Cette thèse en microéconomie appliquée se compose de trois chapitres, chacun abordant une question différente. Le premier chapitre, « La distribution séquentielle en présence de fraude », montre comment les entreprises peuvent exploiter le moment de la diffusion des contenus afin d’atténuer les effets de la fraude numérique, dans un monde où un certain piratage est inévitable. À travers un modèle, cet article fournit une explication claire de la façon dont une firme peut faire obstacle à la fraude à travers un changement de la distribution séquentielle du produit. En l’absence de fraude, les profits des entreprises sont indépendants de la manière dont le contenu est mis en vente. Cependant, lorsque la fraude représente une menace réelle, l’entreprise peut en atténuer les effets en choisissant de manière stratégique la part du produit qui est offert à chaque période. Cela permet de changer la valeur du produit pour les consommateurs et de rendre la fraude moins attractive de ce point de vue. L’entreprise en situation de monopole bénéficie de la libération de contenu en deux périodes différentes d’une manière asymétrique qui trouvent des analogies dans des exemples réels tels que le marché des outils logiciels spécialisés ou des émissions de télévision. Le deuxième chapitre, « L’offre complice dans les enchères à valeur commune », présent les effets d’un type d’enchère frauduleuse appelée « enchère complice ». Cette fraude consiste à placer des enchères anonymes sur ordre du vendeur en vue de faire monter artificiellement le prix de l’objet vendu. Nous concevons un modèle simple pour comprendre les incitations du vendeur à enchérir de manière complice dans une enchère anglaise à valeur commune, dans laquelle l’information privée des participants suit une distribution discrète. Nous montrons comment le caractère discret de la distribution affecte le profit espéré du fait d’enchérir de manière complice pour le vendeur ex-ante. Nous montrons aussi comment le vendeur révise ses enchères complices à partir de l’information qu’il reçoit à mesure que l’enchère se déroule. Nous trouvons que si le nombre de signaux est faible, le vendeur peut gagner à ne pas participer, même lorsque les autres participants sont myopes. Par ailleurs, et quel que soit le nombre de signaux dans l’enchère, si le nombre de participants est assez élevé, le fait d’avoir la possibilité de mettre en œuvre une enchère complice a toujours pour effet de détériorer le profit espéré du vendeur. Le troisième chapitre, « Le confort des médecins et le choix des césariennes », est co-écrit avec Shagun Khare et Alan Acosta. Cet article analyse les causes qui pourraient expliquer le taux élevé de césarienne à Buenos Aires, en Argentine, qui excède largement la recommandation de l’Organisation mondiale de la Santé (OMS). L’hypothèse d’une demande induite par le fournisseur, qui prévoit plus de césariennes que nécessaire du point de vue médical, pourrait expliquer cet écart. Dans cet article co-écrit avec Shagun Khare et Alan Acosta, nous étudions un aspect des incitations des médecins à stimuler la demande : le confort. A partir d’une enquête menée auprès de femmes enceintes à Buenos Aires, nous regardons si les chances qu’une femme fasse l’objet d’une césarienne dépend du moment de l’accouchement, en particulier s’il s’agit d’un jour travaillé ou non. En laissant de côté les césariennes planifiées, nous trouvons que le confort compte, mais seulement dans les hôpitaux privés. Nous trouvons aussi qu’une femme qui déclare préférer une césarienne à une naissance naturelle a de plus grandes chances de recourir à une césarienne dans les hôpitaux privés. Nos résultats montrent aussi que l’environnement institutionnel joue un rôle déterminant sur la manière dont le confort des médecins et les préférences des mères influencent ces choix. / This thesis in applied microeconomics is composed of three chapters, each one addressing a different question. The first chapter, “Sequential distribution in the presence of Piracy”, shows how firms can exploit the timing of the release of digital content as a way to mitigate the effects of piracy, in a world where some piracy is unavoidable. We develop an analytical model where a monopolist produces a particular good, and it can choose the time at which its product is available to consumers. On top of deciding on prices, the monopolist also chooses the share of the product it releases at each period. In the absence of piracy, firm’s profits are independent of the way in which content is released. However, when piracy is a real threat, the firm can soften its effect by strategically selecting the share of the product offered in each period, changing consumers’ valuation and making piracy less attractive from their perspective. The monopolist benefits from releasing content in two different periods in an asymmetric way which find analogies in real life examples such as the market of specialised software tools or of TV shows. The second chapter, “Shill bidding in common value auctions”, presents the effects of a particular cheating environment in common value auctions. Shill bidding consists of placing anonymous bids on the seller’s behalf to artificially drive up the prices of the auctioned item. We build a simple model to understand the incentives a seller has to shill bid in an English common value auction where the bidders’ private information is drawn from a discrete distribution. We show how the discreteness affects the seller’s ex-ante expected gain of shill bidding, and we also show how the seller updates his shill bid based on the new information he receives as the auction goes on. We find that if the number of signals is low, the seller might be better off refraining from participating even when bidders are fully myopic. Moreover, for any number of signals