exatamente pelo fato de persistirem arraigados ?? cultura organizacional da fase inicial. Em diversos casos, a falta de uma contabilidade estruturada e a ado????o de pr??ticas informais passam a constituir s??rios obst??culos, levando a empresa a autua????es pelos ??rg??os de fiscaliza????o, a????es trabalhistas e desvio de materiais e de recursos financeiros. Adicionalmente, a aus??ncia de controles mais r??gidos ou eficazes acaba comprometendo a administra????o estrat??gica da empresa, pela falta de sinalizadores (informa????es gerenciais) quanto a sua competitividade, custos e ?? pr??pria sa??de financeira. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar os problemas enfrentados por uma grande empresa do segmento t??xtil, ocasionados por uma gest??o familiar, e mostra como a reestrutura????o do setor cont??bil serviu de base para a ado????o de uma s??rie de medidas, dentre elas a implanta????o de uma contabilidade gerencial. Para este estudo foram utilizados predominantemente pesquisa documental bibliogr??fica e estudo de caso, que permitiram alinhar a teoria e os objetivos em estudo. Atrav??s do estudo desenvolvido, comprova-se que uma contabilidade estruturada e a participa????o e integra????o de todos os setores na divulga????o das informa????es permitem a implanta????o de uma contabilidade gerencial

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pachoal_Tadeu_Russo.pdf: 2519396 bytes, checksum: 4b17f1a07ca3b891d0773e2efee5c57e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-24 / Sabesp is the largest Brazilian basic sanitation company and one of the largest in the world, serving 26.7 million people in S??o Paulo. As a mixed capital company, it manages the dualism that exists between a business vision and another vision that is essential to public service. This complex situation has made Sabesp strive to find management mechanisms that would enable it to reconcile its strategic guidelines with its operational actions, and so, since 2004 it has been developing a Strategic Planning and Management Support Mechanism project of which Balanced Scorecard (BSC) is a part. It is known that despite the broad dissemination of BSC, its use remains controversial. The general objective of this research is to propose an evaluation model of the institutionalization of Balanced Scorecard by organizations. The research was conducted using the single case study methodology. Starting with New Institutional Sociology - NIS and from the concepts of institutionalization stages and comparative dimensions developed by Tolbert and Zucker, a model was proposed to evaluate the institutionalization of BSC in a given organization. The model not only places BSC in stages (pre-institutional, semi-institutional and total institutionalization), but also makes it possible to know each of the characteristics of BSC that associate it with this stage, as well as revealing the consequences that the stage has on BSC itself. Based on this, a methodology was structured by means of a research tool for an empirical study that enabled knowing the factors responsible for the institutionalization stage of BSC, and which was applied in the development of a study in the case of Sabesp. It can be concluded that BSC at Sabesp is part of a set of tools for managing the strategy that has not been limited to the model proposed by Kaplan and Norton and that at Sabesp the managers have a low level of agreement with the practices adopted in the organization compared to those proposed by their creators, especially those related to the third, fourth and fifth principles of BSC, so that an organization can be oriented for the strategy. The results show that the Sabesp BSC is at the semi-institutionalization stage in a process of deinstitutionalization, which could cause its discontinuation and loss of the benefits generated by it. / A Sabesp ?? a maior empresa de saneamento b??sico brasileira e uma das maiores do mundo. Atende a 26,7 milh??es de pessoas em S??o Paulo. Como companhia de capital misto vive a gest??o do dualismo existente entre uma vis??o de neg??cio e outra de servi??o p??blico essencial. Essa complexa situa????o fez com que a Sabesp buscasse encontrar mecanismos de gest??o que possibilitassem estabelecer a concilia????o de suas diretrizes estrat??gicas com as a????es operacionais e para tanto desde 2004 vem desenvolvendo um projeto de Planejamento Estrat??gico e Mecanismos de Suporte ?? Gest??o do qual o Balanced Scorecard (BSC) faz parte. Sabe-se que apesar da grande difus??o do BSC seu uso ainda ?? controverso. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa ?? o de propor um modelo de avalia????o da institucionaliza????o do Balanced Scorecard pelas organiza????es. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio da metodologia do estudo de caso ??nico. A partir da Nova Sociologia Institucional (New Institutional Sociology - NIS) e dos conceitos de est??gios de institucionaliza????o e dimens??es comparativas desenvolvidos por Tolbert e Zucker, foi proposto um modelo para realizar a avalia????o da institucionaliza????o do BSC numa dada organiza????o. O modelo n??o somente enquadra o BSC em est??gios (pr??-institucional, semi-institucional e total institucionaliza????o), mas possibilita ainda conhecer de forma detalhada cada uma das caracter??sticas do BSC que o associam a esse est??gio, al??m de evidenciar as conseq????ncias que tal est??gio tem sobre o pr??prio BSC. Com base nele foi estruturada uma metodologia, por meio de um instrumento de pesquisa para um estudo emp??rico, que possibilitou conhecer os fatores respons??veis pelo est??gio de institucionaliza????o do BSC e que foi aplicado no desenvolvimento de um estudo de caso na Sabesp. Pode-se concluir que o BSC na Sabesp, faz parte de um conjunto de instrumentos para a gest??o da estrat??gia que n??o se limitou ao modelo proposto por Kaplan e Norton e que, na Sabesp, seus gestores t??m baixo n??vel de concord??ncia das praticas adotadas na organiza????o comparativamente ??s propostas por seus idealizadores, enfaticamente aquelas relacionadas aos terceiros, quarto e quinto princ??pios do BSC para que uma organiza????o esteja orientada para a estrat??gia. Os resultados apontam que o BSC da Sabesp se encontra no est??gio de semi-institucionaliza????o num processo de desinstitucionaliza????o o que pode causar sua descontinuidade e a perda dos benef??cios que s??o por ele gerados

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-03T18:35:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juliano Augusto Orsi de Araujo.pdf: 1607194 bytes, checksum: 437af69b3f75d539344632263a506a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-12 / The executive compensation, recently, attracted the attention of investors and society, specifically the episode \"millionaires bonus\" paid to American executives who received massive amounts of money, even presenting results unprofitable companies that country. However, a problem indeed studied in the finance literature is that of information asymmetry and the relationship between agent and principal. Normative Instruction 480 issued by the CVM which, among other norms, determined the disclosure of remuneration fixed, variable and equity-based components of members of senior management, statutory committees, audit, risk, finance, compensation, beyond the board and tax has made possible the disclosure of empirical studies on executive compensation and performance of companies present in the Brazilian stock market. The distinction of persons, owner and manager of a business is a natural tendency of the global economy in view of the possibility of having highly skilled people at the helm of a company qualified for the tasks assigned to it. Thus arises the agency problem and the problem of this research: there is a relationship between executive compensation and performance of Brazilian companies? Thus, the overall goal of the research was to determine whether there is a relationship between compensation paid to executives of Brazilian companies and the performance of these companies. Specific also aimed to present the composition of executive remuneration in Brazil, check if the variable compensation influences the outcome of Brazilian companies, identify and describe characteristics of such companies which size and sector differences between the average pay per sector, descriptive statistics about the remuneration in Brazil, to investigate the relationship between executive compensation and performance of Brazilian companies and present the literature that addresses the relationship between executive compensation and performance companies. We used panel data with the observation of fixed effects and random effects. The study showed a statistically significant positive between executive compensation and performance of Brazilian companies. Concluded that there is increased executive compensation when there is increasing return to shareholders for the year, in the previous year and second last year / A remunera????o de executivos atraiu nos ??ltimos anos a aten????o da sociedade e de investidores, mais especificamente o epis??dio de \"b??nus milion??rios\" pagos a executivos norte americanos que receberam volumosas somas em dinheiro, mesmo apresentando resultados deficit??rios ??s companhias daquele pa??s. N??o obstante, um problema deveras estudado na literatura de finan??as ?? o da assimetria de informa????o e a rela????o entre o agente