Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo estudar a influência do tipo de plantio ( crescimento a pleno sol e sombra) e etapas do processamento industrial (secagem, sapeco e torrefação) sobre duas classes de compostos (metilxantinas e compostos fenólicos) e potencial antioxidante da erva-mate provenientes da ervateira Barão. A extração dos compostos foi realizada pela técnica de ultrassom. A LC-DAD e LC/MSn foi utilizada para a caracterização e quantificação dos extratos e a atividade antioxidante foi medida utilizando-se do método ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). Foram identificados 11 compostos dentre os quais, 8 puderam ser quantificados. Os teores de teobromina obtidos ficaram na faixa entre 1,12 a 3,09 mg.g-1, para a cafeína entre 6,12 a 28,99 mg.g-1 , para rutina entre 1,07 a 5,54 mg.g-1 e para o ácido clorogênico entre 5,60 a 33,14 mg.g-1. Os derivados do ácido clorogênico também foram identificados e a quantificação dos mesmos foi realizada por equivalência ao ácido clorogênico, os resultados obtidos ficaram entre 4,08 e 43,16 mg.g-1 para o 3-CQA, 0,11 e 1,85 mg.g-1 para o 4-CQA, 0,96 e 8,92 mg.g-1 para o 3,4-DI-CQA, 3,46 e 57,81 mg.g-1 para o 3,5-DI-CQA e 1,09 e 24,75 mg.g-1 para o 4,5-DI-CQA. Os resultados obtidos foram analisados por componente principal resultando em três componentes principais correspondendo a aproximadamente 90% da variância total. Foi possível observar diferença entre as amostras verdes plantada (ao pleno sol) e nativa (à sombra), e entre as amostras de secador esteira sem fumaça e secador rotativo com fumaça tanto nas amostras que estavam passando pelo processo de industrialização quanto nas amostras prontas para consumo, salientando que o tipo de plantio e de secagem influencia na composição química das amostras. A amostra de chá tostado ficou isolada das demais, observando, portanto, que a etapa de tostagem da erva também pode modificar a composição em relação aos compostos bioativos. Os compostos marjoritários em todas as amostras analisadas foram os ácidos cafeoilquínicos. A amostra mais rica em metilxantina e ácidos cafeoilquínicos foi a erva-mate nativa sapecada, e a amostra mais rica no flavonoide rutina foi a amostra pronta para consumo de tererê natural. Neste estudo foi observado que quanto maior a concentração de ácidos cafeoilquínicos maior foi a atividade antioxidante, a erva-mate nativa sapecada apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante. / This research had the objective of study of influence about cultivation (sunshine growing and shadow growing) and industrial process steps (drying, zapeco and toasting) about two classes of compounds (methylxanthines and phenolic compounds) and antioxidant potential of yerba mate from Barão industry. Compound extraction was made by ultrasound technique. LC-DAD and LC/MSn was used to characterization and quantification, antioxidant capacity was measured by ORAC method (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). It was identified 11 compounds and 8 have been quantified. Theobromine contents was between 1.12 to 3.09 mg.g-1, caffeine was between 6.12 and 28.99 mg.g-1, rutine was between 1.07 and 5.54 mg.g-1, and chlorogenic acid was between 5.6 and 33.14 mg.g-1. Chlorogenic acid derivatives was identified and quantified by equivalence to chlorogenic acid, results were between 4.08 and 43.16 mg.g-1 to 3-CQA, 0.11 and 1.85 mg.g-1 to 4-CQA, 0.96 and 8.92 mg.g-1 to 3,4-DI-CQA, 3,46 and 57,81 mg.g-1 to 3,5-DI-CQA and 1.09 and 24.75 mg.g-1 to 4,5-DI-CQA. Results were analyzed by principal component and three principal components were able to explain almost 90% of total variance between samples. It was possible to observe differences between green samples that was planted (sun cultivation) or native (shadow cultivation). It was possible to observe differences between samples that were drying in rotative drier and normal drier, suggesting that kind of cultivation and way to dry have influence in bioactive composition. Toasted tea sample was isolated, suggesting that toasting step have influence in bioactive composition too. Major compounds in all samples were CQA’s. Sample richer in methyl xanthine and cafeoilquinic acid was native and zapecada, and sample richer in rutin was the sample ready to consumption nature tererê. In this study it was possible to observe that when more cafeoilquinic acids concentration, bigger is the antioxidant activity, native and zapecada sample presented the bigger antioxidant activity.

