The significance of horse in the life and culture of the nomadic societies is a well-known fact. A large part of Mongolian oral traditions and folklore is related to horses. But the horse plays an important role in the oral tradition of sedentary peoples of Europe as well. The diploma thesis is based on field research, written sources and existing sources of folklore of Mongolia and Eastern Slovakia, where the traditional horse breeding still continues to exist. The aim of the thesis is to outline Mongolian perception of the world and the bond between the Mongol and nature through the description of the relationship between man and horse, which is compared with non-nomadic, sedentary culture of the Eastern Slovakia.

本文以「蒙古國的五色料理」為題，主要以蒙古國當地的料理為論述對象。五色分別為《白食》（Цагаан идээ），奶製品；《紅食》（Улаан идээ），五畜的肉；《綠食》（Ногоон идээ），各種植物及水果；《黃食》（Шар идээ），各種農作物及雜糧之油炸食物；《黑食》（Хар идээ），各種飲料及酒類、礦泉水等五種稱為五色料理，就是蒙古料理。 本文分五章，以五章來展開論述。第二到五章談五色料理，而第一章則是論述做為其基礎的灶。 第一章介紹蒙古的灶與五色料理，介紹蒙古的「灶文化」傳統習俗與五色料理處理過程的工具。 第二章 紅食：游牧民族料理的意象。分別從游牧民族的生活與牲畜、肉類保存的加工製作、肉類的料理、內臟及零碎肉的處理介紹蒙古牧民仰賴的五畜（綿羊、牛、山羊、馬、駱駝）；以及各種肉類加工方式、肉類料理與新式料理手法如綜合熱炒、肉絲炒麵。此外，受到南方中國的影響，出現「精細料理」的包子、扁食、餡餅，比較獨特的是碗裝火腿。蒙古民族愛吃也擅長處理動物內臟，有熱炒肝臟、用心、腎、肝、肺、瘤胃（肚）等內臟組成的五臟湯最有名；還有愛啃骨肉，有水煮羊頭、舌頭肉、肉凍。 第三章 白食：日常生活的主食。以草原生活環繞白食、白食食品特性、奶品的來源、日常生活裡的奶製品等分述奶品的製程、製作時節與生乳相關的民俗。 第四章 黃食與青食：生活中不可或缺的配角。有「隨手可吃的黃食」，包括油品與點心（Боов）。黃食就是油品。油品分為兩種，分別是動物油和植物油。蒙古族傳統上都吃動物油，近代則吃植物油的比例逐漸提高。 麵粉蒙古人以小麥、大麥磨製的麵粉，將這些麵粉加工再製的食品稱即為糕點，稱為點心（Боов）。接著論述「游牧生活對青食的需求」。有固有發展出來的的青食（水果、野果、蘑菇、松子、大麥、小麥），有古代傳入的青食（大蒜，洋蔥，白菜），有近代傳入的青食（馬鈴薯、青菜、番茄、黃瓜、辣椒），然後解釋上述各種青食。之後論述「奶茶」，特色為炒茶與熬茶，其次是「蒙古族喝茶文化」，有待客斟茶與回贈《茶的祝詞》，有重飲茶輕吃飯，往往是「一日三次茶」，卻「一日一頓飯」，有磚茶。再者「蒙古族喝茶習俗」，有敬茶，包括「德吉」與「咪拉勒格」，有禮品，曾是貴重品物，甚至當貨幣使用，有「禁忌」。 第五章 黑食：待客之道。分三節：第一節 奶酒（忽迷思Kumis，Гүүний сүү），第二節 白酒（Цагаан архи），兼提「日本提煉的可爾必思」與「蒙古國發展製酒業」，第三節 有色酒（答剌速Дарс，沙棘果Чацаргана）。 / This article is based on the theme of "Mongolian Cuisine", which is mainly based on the local cuisine of Mongolia. (Цагаан идээ), various plants and fruits; "yellow food" (Шар идээ), "red food" (Улаан идээ), five kinds of meat; Various kinds of crops and grains of fried food（Ногоон идээ）; "black food" (Хар идээ), a variety of drinks and alcohol, mineral water and other five kinds of five-color dishes, that is, Mongolian cuisine. This article is divided into five chapters to discuss. The second to the fifth chapter is about the five-color dishes, and the first chapter is discussed as the stove, which is the base of cuisine. The first chapter introduces the Mongolian stove and five-colors cuisine, introducing the Mongolian traditional "stove culture" and the tools used in the process of cuisine. Chapter II Red Food: The Image of Nomadic Cuisine. (Sheep, cattle, goats, horses, camels) from the nomadic life and the processing of livestock, meat, meat processing, viscera and petrique treatment, and the various meat processing methods, Meat dishes and new cooking techniques such as integrated stir-fried, pork fried noodles. In addition, by the impact of the South China, the emergence of "fine food" buns, flat food, pies, more unique is the bowl of ham. Mongolians love and is also good at dealing with animal offal, hot liver, heart, kidney, liver, lung, rumen (belly) and other internal organs composed of the most famous “dirty soup”; also love to bite flesh and blood, boiled sheep, sheep tongue, aspic. Chapter III White Food: Daily staple food. To the grassland life around the white food, and its characteristics, the source of milk, daily life in the dairy products such as the preparation of the milk process, the production season and milk-related folk. Chapter IV Yellow Food and Green Food: an indispensable supporting role in life. There are "ready to eat yellow food", including oil and snacks (Боов). Yellow food refers to oil. Oil is divided into two kinds, namely, animal oil and vegetable oil. Mongolian traditions eat animal oil, modern times the proportion of vegetable oil is gradually increased. Flour Mongolian wheat, barley grilled flour, these flour processing and reproduction of the food that is the pastry, known as the bakery (Боов). Then we talked about "the demand for green food in nomadic life". There are inherently developed green food (fruit, wild fruit, mushrooms, pine nuts, barley, wheat), there are ancient incoming green food (garlic, onions, cabbage), there are modern incoming green food (potatoes, vegetables, tomato, cucumber, pepper), and then explain the various kinds of green food. After the discussion of "milk tea", characterized by fried tea and boiled tea, followed by "Mongolian tea culture", there are guests pour tea and rebate "blessing words" after drinking, they concern more of tea than food, often "drink tea three times a day" but "one day a meal", there are brick tea. In addition, "Mongolian tea custom", there are tea-toss, including "Deji" and "Miraz", a gift, for tea was expensive goods, even was currency. Chapter V Black Food: Hospitality. There are three sections: the first section of horse milk wine (Kumis, Гүүний сүү), the second section of white wine (Цагаан архи), and "Japan refined Calpico" and "Mongolian wind industry", the third section of Colored wine (Дарс, Чацаргана).