e o principal. A Instru????o Normativa 480 publicada pela Comiss??o de Valores Mobiliarios que, entre outras normatiza????es, determinou a divulga????o de remunera????es fixa, vari??vel e baseada em a????es de membros de componentes da alta diretoria, comit??s estatut??rio, de auditoria, de risco, financeiro, de remunera????o, al??m do conselho de administra????o e fiscal, tornou poss??vel a evidencia????o emp??rica dos estudos sobre remunera????o executiva e desempenho de companhias presentes no mercado acion??rio brasileiro. A distin????o das pessoas do propriet??rio e do gestor de um neg??cio ?? uma tend??ncia natural da economia globalizada tendo em vista a possibilidade de se ter pessoas altamente capacitadas no comando de uma companhia, qualificadas para as fun????es que lhe s??o atribu??das. Assim surge o problema de ag??ncia e o problema desta pesquisa: existe rela????o entre remunera????o de executivos e o desempenho de companhias abertas brasileiras? Deste modo, o objetivo geral da pesquisa foi o de verificar se a remunera????o paga aos executivos de companhias abertas brasileiras ?? influenciada pelo desempenho destas empresas. Teve por objetivos espec??ficos tamb??m, apresentar a composi????o da remunera????o executiva no Brasil, verificar se a remunera????o vari??vel influencia no resultado das companhias brasileiras, identificar e descrever caracter??sticas das empresas tais quais tamanho e setor diferen??as entre a remunera????o m??dia por setor, estat??stica descritiva acerca da remunera????o no Brasil, investigar a rela????o existente entre a remunera????o de executivos e o desempenho das companhias abertas brasileiras e apresentar a literatura existente que aborde a rela????o entre remunera????o executiva e desempenho de companhias. Foram utilizadas dados em painel com a observa????o de efeitos fixos e efeitos aleat??rios. A pesquisa apresentou rela????o estatisticamente positiva e significativa entre a remunera????o executiva e desempenho de companhias abertas brasileiras. Concluiu que h?? aumento da remunera????o executiva quando h?? aumento do retorno para o acionista no exerc??cio, no exerc??cio imediatamente anterior e no segundo exerc??cio anterior

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Clovis_Celli_Junior.pdf: 568898 bytes, checksum: dc335a9160cc6251ecce5cd623d24db5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-08-12 / This study had as main objective to analyze the programmatic contents of the disciplines of Cost accounting and Management Accounting of college Institutions which make available the course of Accounting Sciences in the city of S??o Paulo, in order to check any superposition of contents among them as well as, had as specific objectives compare themes mentioned in the disciplines above cited with themes of summaries of main books available in the publisher market, using as basis the launched books by Publishers considered level "A" by CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior. It was also verified, if there was any connection between the programmatic contents and the requirements demanded in the exam of proficiency by the Federal Council of Accounting. To make the analysis possible, with reference to the programmatic contents it was requested to the coordinators a copy of the Accounting Sciences courses and concerning to the summaries of the books were obtained from the sites of the respective publishers or even directly from the books which were the basis to the research, when in case these ones were not available. Along the development of the work, besides analyzing the programmatic contents, we also worked on the class plans of the mentioned disciplines. We observed that in despite of 16,33% of Costs Accounting contents of teaching institutions offer two disciplines whose contents get mixed, which was not enough to confirm the existence of our first problem, however, we still observed, that it is necessary a reflection on the respective contents, due to the great diversity of themes that are approached in both disciplines and in some cases with no relation to the objective of the disciplines.This study has still identified, that in relation to management accounting, there is a syntony between the programmatic contents and the summaries of the main books, as well as, there is no syntony to the demanded requirements in the exam of proficiency by the Federal Council of Accounting. / Este estudo teve como objetivo principal analisar os conte??dos program??ticos das disciplinas Contabilidade de Custos e Contabilidade Gerencial das institui????es de ensino de Ci??ncias Cont??beis localizadas na cidade de S??o Paulo, para verificar se h?? entre eles uma sobreposi????o de temas, e teve como