in the auction, if the number of participants is sufficiently high, the shill bidding strategy always deteriorates the seller’s expected profits. The third chapter, “Physician convenience and cesarean section delivery”, is co-authored with Shagun Khare and Alan Acosta. This paper analyses the causes that might explain the high rate of cesarean section in Buenos Aires, Argentina, that far exceeds the World Health Organization recommendation. The supplier-induced demand hypothesis, which predicts more c-section deliveries than otherwise medically needed, might be the reason for this disparity. In this paper, using a survey of pregnant women in Buenos Aires, we study one aspect of the physician’s incentives to induce demand: convenience. We look at whether a woman’s chance of getting a c-section depends on the period of delivery, i.e. whether it is a working day or not. Setting aside scheduled c-sections, we find that convenience matters, but only in private hospitals. We also find that women who state that they prefer c-sections over natural births have a higher chance of having a c-section in private hospitals. While physicians’ convenience and mothers’ preferences do matter, our research finds that the institutional environment plays a defining role in how much these matters.

The research performed throughout this dissertation aims at implementing quantitative methods in order to assess economic and technological performances of firms, i.e. it tries to assess the impacts of the determinants of technological activity on the results of this activity. For this purpose, a representative sample of the most important R&D firms in the world is constituted. The micro-economic nature of the analysis, as well as its international dimension are two main features of this research at the empirical level. The second chapter illustrates the importance of R&D investments, patenting activities and other measures of technological activities performed by firms over the last 10 years. The third chapter describes the main features as well as the construction of the database. The raw data sample consists of comparable detailed micro-level data on 2676 large manufacturing firms from several countries. These firms have reported important R&D expenditures over the period 1980-1994. The fourth chapter explores the dynamic structure of the patent-R&D relationship by considering the number of patent applications as a function of present and lagged levels of R&D expenditures. R&D spillovers as well as technological and geographical opportunities are taken into account as additional determinants in order to explain patenting behaviours. The estimates are based on recently developed econometric techniques that deal with the discrete non-negative nature of the dependent patent variable as well as the simultaneity that can arise between the R&D decisions and patenting. The results show evidence of a rather contemporaneous impact of R&D activities on patenting. As far as R&D spillovers are concerned, these externalities have a significantly higher impact on patenting than own R&D. Furthermore, these effects appear to take more time, three years on average, to show up in patents. The fifth chapter explores the contribution of own stock of R&D capital to productivity performance of firms. To this end the usual productivity residual methodology is implemented. The empirical section presents a first set of results which replicate the analysis of previous studies and tries to assess the robustness of the findings with regard to the above issues. Then, further results, based on different sub samples of the data set, investigate to what extent the R&D contribution on productivity differs across firms of different industries and geographic areas or between small and large firms and low and high-tech firms. The last section explores more carefully the simultaneity issue. On the whole, the estimates indicate that R&D has a positive impact on productivity performances. Yet, this contribution is far from being homogeneous across the different dimensions of data or according to the various assumptions retained in the productivity model. The last empirical chapter goes deeper into the analysis of firms' productivity increases, by considering besides own R&D activities the impact of technological spillovers. The chapter begins by surveying the alternative ways proposed in the literature in order to asses the effect of R&D spillovers on productivity. The main findings reported by some studies at the micro level are then outlined. Then, the framework to formalize technological externalities and other technological determinants is exposed. This framework is based on a positioning of firms into a technological space using their patent distribution across technological fields. The question of whether the externalities generated by the technological and geographic neighbours are different on the recipient's productivity is also addressed by splitting the spillover variable into a local and national component. Then, alternative measures of technological proximity are examined. Some interesting observations emerge from the empirical results. First, the impact of spillovers on productivity increases is positive and much more important than the contribution of own R&D. Second, spillover effects are not the same according to whether they emanate from firms specialized in similar technological fields or firms more distant in the technological space. Finally, the magnitude and direction of these effects are radically different within and between the pillars of the Triad. While European firms do not appear to particularly benefit from both national and international sources of spillovers, US firms are mainly receptive to their national stock and Japanese firms take advantage from the international stock.