Espectroscometria na região do infravermelho acoplada a reflectância total atenuada (ATR-FTIR) foi utilizada para avaliar a potencialidade de discriminar e quantificar concentrações de sacarose adicionada à erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Para este objetivo, foram analisadas 15 amostras de erva-mate de diferentes produtores por técnicas quimiométricas. A primeira análise preliminar consistiu na distinção entre diferentes formas da erva-mate em seu processo de produção: pura folha, erva-mate cancheada, palitos, folhas diretamente da árvore, erva-mate beneficiada sem adição de açúcar e erva mate beneficiada com adição de açúcar. Após a aplicação de pré-tratamentos nos dados espectroscópicos, foi realizada a análise por agrupamentos hierárquicos (HCA) e análise por componentes principais (PCA). Os seis grupos de amostras foram discriminados, apontando para o potencial uso do ATR-FTIR para avaliar produtos de erva-mate, inclusive para distinguir amostras com e sem adição de açúcar. A segunda análise preliminar teve por objetivo distinguir diferentes possíveis formas de adulteração de erva-mate com açúcar. Neste estudo, então, avaliou-se a adição de sacarose e glicose/frutose 1:1 em forma de cristal e em solução à erva-mate, após secagem em estufa. Da análise exploratória (HCA e PCA), foi possível distinguir as amostras com adição de glicose/frutose 1:1 das com sacarose. O terceiro e quarto estudo tiveram os objetivos de distinguir as amostras com adição de 0 a 30% de sacarose e também desenvolver modelos de calibração para a previsão de concentração de açúcar adicionado à erva. Em ambos estudos, através das análises exploratórias, foi possível distinguir as amostras conforme a sua concentração de sacarose adicionada. No terceiro estudo, foram contruídos modelos de calibração de regressão por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) com seleção de variáveis iPLS. Em comparação ao modelo global, o modelo com 10 intervalos apresentou melhores resultados para previsão de concentração de sacarose em erva-mate. No último estudo, foram comparados as metodologias de seleção de variáveis iPLS e biPLS através dos erros de calibração cruzada (RMSECV), de calibração (RMSEC) e de previsão (RMSEP), coeficientes de determinação (Rcal², Rc², Rp²) e número de variáveis latentes (VLs). Entre os três modelos avaliados, global, iPLS e biPLS, o que apresentou melhores resultados foi o modelo selecionando as variáveis por iPLS. Este apresentou figuras de mérito satisfatórias, indicando a potencialidade de uso de ATR-FTIR para a quantificação de sacarose adicionada como adulterante às amostras de erva-mate. / Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to evaluate the potential to differentiate and to quantify sucrose concentrations added as adulterants in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis). For this purpose, it was analysed 15 yerba mate samples from different producers by chemometric techniques. The first preliminary analysis consisted in the discrimination between different yerba mate forms in its processing stages: leaves, yerba ‘cancheada’, stem, leaves directly from the tree, processed yerba mate with and without sugar addition. After the pre-treatments application in the spectroscopic data, it was performed hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The six sample groups were distinguished, leading for the potential use of ATR-FTIR to evaluate yerba mate products, especially to differentiate samples with to without sugar addition. The second preliminary analysis aimed to distinguish the possible adulteration ways of sucrose in yerba mate. Then, it was evaluated the addition of sucrose and glucose/fructose 1:1 in the crystal shape and in solution, after drying in oven. From the exploratory analysis (HCA and PCA), it was possible to differentiate the samples with glucose/fructose 1:1 addition to the sucrose. The third and fourth study aimed to differentiate sucrose concentrations added to the yerba (0-30%) and also to develop calibrations models to predict the sucrose concentration. In both studies, it was possible to discriminate the samples with different sucrose concentrations through exploratory analysis. In the third study, it was constructed calibration models by iPLS. Comparing to the global model, the iPLS model with 10 intervals presented the best results to predict sucrose concentration in yerba mate. In the last study, it was compared the methodologies of variable selection, iPLS and biPLS, through cross validation error (RMSECV), calibration error (RMSEC), prediction error (RMSEP), coefficient of determination (Rcal², Rc², Rp²) and latent variable (VLs). Between the three evaluated models, global, iPLS and biPLS, the one that presented the best results was iPLS. It presented satisfactory figures of merit, leading to the potential use of ATR-FTIR to quantify sucrose concentrations added as adulterant to yerba mate.