objetivos espec??ficos comparar temas abordados nos conte??dos das disciplinas supra citados com temas dos sum??rios dos principais livros dispon??veis no mercado editorial, tendo como base os livros publicados pelas Editoras consideradas n??vel "A" pela CAPES - Coordena????o de Aperfei??oamento de Pessoal de N??vel Superior, e analisar se os conte??dos program??ticos das disciplinas Contabilidade de Custos e Contabilidade Gerencial est??o alinhados ??s exig??ncias do exame de sufici??ncia do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade. Para viabilizar as an??lises, procurou-se obter junto aos coordenadores dos citados cursos, c??pia dos conte??dos program??ticos. Os sum??rios dos livros foram obtidos, quando dispon??veis, diretamente na home page (s??tio) das editoras como a Atlas, Saraiva e Thompson. Quando o sum??rio n??o estava disponibilizado na respectiva home page (s??tio), foi obtido por meio da consulta aos livros citados neste trabalho. Ao longo do desenvolvimento do trabalho, tendo como base o conte??do program??tico e em alguns casos o plano de aulas das citadas disciplinas, observou-se que apesar de 16,33% dos conte??dos de Contabilidade de Custos estarem presentes nos conte??dos de Contabilidade Gerencial, este resultado n??o foi suficiente para confirmar a exist??ncia do nosso primeiro problema, entretanto, observou-se ainda, que ?? necess??rio uma reflex??o sobre os respectivos conte??dos, devido a grande diversidade de temas que s??o abordados nas duas disciplinas e em alguns casos sem rela????o com o objetivo das disciplinas. Este trabalho identificou ainda, que em rela????o ?? contabilidade gerencial, h?? uma sintonia entre os conte??dos program??ticos e os sum??rios dos principais livros, o que n??o ?? confirmado quando analisa-se os conte??dos program??ticos ministrados nas institui????es de ensino com os requisitos exigidos no exame de sufici??ncia do Conselho Federal de Contabilidade.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-04T11:45:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio_Celso_Aleixo.pdf: 617050 bytes, checksum: f40f1b414ea7e3c5ca13e4aadaaf9eae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-05-23 / This dissertation explores the concepts of measurement which supports to the accounting system of the companies, and investigate if they reflect practices of the managerial accounting. Are the small and medium size companies which compose the regional cluster of female shoes manufacturing, at the city Ja??, estate of S??o Paulo, object of observation this study. The general aim will be demonstrate that information based on criteria of managerial accounting, has better conditions to support the decision making process, even for small and medium size companies, despite their administrative structural limitation. The sample of the research, which has been intensionally chosen, is composed by fifteen small and medium size shoes companies, which have been classified under Fiesp's criteria. Those companies have been chosen among a population that ranges sixty small and medium size shoes companies, registered in the cadastre at the City Hall of Ja??. The study indicates that those companies choose by the principals accounting concepts, when they measure their operations, worrying only whith what has been established by the tributary legislation, specially, to the measurement of annual profit. / O trabalho explora os conceitos de mensura????o que d??o suporte ao sistema de informa????o cont??bil das empresas, e investiga se os mesmos refletem pr??ticas de Contabilidade Gerencial. S??o as empresas de pequeno e m??dio porte que, formam o cluster regional da fabrica????o de cal??ados femininos, no Munic??pio de Ja??, Estado de S??o Paulo, objeto de observa????o deste estudo. O objetivo geral ser?? demonstrar que, informa????es baseadas em crit??rios de mensura????o de Contabilidade Gerencial, possuam melhores condi????es de apoiar o processo de tomada de decis??o, mesmo para empresas de pequeno e m??dio porte, em que pesem as conhecidas limita????es em suas estruturas administrativas. A amostra da pesquisa, escolhida intencionalmente, ?? composta por quinze empresas de pequeno e m??dio porte do setor cal??adista, classificadas de acordo com crit??rio definido pela FIESP. Foram escolhidas a partir de uma popula????o de sessenta empresas de pequeno e m??dio porte, registradas no Cadastro da Prefeitura Municipal de Jahu. O estudo indica que, ao mensurar suas opera????es, estas empresas optam pelos conceitos que d??o suporte aos Princ??pios Fundamentais de Contabilidade, preocupando-se, exclusivamente, com o que determina a legisla????o tribut??ria vigente, especialmente, as regras para apura????o do lucro anual.