<p>Nowadays an increasing number of people consume, share, and interact with information online. This results in posting and counter-posting on online media by different ideological groups on various polarized topics. Consequently, online media has become the primary platform for political and social influencers to directly interact with the citizens and share their perspectives, views, and stances with the goal of gaining support for their actions, bills, and legislation. Hence, understanding the perspectives and the influencing strategies in online media texts is important for an individual to avoid misinformation and improve trust between the general people and the influencers and the authoritative figures such as the government.</p> <p><br></p> <p>Automatically understanding the perspectives in online media is difficult because of two major challenges. Firstly, the proper grammar or mechanism to characterize the perspectives is not available. Recent studies in Natural Language Processing (NLP) have leveraged resources from social science to explain perspectives. For example, Policy Framing and Moral Foundation Theory are used for understanding how issues are framed and the moral appeal expressed in texts to gain support. However, these theories often fail to capture the nuances in perspectives and cannot generalize over all topics and events. Our research in this dissertation is one of the first studies that adapt social science theories in Natural Language Processing for understanding perspectives to the extent that they can capture differences in ideologies or stances. The second key challenge in understanding perspectives in online media texts is that annotated data is difficult to obtain to build automatic methods to detect the perspectives, that can generalize over the large corpus of online media text on different topics. To tackle this problem, in this dissertation, we used weak sources of supervision such as social network interaction of users who produce and interact with the messages, weak human interaction, or artificial few-shot data using Large Language Models. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Our insight is that various tasks such as perspectives, stances, sentiments toward entities, etc. are interdependent when characterizing online media messages. As a result, we proposed approaches that jointly model various interdependent problems such as perspectives, stances, sentiments toward entities, etc., and perform structured prediction to solve them jointly. Our research findings showed that the messaging choices and perspectives on online media in response to various real-life events and their prominence and contrast in different ideological camps can be efficiently captured using our developed methods.</p>

This diploma thesis is based on the assumption, that we live in the speeches of our surroundings. These manifestations and answers environments affect various aspects of our lives. One answer is surely sound. By examining this phenomenon, in the context of expressive subjects at primary school, we can achieve a closer engagement with our environment and understand its functioning. Formation of this feeling of belonging is a basic task of the school. The main aim of this thesis is to introduce a didactic and way of working potential subject at the elementary school, which will combine the expressive target education and deepening environmentality. ŽILKA, Martin: Picture, sound and text in art and at school. [Diploma thesis] Prague 2014 - Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Education, Department of Art Education, 68 pages. Key words: Sound and picture, text and picture, new media, multimedia, music, kontext, environment

The study is devoted to the pseudo-equivalents of the Russian and English languages. By the method of continuous sampling, 1,360 lexical units of English were identified, which amounted to 1,512 pseudo-equivalent pairs of words with 982 lexical units of the Russian language. The lexemes of the Russian and English languages included in the pseudo-equivalent pair were taken as a unit of research. The quantitative difference is explained by the developed homonymy in both languages. In the first part of the study, theoretical issues related to the phenomenon of interlanguage pseudo-equivalence and media text are considered. The basic concepts of translation theory, the interpretation of the concept of "pseudo-equivalence", and the classification of pseudo-equivalents are analyzed. The features of the media text are considered and the classification of media texts by functional genre type is given. In the second part of the study, the classification of selected words classified as pseudoequivalents is carried out according to the volume of semantic meaning into absolute, partial and contextual, and partial belonging to the pseudoequivalents of the Russian and English languages, belonging to the same part of speech (noun, adjective, verb and adverb), and pseudoequivalents of Russian and English languages belonging to different parts of speech (noun, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun, interjection). The third part of the study examines the functioning of selected words classified as pseudo-equivalent in English media texts (news, information analytics and journalism) and their translations into Russian according to data from a parallel corpus. The cases of the formation of pseudo-equivalent pairs are considered, as well as translation solutions that were used if the pair was not formed. The results of the study can be used in lexicography, lexicology, in the practice of teaching translation theory, as well as for compiling textbooks. / Работа посвящена псевдоэквивалентам русского и английского языков. Методом сплошной выборки было выделено 1360 лексических единиц английского, которые составили 1512 псевдоэквивалентных пар слов с 982 лексическими единицами русского языка. За единицу исследования принимались лексемы русского и английского языков, входящие в псевдоэквивалентную пару. Квантитативная разница объясняется развитой омонимией в обоих языках. В первой части работы рассматриваются теоретические вопросы, связанные с явлением межъязыковой псевдоэквивалентности и медиатекстом. Анализируются основные понятия теории перевода, трактовки понятия «псевдоэквивалентность», классификации псевдоэквивалентов. Рассматриваются особенности медиатекста и приводится классификация медиатекстов по функционально-жанровому типу. Во второй части работы проводится классификация отобранных слов, отнесенных к категории псевдоэквивалентов, по объему семантического значения на абсолютные, частичные и контекстуальные и по частеречной принадлежности на псевдоэквиваленты русского и английского языков, принадлежащие к одной и той же части речи (имя существительное, имя прилагательное, глагол и наречие), и псевдоэквиваленты русского и английского языков, принадлежащие к разным частям речи (имя существительное, имя прилагательное, глагол, наречие, предлог, местоимение, междометие). В третьей части работы изучается функционирование отобранных слов, отнесенных к категории псевдоэквивалентов, в английских медиатекстах (новости, информационная аналитика и публицистика) и их переводах на русский язык по данным параллельного корпуса. Рассмотрены случаи образования псевдоэквивалентных пар, а также переводческие решения, которые использовались в случае, если пара не образовывалась. Результаты работы могут быть использованы в лексикографии, лексикологии, в практике преподавания теории перевода, а также для составления учебных пособий.