<p>In Libellulidae there are two types of egg-laying behaviour, non-contact guarding where the male accompany the female during oviposition and tandem guarding where the male is physically coupled with the female. These egg laying strategies also shows differences in egg size distribution and egg size. In species which perform non-contact guarding the egg size is inversely proportionate to the order of laying. In tandem species on the other hand, the egg size is more randomly distributed and the eggs are slightly larger than in non-contact species. To see if there is a difference in the female internal reproductive organs between the two guarding types, the ovariole number was counted. The result shows that species which perform tandem guarding during oviposition have a fewer number of ovarioles compared to the non-contact species. This difference in ovariole number was also species specific.</p><p> Increasing impact on ecosystems, the survival of dragonflies or any other insects can no longer be taken for granted. Therefore can this information be valuable in conservation biology when new habitats are created for preservation of species.</p>

In Libellulidae there are two types of egg-laying behaviour, non-contact guarding where the male accompany the female during oviposition and tandem guarding where the male is physically coupled with the female. These egg laying strategies also shows differences in egg size distribution and egg size. In species which perform non-contact guarding the egg size is inversely proportionate to the order of laying. In tandem species on the other hand, the egg size is more randomly distributed and the eggs are slightly larger than in non-contact species. To see if there is a difference in the female internal reproductive organs between the two guarding types, the ovariole number was counted. The result shows that species which perform tandem guarding during oviposition have a fewer number of ovarioles compared to the non-contact species. This difference in ovariole number was also species specific. Increasing impact on ecosystems, the survival of dragonflies or any other insects can no longer be taken for granted. Therefore can this information be valuable in conservation biology when new habitats are created for preservation of species.

Although social scientists studying mate selection have generally assumed that people’s standards for a marriage partner shape their marital behavior, systematic investigations of the role of mate standards in partnering have been rare. Using survey data collected from 502 unmarried individuals and their peer informants, the present study used a novel, residual-based approach to quantify the attainability (rather than the absolute stringency) of people’s standards for a spouse. Regression analyses using this index of the attainability of people’s standards revealed that holding less realistic standards for a marriage partner was associated with greater difficulty establishing satisfying romantic relationships, lower expectations to marry one’s current partner, and lower levels of psychological and behavioral investment in finding a suitable partner and marrying. Curiously, the attainability of people’s spousal standards did not predict their general beliefs about whether they will eventually marry. Overall, these findings strongly support the idea that holding less realistic standards for a spouse shapes people’s partnering experiences in ways that may deter their future entry into marriage. / text

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1980. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 324-331).

Thesis (M.S.), Family and Child Studies--University of Central Oklahoma, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-60).

Project (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-105).

Universiẗat, Diss., 1992--Marburg.

Project (D. Min.)--Trinity Evangelical Divinity School, 1983. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-105).