The research performed throughout this dissertation aims at implementing quantitative methods in order to assess economic and technological performances of firms, i.e. it tries to assess the impacts of the determinants of technological activity on the results of this activity. For this purpose, a representative sample of the most important R&D firms in the world is constituted. The micro-economic nature of the analysis, as well as its international dimension are two main features of this research at the empirical level.<p><p>The second chapter illustrates the importance of R&D investments, patenting activities and other measures of technological activities performed by firms over the last 10 years.<p><p>The third chapter describes the main features as well as the construction of the database. The raw data sample consists of comparable detailed micro-level data on 2676 large manufacturing firms from several countries. These firms have reported important R&D expenditures over the period 1980-1994.<p><p>The fourth chapter explores the dynamic structure of the patent-R&D relationship by considering the number of patent applications as a function of present and lagged levels of R&D expenditures. R&D spillovers as well as technological and geographical opportunities are taken into account as additional determinants in order to explain patenting behaviours. The estimates are based on recently developed econometric techniques that deal with the discrete non-negative nature of the dependent patent variable as well as the simultaneity that can arise between the R&D decisions and patenting. The results show evidence of a rather contemporaneous impact of R&D activities on patenting. As far as R&D spillovers are concerned, these externalities have a significantly higher impact on patenting than own R&D. Furthermore, these effects appear to take more time, three years on average, to show up in patents.<p><p>The fifth chapter explores the contribution of own stock of R&D capital to productivity performance of firms. To this end the usual productivity residual methodology is implemented. The empirical section presents a first set of results which replicate the analysis of previous studies and tries to assess the robustness of the findings with regard to the above issues. Then, further results, based on different sub samples of the data set, investigate to what extent the R&D contribution on productivity differs across firms of different industries and geographic areas or between small and large firms and low and high-tech firms. The last section explores more carefully the simultaneity issue. On the whole, the estimates indicate that R&D has a positive impact on productivity performances. Yet, this contribution is far from being homogeneous across the different dimensions of data or according to the various assumptions retained in the productivity model.<p><p>The last empirical chapter goes deeper into the analysis of firms' productivity increases, by considering besides own R&D activities the impact of technological spillovers. The chapter begins by surveying the alternative ways proposed in the literature in order to asses the effect of R&D spillovers on productivity. The main findings reported by some studies at the micro level are then outlined. Then, the framework to formalize technological externalities and other technological determinants is exposed. This framework is based on a positioning of firms into a technological space using their patent distribution across technological fields. The question of whether the externalities generated by the technological and geographic neighbours are different on the recipient's productivity is also addressed by splitting the spillover variable into a local and national component. Then, alternative measures of technological proximity are examined. Some interesting observations emerge from the empirical results. First, the impact of spillovers on productivity increases is positive and much more important than the contribution of own R&D. Second, spillover effects are not the same according to whether they emanate from firms specialized in similar technological fields or firms more distant in the technological space. Finally, the magnitude and direction of these effects are radically different within and between the pillars of the Triad. While European firms do not appear to particularly benefit from both national and international sources of spillovers, US firms are mainly receptive to their national stock and Japanese firms take advantage from the international stock.<p> / Doctorat en sciences économiques, Orientation économie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished