Five experiments were conducted, utilizing 512 crossbred weanling pigs to determine the P (Exp. 1) and Ca (Exp. 2 and 3) equivalency values of microbial phytase based on performance, rib mineralization and P and Ca digestibility estimates, and to investigate the possible interactions of phytase and citric acid (Exp. 4 and 5). In Exp. 1, adding phytase to low P diets linearly increased ADG (P < .001), rib shear force (P < .01), shear energy (P < .02), ash weight (P < .001) and ash percent (P < .001), Ca (P < .001) and P (P < .001) digestibility and digestible Ca (P < .001) and P (P <.001). Added P linearly increased ADG (P < .003), rib shear force (P < .003) shear energy (P < .001), ash weight (P < .001) and ash percent (P < .01), Ca (P < .02) and P (P < .001) digestibility and digestible Ca (P < .02) and P (P <.001). Based on phytase and P linear or nonlinear response equations for ADG, rib shear force, shear energy, and ash weight, P digestibility, and digestible P, the average equivalency of 500 U/kg of phytase was .78 g of P per kg of diet. In Exp. 2, dietary addition of phytase linearly increased rib ash % (P < .03), Ca (P < .001) and P (P < .001) digestibilities, and digested Ca (P < .001) and P (P < .001), but had no effect (P > .10) on ADG and rib shear force and ash weight. Added Ca linearly increased ADG (wk 3-4, P < .04), and rib shear force (P < .001), ash percentage (P < .001) and ash weight (P < .01), and digested Ca (P < .001), but P digestibility (P = .07) and digested P (P = .08) were numerically decreased. In Exp. 3, added phytase linearly increased ADG (wk 3-4, P < .002), feed efficiency (wk 3-4, P < .02), rib ash weight (P < .001), Ca total tract digestibility (P < .001), and Ca (P < .001) and P (P < .001) ileal digestibilities. Added Ca linearly increased ADG (wk 3-4, P < .02), feed efficiency (wk 3-4, P < .01), rib ash percentage (P < .001) and ash weight ( P < .001), shear force (P < .03) and energy (P < .008), and total tract (P < .001) and ileal (P < .001) digestible Ca. Based on phytase and Ca linear or nonlinear response equations for ADG in wk 3-4, measurements of rib mineralization, and digestible Ca, 500 U of microbial phytase was estimated to be equivalent to 1.08 g and .78 g of Ca in Exp. 2 and 3, respectively. In Exp. 4 and 5, dietary phytase addition linearly increased rib shear force (P < .004 and P < .02), shear energy (P < .001), dry bone weight (P < .001), ash weight (P < .001) and ash percent (P < .001). Calcium (P < .001) and P (P < .001) digestibilities were also improved in both experiments when phytase was added. Addition of citric acid in both experiments, reduced dietary pH and stomach digesta pH (P < .05). The addition of citric acid improved ADG (P < .05), feed efficiency (P < .04) and Ca digestibility (P < .05) in Exp. 4, but decreased Ca digestibility in Exp. 5 and had no effect on performance. In Exp. 5, the addition of 2.0% citric acid to the diet supplemented with 500 U/kg of phytase caused a decrease (P < .04) in the phytase activity recovered in the stomach digesta resulting in a phytase by citric acid interaction (P < .02). In summary, the addition of 500 U/kg microbial phytase to weanling pig diets, causes the release of approximately .78 g of P and .93 g of Ca, thus decreasing the need for supplemental P and Ca. The addition of citric acid to phytase supplemented diets does not appear to enhance the efficacy of microbial phytase based on the results of these studies. / Master of Science

Unlike traditional stochastic scaffold fabrication techniques, additive manufacturing (AM) can be used to create tissue-specific three-dimensional scaffolds with controlled porosity and pore geometry (meso-structure). However, due to the relatively few biocompatible materials available for processing in AM machines, direct fabrication of tissue scaffolds is limited. To alleviate material limitations and improve feature resolution, a new indirect scaffold fabrication method is developed. A four step fabrication process is explored: Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is used to fabricate scaffold patterns of varied pore size and geometry. Next, scaffold patterns are surface treated, and then mineralized via simulated body fluid (SBF); forming a bone-like ceramic throughout the scaffold pattern. Finally, mineralized patterns are heat treated to pyrolyze the pattern and sinter the minerals. Two scaffold meso-structures are tested: "tube" and "backfill." Two pattern materials are tested [acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and investment cast wax (ICW)] to determine which material is the most appropriate for mineralization and sintering. Mineralization is improved through plasma surface treatment and dynamic flow conditions. Appropriate burnout and sintering temperatures to remove pattern material are determined experimentally. While the "tube scaffolds" were found to fail structurally, "backfill scaffolds" were successfully created using the new fabrication process. The "backfill scaffold" meso-structure had wall thicknesses of 470 – 530 µm and internal channel diameters of 280 – 340 µm, which is in the range of appropriate pore size for bone tissue engineering. "Backfill scaffolds" alleviated material limitations, and had improved feature resolution compared to current indirect scaffold fabrication processes. / Master of Science

Animal manures are land applied in agronomic systems to supply essential crop nutrients and decrease dependency on chemical fertilizers. Liquid manures are traditionally surface broadcast to fields and sometimes incorporated to reduce odor and nutrient losses; however, incorporation is incompatible with no-till agriculture. Subsurface manure injection is a no-till compatible alternative application method which addresses these concerns, but likely changes the dynamics of nutrient cycling. Comparison of the two application methods has yielded mixed results and warrants further research. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to contrast the surface broadcast and subsurface injection of dairy slurry on nitrogen and carbon cycling, crop yield, and biologic responses to proxy soil health. In a forced air-flow laboratory incubation, manure injection reduced ammonia volatilization by 87% and 98% in a sandy loam and clay loam soil, respectively. The increased ammoniacal nitrogen recovery resulted in increases of soil nitrate of 13% for the sandy loam and 26% for the clay loam after 40 days of incubation. Microbial measurements were inconclusive in the laboratory. In 7 site-years of field study, soil nitrate was greater in 7 of 25 measurements under manure injection and 30% higher under injection on average during the corn pre side-dress nitrate test (PSNT) time. Soil nitrate sampling methods were assessed for fields injected with manure; a standard random sampling method had a coefficient of variation (C.V.) of 28% and was as equally repeatable as utilizing an equi-spaced distribution of cores taken across an injection band, C.V. of 30%. Both biological responses, carbon mineralization (C-min) and substrate induced respiration (SIR), were not different between application methods; both were highly variable and C-min was especially intensive logistically. Corn yield showed no consistent response to application method, but probably was not nitrogen limited. In 2 years of field study conducted on a university research farm injection resulted in greater 0-15cm soil nitrate levels than surface broadcast 1 week after application and persisted for 9 additional weeks. In injected plots, nitrate was concentrated in the injection band; nitrate movement was significant only 10cm lateral to the injection band but overall distribution fit well to a second degree polynomial, especially 2 and 4 weeks after application, R2>0.80. Evidence of leaching was observed in one year after receiving considerable rainfall in weeks 1 and 2 after application. When corn grain yield was averaged year over year, injection was 26% greater than the no- manure control, and 15% greater than surface application. Both biological metrics, C-min and microbial biomass, were stratified by depth; C-min was concentrated within the manure band leading to greater mineralization under injected applications. Microbial biomass was significantly higher under injection at the 15-30cm depth. Overall biological response to manure application method was inconclusive, however manure injection is superior to surface application in terms of nitrogen recovery. / Doctor of Philosophy / Animal manures supply nutrients essential to crop growth (notably nitrogen and phosphorous); liquid manures (pigs and dairy cattle) are commonly applied by spraying them on soils before tillage. Where no-tillage is used as a conservation measure subsurface injection can be used as an alternative to leaving manure on the soil surface. The purpose of this research was to assess nutrient cycling, crop yield, and soil health impacts of surface applied and injected dairy manure applications. Manure injection greatly reduces a nitrogen loss pathway, and as a result supplies more plant available nitrogen to the crop. Methods of soil sampling fields using injection were compared and a recommended sampling method was defined. Transport of a form of nitrogen vulnerable to movement in the ground was found to only travel 10cm away from where manure was injected. Transport of this form of nitrogen below the injection area was observed after abundant rainfall. Crop yields were sometimes higher under injection however, yields are also determined by factors other than nitrogen. Soil health was not repeatably improved under one application method, but microbial activity was greater at shallower soil depths.

To address the environmental changes associated with increasing levels of atmospheric CO?, a possibility of mineralizing CO? with the species such as Ca°? and M°? ions that are already present in sea water was studied. A series of experiments conducted at temperatures in the range of 20 to 40°C showed that the activation energy for the formation of nesquehonite (MgCO?°3H?O) is 64.6 kJ/mol. It was found that the activation energy barrier can be readily overcome by simple agitation and heating at slightly elevated temperatures, e.g., 40°C. The kinetics of mineralization and the %M°? ion utilization varies depending on energy dissipation rate, temperature, pH, and NaCl concentration. The maximum M°? ion utilization achieved was 86%. Thermodynamic calculations were carried out to construct the species distribution diagrams, predict the pH of CO? mineralization, and to predict %Mg ion utilization (or extraction) from sea water. To address the issues concerning the acidification of sea water during CO? mineralization, spent solutions were treated with basic minerals such as limestone and olivine. It was found that in the presence of these minerals the pH rises to the pH of minimum solubility of the buffering mineral. The pH of minimum solubility of limestone is 8.3 and that of olivine is 8.6. Other means of pH neutralization were also discussed. / Master of Science

Yes / For dental human enamel, what is the precise mineralization progression spatially and the precise timings of mineralization? This is an important question in the fundamental understanding of matrix-mediated biomineralization events, but in particular because we can use our understanding of this natural tissue growth in humans to develop biomimetic approaches to repair and replace lost enamel tissue. It is important to understand human tissues in particular since different species have quite distinct spatial and temporal progression of mineralization. In this study, five human central incisors at different stages of enamel maturation/mineralization were spatially mapped using synchrotron X-ray diffraction and X-ray microtomography techniques. From the earliest developmental stage, two crystallite-orientation populations coexist with angular separations between the crystallite populations averaging approximately 40o and varying as a function of position with the tooth crown. In general, population one had significantly lower texture magnitude and contributed a higher percentage to the overall crystalline structure, compared to population two which only contributed 20-30% but had significantly higher texture magnitude. This quantitative analysis allows us to understand the complex and co-operative structure-function relationship between two populations of crystallites within human enamel. There was an increase in the mineral concentration from the enamel-dentin junction peripherally and from the incisal tip cervically as a function of maturation time. Quantitative backscattered-electron analyses revealed that mineralization of prism cores precedes that of prism boundaries. These results provide new insights into the precise understanding of the natural growth of human enamel. / Partly funded by NERC grant ”Timelines in Teeth” NE/F018096/2.

The use of blasted rock overburden as a topsoil substitute during surface-mined land reclamation is practiced in areas with thin, unrecoverable topsoil. The long-term productivity of topsoil substitutes has often been difficult to maintain under forage and row crops. The objective of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of an unamended topsoil substitute as a tree growth medium compared to both topsoil- and organic matteramended minesoils based on the accumulation and mineralization of carbon and nitrogen pools. A factorial experiment was established in 1987; treatments (5 cm of a Jefferson series topsoil, 8 cm of whole-tree woodchips, and an unamended control) were assigned to lysimeters filled with blasted overburden. All lysimeters were planted with a treecompatible ground cover of grasses and legumes and 10 pitch pine x loblolly pine hybrid seedlings (Pinus rigida L. x P. taeda L.). The control treatment was designed based on principles hypothesized as necessary for the success of reclamation forestry; i.e., the selection of a suitable spoil material (slightly acid, low salt concentration), placing that material in an uncompacted (rough-graded) condition, and planting a tree-compatible ground cover of grasses and legumes. It was hypothesized that, under these conditions, C and N accumulation and N supply would be comparable to topsoil- and organic matteramended minesoils. Two years after treatment, net accumulated total organic C in the fine-earth fraction was 4.4, 3.7, and 9.2 g kg⁻¹ for the control, topsoil, and woodchip treatments, respectively; after 8 years, concentrations were 12.7, 16.0, and 18.2 g kg⁻¹. Net accumulated total Kjeldahl N after 8 years was 784, 1132, and 679 kg ha⁻¹! for the control, topsoil, and woodchip treatments, respectively, but amended minesoils were not significantly different from the control. Total Kjeldahl N accumulation rates were 103, 149, and 89 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. Aerobic N mineralization potential after 1 year was 31, 63, and 56 mg kg⁻¹ for the control, topsoil, and woodchip treatments and increased to 112, 157, and 118 mg kg⁻¹ after 8 years. The woodchip treatment seemed to confer no additional benefits, relative to N accumulation and cycling, compared to the control. The topsoil treatment increased the amount of N and the N mineralization capacity of the minesoil, but did not affect the N accumulation rate or the N mineralization rate relative to the control. While maximum plant productivity would probably be realized in a topsoil-amended minesoil, pine tree volume between the control and topsoil treatments was not significantly different after 5 years. / Master of Science

O evento sensu lato Uatumã é caraterizado pelo intenso magmatismo de afinidade cálcio-alcalina, relacionado com a presença de arcos vulcânicos continentais Paleoproterozóicos no período 2,1 a 1,88 Ga, associados com as suítes magmáticas Cuiú- Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, com significativa relevância no potencial metalogenético na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, especificamente na Província Mineral do Tapajós. Inclui também as rochas vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A, predominantemente fissurais, de ca 1,87 Ga. Estes arcos magmáticos continentais nomeados Arcos Tapajônicos, tem rochas excepcionalmente bem preservadas de processos tectônicos e metamórficos, o que tem permitido caracterizar os sistemas geológicos, os ambientes tectônicos de formação, os sistemas magmáticos-hidrotermais do tipo epitermal e pórfiro associados, por vezes mineralizados em metais preciosos e de base. Estes arcos são compostos por rochas graníticas diversas, faneríticas e porfiríticas, granófiros, pórfiros riolíticos a andesíticos, andesitos, dacitos, riodacitos e riolitos, estes em maior volume. As rochas vulcânicas compõem derrames, domos e diques, comumente com fácies variadas de rochas vulcanoclásticas associadas, incluindo grandes depósitos de ignimbritos, assim como rochas sedimentares clasticas típicas de ambiente continental deposicional incluindo depósitos de leques aluviais e fluviais compostos por arenitos, conglomerados, siltitos e argilitos junto com unidades lacustres, representadas por lamitos vermelhos com leitos de chert contemporâneas aos eventos vulcânicos paleproterozóicos. As rochas destes arcos são em geral peraluminosas a metaluminosas e pertencem à serie cálcio-alcalina enriquecida em potássio, com tendências shoshoníticas, e mostram semelhança às geradas pelo magmatismo sin- a pós-orogênico em ambiente de arco vulcânico continental maturo, desenvolvido em margens continentais ativas. Dados isotópicos de Sm-Nd de um conjunto representativo de amostras da região indicam valores de \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' negativos e valores baixos de 87Sr/86Sr, indicando a existência de importante contaminação de crosta continental. As idades modelos TDM indicam participação de crosta paleoproterozóica e arqueana na formação dos magmas. Tanto os dados isotópicos como os de magnetometria e de gravimetria indicam que estruturas profundas da região têm orientação geral aproximadamente E-W que parecem constituir extensões das zonas de cisalhamento arqueanas presentes na Província Mineral de Carajás até a altura do rio Tapajós. Em diversos litótipos sub-vulcânicos e vulcânicos mais ou menos evoluídos foram identificadas inúmeras ocorrências de alterações hidrotermais do tipo quartzo-sericita, por vezes com adulária, e argílica, está dominantemente em estilo fissural, que podem ser associadas a mineralizações epitermais do tipo low-sulfidation. Também estão presentes rochas hidrotermalizadas com pirofilita e alunita, caracterizando zonas de alterações argílicas avançadas em estilos pervasivo e fissural, típicas de mineralizações epitermais high-sulfidation. Em todos os litótipos, mas predominantemente em granitoides e pórfiros, foram identificadas alterações potássicas, sericítica, sericita-clorítica, propílitica e clorítica nos estilos pervasivo e fissural, as quais são representativas de típicos sistemas do tipo pórfiro. As fontes dos fluidos responsáveis pela alteração hidrotermal associada aos sistemas epitermais high- e low-sulfidation foram determinadas utilizando análises de isótopos de oxigênio e deutério em pares de minerais (quartzo-sericita e quartzo-caulinita) constituintes das zonas de alteração hidrotermal. Estes resultados indicam fluidos de origem magmática com misturas subordinadas de fluidos meteóricos de baixa latitude, sem a influência de água de degelo. Os valores de ?34Ssulfetos de pirita da rocha hidrotermalizada variam de +0,8 e +9,4 ?, confirmando a hipótese de fonte magmática também para o enxofre. Essas características são semelhantes às observadas em pórfiros cenozoicos de arcos magmáticos continentais e insulares. Estes resultados indicam um importante potencial para ocorrência de mineralizações de metais preciosos (Au e Ag) e de base (Cu, Pb, Zn e Mo) dos tipos epitermal e pórfiro na região, o que abre possibilidades para existência de mineralizações de grande porte nos arcos Tapajônicos, semelhantes àquelas presentes em arcos modernos, como os Andes, México e oeste dos Estados Unidos. E, caso isto venha a se confirmar, haverá um significativo impacto positivo para região, tanto econômico como social. A evolução geotectônica que deu origem aos eventos magmáticos continentais desenvolvidos no período 2,1 a 1,86 Ga definem a evolução metalogenética da Província Mineral do Tapajós. Os dados geocronológicos obtidos neste estudo mostram a existência no embasamento de rochas com idades de ca. 2,12 a 2,02, de 1,97 a 1,95 e de 1,89 Ga, que podem ser correlacionadas às rochas das suítes intrusivas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, assim como rochas hipoabissais (pórfiros) de idades ca. 1,98 a 1,95 e 1,87 correlacionadas com a suíte intrusiva Creporizão e Parauari. As rochas vulcânicas cálcio-alcalinas tradicionalmente reconhecidas como pertencentes ao Grupo Iriri apresentam neste estudo idades de ca. 2,0 Ga, de 1,97 a 1,95 Ga e de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, enquanto que vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A evidenciam idades de 1,87 a 1,85 Ga, indicando que há mais de um evento vulcânico além do magmatismo que deu origem ao Grupo Iriri. Estes resultados indicam uma evolução complexa do magmatismo paleoproterozóico das unidades reconhecidas como suítes magmáticas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, dentro