How does a place known itself? One of the ways a place knows itself is how it is represented on maps where we can see its cartographic history & identity. People draw maps in order to understand the city in which they live. The research presented in this thesis is in two parts:- Collecting and indexing all the maps of Banja Luka, beginning with the first maps of Banja Luka from the Ottoman times. These maps are scattered all around the world. This is the first time the research on collecting and indexing maps of Banja Luka has been done. This thesis is the only place where this comprehensive ‘collection’ of maps of Banja Luka exists.- Drawing new maps of Banja Luka. There are two types of maps in this thesis: cartographic reconstructions and memory maps. The reconstructions record the Banja Luka that never made it into the cartographic history due to the turbulent political history of the city. Of the memory maps, there are also two types. There are personal and individual memory maps and collective memory maps. The individual memory maps are based on my own memory and the memory of the people I love, representing Banja Luka that I remember - that is there for me. The collective memory maps record Banja Luka based on the collective memory already recorded in archive materials, representing Banja Luka that I imagine - that is not there for me. There were difficulties in drawing them as they required the integration of texts, photographs and maps which had to be collected and brought together into one place. Each document about Banja Luka differs in details, especially because of changing building and street names, so compiling these sources which complement each other was how these maps were drawn. This section uses Halbwachs’ theory of individual and collective memory, which is never associated with the process of mapping. The problem of changing street names that appeared in the process of making these maps draws on Freud’s account of forgetting proper names. The thesis begins with a summary of the political history of Banja Luka, which introduces the social and cartographic problems this research was confronted with. There is no continuous cartographic history of Banja Luka of the sort that one would expect to find in other, more stable regions, because Banja Luka has never been in control of its own destiny since it has been wrecked by internecine conflicts. There were difficulties in finding and collating and indexing the maps of Banja Luka. It was necessary to identify map collections through the selected countries in whose archives, museums and libraries they might have been stored. The selection involves the countries under whose authority Banja Luka was in the past [e.g. Austria, Hungary, Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia ...]; the leading countries with a prominent collection of maps [e.g. United Kingdom, Germany, France, Spain ...]; the countries which had business connections with Banja Luka in the past [e.g. the Czech Republic ...]. Until now, there has been no central point of reference for the maps of Banja Luka. When the maps are brought together, it is possible to categorize them into spy maps and cartographic [conventional] maps. Spy maps are free hand maps made by military agents [mostly Austrians] who secretly mapped their visual inspections of Banja Luka, when the city was under the Ottoman Empire. Cartographic maps are conventional maps drawn by cartographers. They are accurate representations of Banja Luka made by using geodetic instruments and methods and are understandable to everyone because of the north orientation, scale, and recognizable symbols. The main points of the research in this thesis are: Halbwachs’s idea that individual memory depends on collective memory was born out on my memory maps. My memory map could not have been done without the records and memories of others. The value of memory maps is that they prevent the Banja Luka that I imagine and the Banja Luka that I remember from being forgotten, creating an idealized cartography of the city. The ideal Banja Luka is the one which has a continuity in its history and spatial form - the continuity we hope to achieve.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Cette thèse explore l’histoire sociale de la psychiatrie racialisée dans le Sud ségrégué et la médicalisation du corps noir du XIXe siècle jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. En croisant les questionnements autour de la politisation de la science et des pratiques psychiatriques, ainsi que les notions de citoyenneté, de responsabilité et de droits civiques, elle étudie l’histoire des patients noirs en psychiatrie aux États-Unis et l’évolution des théories psychiatriques prenant pour cible l’altérité raciale. En s’appuyant sur un corpus d’archives personnelles de médecins, d’institutions de soins et de centres de recherche en psychiatrie, ainsi que sur une enquête qualitative réalisée auprès de psychiatres en Californie, elle montre la longue histoire des pratiques de discrimination raciale en médecine aux États-Unis et la construction de « l’apartheid médical » dans les hôpitaux du Sud depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Ce travail retrace les différents régimes par lesquels la notion de race a été jugée pertinente par les psychiatres pour naturaliser les différences corporelles de la fin de l’esclavage jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Alors que la variable raciale commençait à être convoquée dans les études sur la folie à partir des années 1840, on observe, au cours du XIXe siècle, l’émergence d’un système de classification des pathologies et de routines appliquées aux corps noirs et blancs élaborés par les aliénistes sudistes pour contraindre et « guérir » les patients noirs dans des espaces séparés. En développant l’approche de la psychiatrie sociale et en fondant les premières cliniques urbaines dans les ghettos noirs dans le contexte de la Grande Migration, les psychiatres du Nord cherchaient par ailleurs à condamner à l’obsolescence les institutions ségréguées du Sud, et à réaffirmer la modernité de leurs propres pratiques. Ensuite, dans le contexte des années 1960, cette thèse montre l’intersection entre, d’une part, la politisation croissante de la recherche menée par les psychiatres sur la violence urbaine et, d’autre part, les représentations dans la littérature médicale des manifestants noirs, dont les comportements sont classés comme pathologiques. Enfin, ce travail aborde l’émergence de la psychiatrie anti-raciste durant le mouvement de désinstitutionnalisation et révèle les enjeux du développement d’unités psychiatriques dans lesquelles des psychiatres formulèrent une nouvelle approche, à partir des années 1980, en plaçant la notion de race, comprise comme un paradigme biologique et culturel, au cœur de la relation médecin-patient. L’enquête qualitative conduite au sein d’une de ces unités et de plusieurs cliniques de soins en Californie dévoile les représentations sociales complexes et souvent contradictoires de la race qui existent aujourd’hui pour les psychiatres américains, pour qui cette variable est comprise simultanément comme une variable biomédicale et comme une construction culturelle et sociale. En conjuguant la recherche historique sur les pratiques de soins aux méthodes empiriques de la sociologie, cette thèse démontre que la mémoire de la race irrigue les pratiques et les discours de la profession psychiatrique américaine, aussi bien dans les représentations que les médecins véhiculent des corps soignés, que dans les stratégies de naturalisation du social employées pour prendre en charge leurs patients. / This dissertation explores the social history of racialized psychiatry in the segregated South and the medicalization of the black body from the 19th century to contemporary times. By examining the politicization of science and psychiatric practices, while paying attention to notions of citizenship, responsibility and civil rights, it is possible to better understand the history of black psychiatric patients in the United States and the evolution of psychiatric theories that target racial otherness. Based on the personal archives of physicians, the records of care institutions and research centers in psychiatry, as well as on qualitative fieldwork conducted with psychiatrists in California, this dissertation shows the long history of racial discrimination practiced in medicine in the United States and the construction of a “medical apartheid” in Southern Hospitals since the late 19th century. This work retraces the different regimes by which the notion of race has been deemed relevant by psychiatrists to naturalize bodily differences from slavery up to the present day. While the racial variable began to be used in studies of madness from the 1840s onward, this dissertation reveals the emergence of a classification system for pathologies and routines applied to black and white bodies by Southern alienists, who sought to constrain and “heal” black bodies in separate spaces. By developing social psychiatry and by establishing the first urban clinics in the black ghettos in the context of the Great Migration, psychiatrists in the North also tried to condemn to obsolescence the segregated institutions of the South, and to reaffirm the modernity of their own practices. Moreover, in the context of the 1960s, this work shows the intersection between, on the one hand, the growing politicization of research conducted by psychiatrists on urban violence and, on the other hand, the representation of black protesters as pathological in the medical literature. Finally, this work addresses the emergence of anti-racist psychiatry during the beginnings of deinstitutionalization and focuses on the issues of the development of psychiatric units in which psychiatrists developed, from the 1980s onward, a new approach, placing the notion of race, understood as a biological and cultural paradigm, at the heart of the doctor-patient relationship. The qualitative survey conducted in one of these units and in several care clinics in California reveals the complex and often contradictory social representations of race that exist today for American psychiatrists, for whom this variable is understood simultaneously as a biomedical variable and as a cultural and social construct. By combining historical research on care practices with empirical methods of sociology, this dissertation demonstrates that the memory of race has long irrigated the discourses and practices of the American psychiatric profession: it is prevalent in the representations that the doctors employ when describing the bodies they treat, and it has contributed to no small degree in the naturalization of the social that has accompanied patient care

During scene viewing, visual working memory (VWM) is used to retain information from recently attended and fixated objects. In the present study, I examined whether and how people can strategically control the content of VWM during scene viewing, prioritizing task-relevant objects for retention even as the eyes are directed to subsequent objects. Participants viewed a set of real-world objects presented serially within a 3-D rendered scene. One object in the sequence was cued by a tone as to-be-remembered. At the end of the sequence, memory for the visual form of one object was tested. Participants exhibited tight control over the content of VWM, implementing prioritization after the encoding of an object into VWM, protecting that item from subsequent interference. Participants also successfully reallocated protection to subsequent objects, regardless of the duration of prioritization of the original item. Such strategic maintenance of objects in VWM is likely to play an important role in real-world visual behavior, especially when object information must be maintained across shifts of attention and the eyes to other objects (such as when comparing two spatially separated objects).

This study addresses the state of scholarship regarding fantasy literature and questions the position of scholars who have dismissed it as panegyric. This study notes that no accepted definition of fantasy exists, sets forth its own, and questions the value of fantasy literature. Moving from definition, this study notes that fantasy literature limits artistic freedom by supplementing the reality principle of minimal distance in mimetic fiction with penemaximal distance. Penemaximal distance affords fantasy a great remove from the actual world but adds the generic megatext as a frame of reference that defines reality. This allows fantasy literature to create semantic and episodic memory of diegetic worlds no longer limited by actual world foreknowledge and perception. Engaging narrative and cognitive theory, this study argues that authors utilize semantic memory to work within established truths of the genre, and readers hold authors to those rules unless authorial justification merits revision of generic epistemology. By maintaining a link to semantic memory (truth), fantasy texts create belief in the diegesis through an acceptance of affective and cognitive significance. An examination of Charles Finney's The Circus of Dr. Lao notes the control of the reader's semantic memory in the catalogue presented following the text that forces a reconsideration of the assumptions made by the reader. This leads to a discussion of the reader's necessity regarding diegetic creation. Brandon Sanderson's The Emperor's Soul is engaged as a metacomment on writing fantasy and links the protagonist, Shai, to the author through plot and position regarding world-building and the creation of episodic memory that alters the reader in the actual world. Lastly, Steven Erikson's Malazan Book of the Fallen is positioned as fantasy that satirizes generic expectations and confronts reader assumptions in the diegesis, leading to episodic memory of a meritocratic world and actual world demystification. Gary Wolfe posits the idea of deeper belief, where experiences within the text become virtual analogues for actual world experiences, and this study argues this moment as the creation of episodic memory. This is one value of fantasy literature; the memory of experiencing worlds not limited by empirical perception. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

In Into Memory, memory is no longer something which resides in the past. Instead, it is a substance which can be extracted and consumed like a hallucinogenic drug, immersing consumers in a vivid and immediate past whose physical effects linger long after the images of that memory disappear. For Paul Mendez, these memories offer an escape from a present defined by grief, while former professional football prospect Calvin Long seeks to reconnect with a past too long stained by regret. For law school student Kara Douglas, selling erotic memories is simply a business transaction—that is until she considers removing the parts of her past that stand in the way of the future she desires. Set in the rolling hills of contemporary Tallahassee, Into Memory explores the relationships that we maintain, for better or worse, with our pasts and what we will do to avoid, restore, or change them. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.F.A.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This is a selection of memoir and essay that explores the illusion of memory, and the ghosts of the past, loved ones, lost places, and youth. It also explores the body, home, diaspora, and the strange patterns that emerge when revisiting our own stories.

acase@tulane.edu / The following dissertation project included three behavioral experiments indexing spatial attention in the auditory modality. Each experiment varied in terms of predictable stimulus features on the task, and demonstrated differential engagement of spatial attention depending on if stimulus location or identity was predictable on any given trial. Experiment 1 involved no predictable features. Experiment 2 involved predictable sound identity presented from unpredictable locations. Experiment 3 presented sounds with unpredictable identity from a predictable location. All experiments involved judging the identity of the sound in a two-choice reaction time style task. All three experiments also included memory load, loading memory with sound identities or locations on a given block. A dual-task design was employed in order to investigate Reaction Time and Accuracy effects related to maintaining features in memory that were also present during the selective attention task. Experiments employed conditions with variable levels of overlap across features in memory and attention; investigating overlap at the level of feature-type (i.e. maintaining one color in memory while attending to another) and at the level of specific feature (i.e. attending to the color blue while it also happens to be retained in memory). Results demonstrated improved reaction time and accuracy for expected sounds and sounds from expected locations. Additionally, memory load showed interference on the basis of load-type (reflective of specialized load effects), and showed slower reaction times for stimuli that contained features which overlapped with features in memory (primarily for unexpected stimuli). These results contradicted findings in the visual modality that have reported faster reaction times for stimuli that match with features stored in memory. This difference in findings is most likely driven by differences between auditory and visual attention, the impact of unpredictability on overlap, or both. / 1 / Maxwell Anderson

1 / Amanda Rosemary Pahng