do evento magmático sensu lato Uatumã. Foram reconhecidas ao menos quatro épocas metalogenéticas potencialmente férteis para mineralizações magmáticas-hidrotermais relacionadas com os arcos Tapajônicos gerados no evento sensu lato Uatumã, associadas a períodos de aumento da espessura cortical durante o Peloproterozóico no sul da Província Mineral de Tapajós, quais sejam: a) o período de 2,1 a 1,97 Ga onde se dá a evolução dos arcos magmáticos continentais Cuiú- Cuiú e Creporizão, correlacionáveis com duas épocas de mineralizações magmáticas- hidrotermais de ca. 2 Ga e de 1,97 Ga; b) O período ao redor de 1,95; e c) o período de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, relacionado ao arco continental Parauari. / The lato sensu Uatumã event is characterized by intense magmatism of calc-alkaline affinity, related to the presence of Paleoproterozoic continental volcanic arcs in a period between 2.1 to 1.88 Ga, associated with the magmatic suites Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, with significant relevance in the metallogenic potential in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton, specifically in the Tapajós Mineral Province. It also includes alkaline volcanic rocks (A-type) of fissural predominance, about 1.87 Ga. These continental magmatic arcs named Tapajônicos arcs, have exceptionally wellpreserved rocks from tectonic and metamorphic processes, which has allowed to characterize the geologic systems, tectonic settings of formation of the associated epithermal- and porphyry-types magmatic-hydrothermal systems, sometimes mineralized in precious and base metals. These arcs are composed of several granitic rocks, phaneritic and porphyritic, granophyres, rhyolitic to andesitic porphyries, andesites, dacites, rhyodacites and rhyolites, these in larger volume. Volcanic rocks make up lava flows, domes and dikes, commonly with varying facies of associated volcanoclastic rocks, including large deposits of ignimbrites, as well as clastic sedimentary rocks of a continental depositional environment including deposits of alluvial and fluvial fans composed of sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones and argillites along with lacustrine units, represented by red mudstones with beds of chert, contemporaneous with the Paleoproterozoic volcanic events. The rocks of these arcs are generally peraluminous to metaluminous, belonging to the high K calc-alkaline series, trending to the shoshonitic series, and they show similarity to those generated by syn- to post-orogenic magmatism in a mature continental volcanic arc, developed in active continental margins. Sm-Nd isotopic data of a representative set of samples from the region indicate negative \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' values and low values of 87Sr / 86Sr, indicating the existence of important continental crust contamination. The TDM model ages indicate participation of Paleoproterozoic and Archaean crust in the formation of magmas. Both isotopic, magnetometric and gravimetric data indicate that deep structures in the region have roughly E-W orientation that appear to constitute extensions of the Archaean shear zones present in the Carajás Mineral Province up to the Tapajós River. Numerous occurrences of quartz-sericite hydrothermal alterations, sometimes with adularia and argillic type, predominantly in fissural style, have been identified in several evolved volcanic and volcanic lithotypes that could be associated with low-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. Hydrothermalized rocks with pyrophyllite and alunite are also present, characterizing zones of advanced argillic alteration in pervasive and fissural styles, typical of high-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. In all lithotypes, but predominantly in granitoids and porphyries, were identified potassic, sericitic, sericitic-chloritic, propylitic and chloritic alterations in pervasive and fissural styles, which are representative of typical porphyry-type systems. The sources of the fluids responsible for the hydrothermal alteration associated with high- and low-sulfidation epithermal systems were determined using oxygen and deuterium isotope analyses in minerals pairs (quartz-sericite and quartz-kaolinite) constituents from hydrothermal alteration zones. These results indicate fluids of magmatic origin with subordinate mixtures of low latitude meteoric fluids, without the influence of de-icing water. The values of ?34Ssulfide values of pyrite from hydrothermalized rock range from +0.8 and +9.4 ?, confirming also the hypothesis of a magmatic sulfur source. These characteristics are similar to those observed in Cenozoic porphyries from continental and island magmatic arcs. These results indicate an important potential for the occurrence of precious metals (Au and Ag) and base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo) of the epithermal and porphyry types in the region, which opens possibilities for large mineralizations in the Tapajônicos arcs, similar to those present in modern arcs, like the Andes, Mexico and western of the United States. And, if this is to be confirmed, there will be a significant positive impact for the region, both economic and social. The geotectonic evolution that gave origin to the continental magmatic events developed in the period between 2.1 to 1.86 Ga define the metallogenic evolution of the Tapajós Mineral Province. The geochronological data obtained in this study show the existence in the basement of rocks with ages of ca. 2.12 to 2.02, from 1.97 to 1.95 and 1.89 Ga, which can be correlated to rocks of the Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites, as well as hypoabissal (porphyries) rocks of ca. 1.98 to 1.95 Ga and 1.87 Ga correlated with the Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites. Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks traditionally recognized as belonging to the Iriri Group present in this study have shown ages range of ca. 2.0 Ga, from 1.97 to 1.95 Ga and from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, while A-type alkaline volcanics yield ages from 1.87 to 1.85 Ga, indicating that there is more than one volcanic event besides the magmatism that gave rise to the Iriri Group. These results indicate a complex evolution of the paleoproterozoic magmatism of the units recognized as Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari magmatic suites, within lato sensu Uatumã magmatic event. At least four potentially fertile metallogenic epochs were recognized for hydrothermal-magmatic mineralizations related with the Tapajônicos arcs generated in the lato sensu Uatumã event, associated with periods of increase of crustal thickness during the Peloproterozoic in the southern area of the Tapajós Mineral Province, which are: a) the period from 2.1 to 1.97 Ga with the evolution of Cuiú-Cuiú and Creporizão continental magmatic arcs, correlated with two periods of magmatic-hydrothermal mineralizations of ca. 2.0 Ga and 1.97 Ga; b) The period around 1.95 Ga; and c) the period from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, related with the Parauari continental arc.

O evento sensu lato Uatumã é caraterizado pelo intenso magmatismo de afinidade cálcio-alcalina, relacionado com a presença de arcos vulcânicos continentais Paleoproterozóicos no período 2,1 a 1,88 Ga, associados com as suítes magmáticas Cuiú- Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, com significativa relevância no potencial metalogenético na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, especificamente na Província Mineral do Tapajós. Inclui também as rochas vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A, predominantemente fissurais, de ca 1,87 Ga. Estes arcos magmáticos continentais nomeados Arcos Tapajônicos, tem rochas excepcionalmente bem preservadas de processos tectônicos e metamórficos, o que tem permitido caracterizar os sistemas geológicos, os ambientes tectônicos de formação, os sistemas magmáticos-hidrotermais do tipo epitermal e pórfiro associados, por vezes mineralizados em metais preciosos e de base. Estes arcos são compostos por rochas graníticas diversas, faneríticas e porfiríticas, granófiros, pórfiros riolíticos a andesíticos, andesitos, dacitos, riodacitos e riolitos, estes em maior volume. As rochas vulcânicas compõem derrames, domos e diques, comumente com fácies variadas de rochas vulcanoclásticas associadas, incluindo grandes depósitos de ignimbritos, assim como rochas sedimentares clasticas típicas de ambiente continental deposicional incluindo depósitos de leques aluviais e fluviais compostos por arenitos, conglomerados, siltitos e argilitos junto com unidades lacustres, representadas por lamitos vermelhos com leitos de chert contemporâneas aos eventos vulcânicos paleproterozóicos. As rochas destes arcos são em geral peraluminosas a metaluminosas e pertencem à serie cálcio-alcalina enriquecida em potássio, com tendências shoshoníticas, e mostram semelhança às geradas pelo magmatismo sin- a pós-orogênico em ambiente de arco vulcânico continental maturo, desenvolvido em margens continentais ativas. Dados isotópicos de Sm-Nd de um conjunto representativo de amostras da região indicam valores de \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' negativos e valores baixos de 87Sr/86Sr, indicando a existência de importante contaminação de crosta continental. As idades modelos TDM indicam participação de crosta paleoproterozóica e arqueana na formação dos magmas. Tanto os dados isotópicos como os de magnetometria e de gravimetria indicam que estruturas profundas da região têm orientação geral aproximadamente E-W que parecem constituir extensões das zonas de cisalhamento arqueanas presentes na Província Mineral de Carajás até a altura do rio Tapajós. Em diversos litótipos sub-vulcânicos e vulcânicos mais ou menos evoluídos foram identificadas inúmeras ocorrências de alterações hidrotermais do tipo quartzo-sericita, por vezes com adulária, e argílica, está dominantemente em estilo fissural, que podem ser associadas a mineralizações epitermais do tipo low-sulfidation. Também estão presentes rochas hidrotermalizadas com pirofilita e alunita, caracterizando zonas de alterações argílicas avançadas em estilos pervasivo e fissural, típicas de mineralizações epitermais high-sulfidation. Em todos os litótipos, mas predominantemente em granitoides e pórfiros, foram identificadas alterações potássicas, sericítica, sericita-clorítica, propílitica e clorítica nos estilos pervasivo e fissural, as quais são representativas de típicos sistemas do tipo pórfiro. As fontes dos fluidos responsáveis pela alteração hidrotermal associada aos sistemas epitermais high- e low-sulfidation foram determinadas utilizando análises de isótopos de oxigênio e deutério em pares de minerais (quartzo-sericita e quartzo-caulinita) constituintes das zonas de alteração hidrotermal. Estes resultados indicam fluidos de origem magmática com misturas subordinadas de fluidos meteóricos de baixa latitude, sem a influência de água de degelo. Os valores de ?34Ssulfetos de pirita da rocha hidrotermalizada variam de +0,8 e +9,4 ?, confirmando a hipótese de fonte magmática também para o enxofre. Essas características são semelhantes às observadas em pórfiros cenozoicos de arcos magmáticos continentais e insulares. Estes resultados indicam um importante potencial para ocorrência de mineralizações de metais preciosos (Au e Ag) e de base (Cu, Pb, Zn e Mo) dos tipos epitermal e pórfiro na região, o que abre possibilidades para existência de mineralizações de grande porte nos arcos Tapajônicos, semelhantes àquelas presentes em arcos modernos, como os Andes, México e oeste dos Estados Unidos. E, caso isto venha a se confirmar, haverá um significativo impacto positivo para região, tanto econômico como social. A evolução geotectônica que deu origem aos eventos magmáticos continentais desenvolvidos no período 2,1 a 1,86 Ga definem a evolução metalogenética da Província Mineral do Tapajós. Os dados geocronológicos obtidos neste estudo mostram a existência no embasamento de rochas com idades de ca. 2,12 a 2,02, de 1,97 a 1,95 e de 1,89 Ga, que podem ser correlacionadas às rochas das suítes intrusivas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, assim como rochas hipoabissais (pórfiros) de idades ca. 1,98 a 1,95 e 1,87 correlacionadas com a suíte intrusiva Creporizão e Parauari. As rochas vulcânicas cálcio-alcalinas tradicionalmente reconhecidas como pertencentes ao Grupo Iriri apresentam neste estudo idades de ca. 2,0 Ga, de 1,97 a 1,95 Ga e de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, enquanto que vulcânicas alcalinas do tipo-A evidenciam idades de 1,87 a 1,85 Ga, indicando que há mais de um evento vulcânico além do magmatismo que deu origem ao Grupo Iriri. Estes resultados indicam uma evolução complexa do magmatismo paleoproterozóico das unidades reconhecidas como suítes magmáticas Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão e Parauari, dentro do evento magmático sensu lato Uatumã. Foram reconhecidas ao menos quatro épocas metalogenéticas potencialmente férteis para mineralizações magmáticas-hidrotermais relacionadas com os arcos Tapajônicos gerados no evento sensu lato Uatumã, associadas a períodos de aumento da espessura cortical durante o Peloproterozóico no sul da Província Mineral de Tapajós, quais sejam: a) o período de 2,1 a 1,97 Ga onde se dá a evolução dos arcos magmáticos continentais Cuiú- Cuiú e Creporizão, correlacionáveis com duas épocas de mineralizações magmáticas- hidrotermais de ca. 2 Ga e de 1,97 Ga; b) O período ao redor de 1,95; e c) o período de 1,90 a 1,88 Ga, relacionado ao arco continental Parauari. / The lato sensu Uatumã event is characterized by intense magmatism of calc-alkaline affinity, related to the presence of Paleoproterozoic continental volcanic arcs in a period between 2.1 to 1.88 Ga, associated with the magmatic suites Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão, Parauari, with significant relevance in the metallogenic potential in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton, specifically in the Tapajós Mineral Province. It also includes alkaline volcanic rocks (A-type) of fissural predominance, about 1.87 Ga. These continental magmatic arcs named Tapajônicos arcs, have exceptionally wellpreserved rocks from tectonic and metamorphic processes, which has allowed to characterize the geologic systems, tectonic settings of formation of the associated epithermal- and porphyry-types magmatic-hydrothermal systems, sometimes mineralized in precious and base metals. These arcs are composed of several granitic rocks, phaneritic and porphyritic, granophyres, rhyolitic to andesitic porphyries, andesites, dacites, rhyodacites and rhyolites, these in larger volume. Volcanic rocks make up lava flows, domes and dikes, commonly with varying facies of associated volcanoclastic rocks, including large deposits of ignimbrites, as well as clastic sedimentary rocks of a continental depositional environment including deposits of alluvial and fluvial fans composed of sandstones, conglomerates, siltstones and argillites along with lacustrine units, represented by red mudstones with beds of chert, contemporaneous with the Paleoproterozoic volcanic events. The rocks of these arcs are generally peraluminous to metaluminous, belonging to the high K calc-alkaline series, trending to the shoshonitic series, and they show similarity to those generated by syn- to post-orogenic magmatism in a mature continental volcanic arc, developed in active continental margins. Sm-Nd isotopic data of a representative set of samples from the region indicate negative \'\'épsilon\'IND.Nd\' values and low values of 87Sr / 86Sr, indicating the existence of important continental crust contamination. The TDM model ages indicate participation of Paleoproterozoic and Archaean crust in the formation of magmas. Both isotopic, magnetometric and gravimetric data indicate that deep structures in the region have roughly E-W orientation that appear to constitute extensions of the Archaean shear zones present in the Carajás Mineral Province up to the Tapajós River. Numerous occurrences of quartz-sericite hydrothermal alterations, sometimes with adularia and argillic type, predominantly in fissural style, have been identified in several evolved volcanic and volcanic lithotypes that could be associated with low-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. Hydrothermalized rocks with pyrophyllite and alunite are also present, characterizing zones of advanced argillic alteration in pervasive and fissural styles, typical of high-sulfidation epithermal mineralizations. In all lithotypes, but predominantly in granitoids and porphyries, were identified potassic, sericitic, sericitic-chloritic, propylitic and chloritic alterations in pervasive and fissural styles, which are representative of typical porphyry-type systems. The sources of the fluids responsible for the hydrothermal alteration associated with high- and low-sulfidation epithermal systems were determined using oxygen and deuterium isotope analyses in minerals pairs (quartz-sericite and quartz-kaolinite) constituents from hydrothermal alteration zones. These results indicate fluids of magmatic origin with subordinate mixtures of low latitude meteoric fluids, without the influence of de-icing water. The values of ?34Ssulfide values of pyrite from hydrothermalized rock range from +0.8 and +9.4 ?, confirming also the hypothesis of a magmatic sulfur source. These characteristics are similar to those observed in Cenozoic porphyries from continental and island magmatic arcs. These results indicate an important potential for the occurrence of precious metals (Au and Ag) and base metals (Cu, Pb, Zn and Mo) of the epithermal and porphyry types in the region, which opens possibilities for large mineralizations in the Tapajônicos arcs, similar to those present in modern arcs, like the Andes, Mexico and western of the United States. And, if this is to be confirmed, there will be a significant positive impact for the region, both economic and social. The geotectonic evolution that gave origin to the continental magmatic events developed in the period between 2.1 to 1.86 Ga define the metallogenic evolution of the Tapajós Mineral Province. The geochronological data obtained in this study show the existence in the basement of rocks with ages of ca. 2.12 to 2.02, from 1.97 to 1.95 and 1.89 Ga, which can be correlated to rocks of the Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites, as well as hypoabissal (porphyries) rocks of ca. 1.98 to 1.95 Ga and 1.87 Ga correlated with the Creporizão and Parauari intrusive suites. Calc-alkaline volcanic rocks traditionally recognized as belonging to the Iriri Group present in this study have shown ages range of ca. 2.0 Ga, from 1.97 to 1.95 Ga and from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, while A-type alkaline volcanics yield ages from 1.87 to 1.85 Ga, indicating that there is more than one volcanic event besides the magmatism that gave rise to the Iriri Group. These results indicate a complex evolution of the paleoproterozoic magmatism of the units recognized as Cuiú-Cuiú, Creporizão and Parauari magmatic suites, within lato sensu Uatumã magmatic event. At least four potentially fertile metallogenic epochs were recognized for hydrothermal-magmatic mineralizations related with the Tapajônicos arcs generated in the lato sensu Uatumã event, associated with periods of increase of crustal thickness during the Peloproterozoic in the southern area of the Tapajós Mineral Province, which are: a) the period from 2.1 to 1.97 Ga with the evolution of Cuiú-Cuiú and Creporizão continental magmatic arcs, correlated with two periods of magmatic-hydrothermal mineralizations of ca. 2.0 Ga and 1.97 Ga; b) The period around 1.95 Ga; and c) the period from 1.90 to 1.88 Ga, related with the Parauari continental arc.

In no-tillage areas, the pig slurry is applied on the cultural residues, as much as cover or commercial crops. A few research information exists involving the soil carbon dynamics with this modality of pig slurry application. A better understanding of soil carbon dynamics during the decomposition of pig slurry and cultural residues is necessary, as much of the environmental point of view as of the maintenance and improvement of soil quality. This work was carried out in laboratory conditions, with the objective of evaluating the dynamics of the carbon during the decomposition of 13C-labelled wheat straw and pig slurry, used separately or mixed, with and without soil incorporation. In a Hapludalf soil and using an entirely randomized design were evaluated the following treatments, with four replications: T1 - Soil; T2 - Soil + straw in surface; T3 - Soil + incorporated straw; T4 - Soil + pig slurry in surface; T5 - Soil + pig slurry incorporated; T6 - Soil + pig slurry incorporated + straw in surface; T7 - Soil + pig slurry incorporated + incorporated straw; T8 - Soil + straw in surface + pig slurry in surface. The soil humidity was adjusted for 100% of the field capacity and the incubation was carried out for 95 days with temperature kept in 25ºC. The C-CO2 evolution and its isotopic 13C excess were evaluated continually and, periodically, the amounts of remaining C straw and C soil, with their respective 13C isotopic excess. The apparent C mineralization of pig slurry didn't increased with its soil incorporation, which just favored the straw C mineralization. In the treatments with wheat straw, with and without pig slurry, the apparent C mineralization (C-CO2) of straw in 95 days was, on average, of 58,4%, while the real C straw mineralization (13C-CO2) was of 45,8%, evidencing the occurrence of positive "priming effect." Despite of the high C/N (65,2) of wheat straw, its C mineralization just increased when was maintained in soil surface and the pig slurry were applied on the straw. In this condition, where the contact of straw with the soil is deficient, the presence of N mineral of pig slurry favored the heterotrophic microbial population, responsible for straw decomposition. With the higher contact of the straw with the soil, for its incorporation, the microorganisms supplied their N needs for biosynthesis from straw and soil organic matter mineralization, independently of N from pig slurry application. At the end of the experiment, the balance of 13C (13C-straw + 13C-soil + 13C-CO2), indicated that, in the average of all treatments, about 24% of the applied 13C with the straw were not recovered, probably for the incomplete capture of the 13C-CO2 liberated and for the difficulty in recovering the straw completely, in the treatments in that it was incorporated to the soil / Em áreas de plantio direto, os dejetos de suínos são aplicados sobre os resíduos culturais, tanto de plantas de cobertura de solo como das culturas comerciais. Existem poucas informações de pesquisa envolvendo a dinâmica do carbono no solo com esta modalidade de aplicação dos dejetos. Uma melhor compreensão da dinâmica do carbono durante a decomposição de dejetos de suínos e resíduos culturais é fundamental, tanto do ponto de vista ambiental quanto da manutenção e melhoria da capacidade produtiva do solo. Este trabalho foi conduzido, em condições de laboratório, com o objetivo de avaliar a dinâmica do carbono durante a decomposição de palha de trigo enriquecida com 13C e dejetos líquidos de suínos, utilizados isoladamente ou misturados, com e sem incorporação ao solo. Num Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico e utilizando o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: T1- Solo; T2- Solo + palha em superfície; T3- Solo + palha incorporada; T4- Solo + dejetos em superfície; T5- Solo + dejetos incorporados; T6- Solo + dejetos incorporados + palha em superfície; T7- Solo + dejetos incorporados + palha incorporada; T8- Solo + palha em superfície + dejetos em superfície. A umidade do solo foi ajustada para 100% da capacidade de campo e a incubação foi conduzida durante 95 dias a uma temperatura de 25ºC. Foram avaliados, continuamente, a liberação de C-CO2 e o seu excesso isotópico em 13C e, periodicamente, as quantidades remanescentes de matéria seca e de C da palha e de C no solo, com seus respectivos excessos isotópicos em 13C. A mineralização aparente do C dos dejetos não aumentou pela sua incorporação ao solo, a qual favoreceu apenas a mineralização do C da palha. Nos tratamentos com palha de trigo, com e sem dejetos, a mineralização aparente do C da palha (C-CO2) aos 95 dias foi, em média, de 58,4%, enquanto a mineralização real (13C-CO2) foi de 45,8%, evidenciando a ocorrência de efeito priming positivo. Apesar da elevada relação C/N (65,2) da palha de trigo, a sua mineralização aumentou apenas quando ela foi mantida na superfície do solo e os dejetos suínos foram aplicados sobre a mesma. Nessa condição, em que o contato da palha com o solo é deficiente, a presença do N mineral dos dejetos favoreceu a população microbiana heterotrófica, responsável pela decomposição da palha. Com o maior contato da palha com o solo, pela sua incorporação, os microrganismos atenderam sua demanda em N para a biossíntese a partir da mineralização da palha e da matéria orgânica do solo, independentemente do N aplicado com os dejetos. Ao final do experimento, o balanço de 13C (13C-palha + 13C-solo + 13C-CO2), indicou que, na média de todos os tratamentos, aproximadamente 24% do 13C aplicado com a palha não foram recuperados, provavelmente pela captura incompleta do 13C-CO2 liberado e pela dificuldade em recuperar completamente a palha nos tratamentos em que ela foi incorporada ao solo

Orientador: Roberto Perez Xavier / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:02:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AcevedoSerrato_AnderssonAlirio_M.pdf: 3771845 bytes, checksum: af79a7b62ce99b19ea8f0dedd231322e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O depósito aurífero de Juruena, localiza-se no setor oeste da Província Aurífera de Alta Floresta, sul do Cráton Amazônico, onde se hospeda em rochas graníticas da Suíte Intrusiva Paranaíta (1819 - 1793 Ma). Foram reconhecidos cinco tipos de alteração hidrotermal no depósito, organizado cronologicamente do evento mais precoce à mais jovem: (1) alteração potássica com veios de quartzo-sulfetos e quartzo+clorita+fluorita+sulfetos; (2) alteração sericitica com veios de quartzo+molibdenita±pirita com halo de feldspato K e veios de quartzo+calcita+clorita com halo de sericita ; (3) carbonatação com veios de calcita-fluorita-sulfetos; (4) silicificação, pervasiva e em veios; e (5) alteração propilítica com veios de epídoto e calcita. A mineralização encontra-se hospedada nos eventos 1 e 3, onde aparece principalmente como inclusões ou preenchendo fraturas em pirita e também relacionado com fases minerais ricas em Te-Bi-Ag. Estudos da paragênese do minério combinados com analises de microssonda, indicam sucessivos eventos de formação de piritas, definidos em quatro gerações: pirita euedral porosa (py1), desenvolvida nos veios iniciais da alteração potássica; pirita de granulação grossa, arredondada a subhedral, não porosa (py2), representante da segunda geração de pirita com cristais ocorrendo distribuídos na alteração potássica e sericitica; pirita anedral, muito porosa, com abundantes inclusões de silicatos, sendo esta fase dominante na alteração sericitica (py3). Pirita sobrecrescida nos cristais da geração mais jovem (py3) representante por tanto da ultima geração. Ressalta-se ainda que as gerações de py2 e py3 contém inclusões de ouro livre e ouro-teluretos. A geoquímica de elementos traço em pirita, revela que pirita de estágios mais precoces (py1) geralmente são mais pobres em ouro (Au < 0.02wt%) quando comparada à pirita de fases mais tardia (py2 e py3) que pode mostrar valores de Au de até 0.035 wt%. As análises também sugerem que o ouro deve ocorrer como nano- micropartículas na pirita e não como parte de sua estrutura cristalina. O cobre apresenta comportamento oposto, com contrações mais baixas em pirita tardia (Cu < 0.04wt%). Uma amostra de molibdenita associada à paragênese do minério aurífero forneceu uma idade modelo Re-Os de 1805 ± 7 Ma. Levando em consideração o erro, esta idade se sobrepõe parcialmente às idades U-Pb SHRIMP em zircão de 1790 ± 6.4 Ma,(com um nível de confiança de 95%, MSWD = 4.8, n =15) e de 1792 ± 5.8 (com um nível de confiança de 95%, MSWD = 0.32, n =17) obtidas, respectivamente em biotita monzogranito (principal hospedeira da mineralização) e em micromonzogranito representante da ultima fase granítica no depósito. Essa sobreposição sugere uma possível relação genética entre o magmatismo félsicos de idade correlata ao da Suíte Intrusiva Paranaíta e a mineralização aurífera. Dados de inclusões fluidas indicam que fluidos aquo-carbônicos com salinidades entre 0.6 e 11.3 wt% NaCl equiv. e temperaturas no intervalo de 341 ¿ 456 oC foram responsáveis pelos estágios iniciais da mineralização aurífera conteúdos na alteração potássica. Durante a evolução os fluidos ricos em CO2 decrescem, dando lugar para um regime de fluidos aquosos de salinidade elevada (31.4 e 36 wt% NaCl equiv.) com temperaturas entre 239 e 349 oC , representado por inclusões fluidas saturadas em sais. Fluidos essencialmente aquosos mais frios (155 ¿ 285 oC ) e de baixa salinidade representa os estágios finais do sistema hidrotermal. Valores calculados de ?18O para os fluidos hidrotermais oscilam entre 6.9 e 0.5 ¿ indicando uma fonte predominantemente magmática, com adição de pequenas quantidades de aguas meteóricas nos veio mais tardios da alteração sericitica. Os valores ?34S para os sulfetos (-7.1 até +1.5 ¿), são consistente com a precipitação a partir de uma fonte magmática oxidada. Um importante zoneamento foi reconhecido: valores menores de ?34Ssulfetos (-7.1 até -4.5 ¿) tendem a se associar aos veios representativos do estágio precoce da mineralização aurífera, enquanto que valores mais elevados de ?34Ssulfetos (-0.5 até +1.5 ¿) correspondem ao sulfetos contidos na carbonatação, o ultimo evento estudado. Este zoneamento é o resultado da interação fluido-rocha que muda as condições de oxidação-redução ao longo da evolução do fluido magmático-hidrotermal no depósito. Baseados nos dados de campo, petrográficos, de inclusões fluidas, isotópicos e na geoquímica de elementos traço é possível definir que o depósito aurífero de Juruena se trata de um sistema magmático-hidrotermal, com fluidos ricos em CO2 que evoluem para fluidos aquosos. O minério foi depositado diretamente dos fluidos hidrotermais durante diferentes e repetidos pulsos hidrotermais de composição variável. Os processos de formação do depósito aurífero de Juruena são similares aos depósitos do tipo ouro-pórfiro. / Abstract: The Juruena deposit belongs to a large group of intrusion-hosted gold deposits of the Alta Floresta Gold Province in the southern portion of the Amazonian Craton. This gold deposit is hosted by granitic rocks of Paranaita Intrusive Suite (1819 to 1793 Ma) which is crosscut by different sets of mafic intrusions. The hydrothermal alteration can be divided into five stages, from early to late: (1) potassic alteration, with quartz+sulfides and quartz+chlorite+fluorite+sulfides veins (2) sericitic alteration with quartz+molybdenite±pyrite veins with K-feldspar halo and quartz+calcite+chlorite veins with sericitic halo; (3) carbonatization with calcite+fluorite+sulfides veins; (4) silicification, pervasive and in veins; and (5) propylitic alteration with epidote and calcite veins. The mineralization is hosted in stages 1 and 3, where it occurs mostly as particles or filling fractures in the pyrite crystals and related with Te-Bi-Ag phases. Paragenetic studies of the mineralization combined with microprobe analysis indicated successive stages of pyrite formation defined in four generations: euhedral porous form the earliest generation, developed in the earliest veins from potassic alteration (py1). Coarser grained pyrite is a rounded to subhedral nonporous generation distributed in potassic and sericitic alterations (py2). Anhedral very porous generation contains abundant inclusions of silicates and is the dominant generation on the sericitic alteration (py3). Py2 and py3 contain inclusions of native gold and gold tellurides. The fourth generation (py4) overgrows the earlier py3. The geochemistry of trace elements in pyrite reveal that the earliest generation (py1) is particularly depleted in Au (Au ? 0.02 wt%) in comparison with other pyrite generations (py2 and py3) that showed results up to 0.35 wt% Au. Microprobe analysis also suggests that gold occurs mostly as nano- micro-size particles in the pyrite, and not as part of its crystal structure. Copper presents opposite behavior, with the lowest concentration on the richest gold pyrites (Cu ? 0.04 wt%.). A sample of molybdenite coexisting with Au-bearing pyrite from stage 2, revealed a Re-Os model age of 1805 ± 7 Ma. Taking into account the uncertainties, this age could overlaps with the U/Pb SHRIMP obtained in zircon from granitic rocks of the Paranaíta Intrusive Suite at 1790 ± 6.4 Ma (95% confidence level, MSDW= 4.8, n = 15) and 1792 ± 5.8Ma (95% confidence level, MSDW = 0.32, n = 17). This poses a genetic relationships between the felsic magmatism attributed to this granitic suite and the emplacement of the gold mineralization at the Juruena deposit, which can be defined as the result of a magmatic-hydrothermal system. Fluid inclusions microthermometric data obtained in veins of quartz constrain the formation of the early mineralizing events in the range of 341 and 456 oC from a low to moderate-salinity (0.6 and 11.3 wt% NaCl equiv.) H2O-CO2-NaCl fluid. At late stages of gold mineralization, fluid gradually become CO2-poor and higher salinities (31.4 to 36 wt% NaCl equiv.), represented by NaCl-bearing fluid inclusions. More diluted (0.4 to 13.7 wt% Nacl equiv.) and cooler (185 to 285 oC) aqueous fluid inclusions dominate the latest stages of the magmatic-hydrothermal system. Calculated ?18Ofluid values range from 6.9 to 0.5 ¿ indicating that ore fluids of essentially magmatic origin in the earlier mineralizing stages undergoes mixing with meteoric waters in the late stages. Sulfides from early veins display ?34SSulfide values in the range of -7.1 to -4.5 ¿, whereas more enriched ?34SSulfide values varying from -0.5 to +1.5 ¿ are obtained in sulfides from the late veins sets. The more negative ?34SSulfide values may reflect sulfides precipitation from oxidized magmatic fluids in the early ore stages, whereas higher ?34SSulfide values be attained in later stages as a result of water-rock interactions, fluid mixing and change of the redox conditions. Based on field, petrography, fluid inclusions, isotopic evidence and geochemistry of trace elements in pyrites, is possible to define that Juruena gold deposits is a magmatic-hydrothermal system, with hot CO2-fluid rich that evolve to lower temperature, aqueous fluids. The gold was precipitated directly from the hydrothermal solution during different pulses. The formation processes of the Juruena gold deposit are most similar with a typical small Au-porphyry system formed in the Paleoproterozoic / Mestrado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Mestre em Geociências