Se Enkhbayar (b. 1956) is one of the most important contemporary Mongolian composers in China. His choral tone poem, Önchin Botog, integrates the traditional Mongolian musical elements Urtiin Duu (long song) and Khöömii (throat singing) with modern choral music and is one of the most representative works in the genre of modern Mongolian choral music. The purpose of this study is to provide a performance guidance for non-Mongolian musicians on Se Enkhbayar's work, Önchin Botog, by presenting his biographical and cultural backgrounds, discussing the use of traditional Mongolian singing styles, special rhythmic patterns (horse-step rhythm) and Chinese pentatonic scales. For conductors, this guide can shorten preparation time by providing musical analysis for artistic interpretation and practical points for sound effect creation. For solo singers, this guide will enable a Bel Canto singer to sing Urtiin Duu in Mongolian singing style. For Khöömii singers, this guide provides supplementary practical suggestions.

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The goal of this thesis is the investigation of the narratives of the originally Indian cycle of tales of the Enchanted Corpse (Sanskrit: Vetālapañcavinśati, Tibetan: ro sgrung, Mongolian: siditu' kegu'r-un u'liger) in their translation and cultural transmission to Tibet and Mongolia. Primarily, this work addresses these tales from a theoretical standpoint based on the writings of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze, whose idea of "nomadology" appears highly suitable for investigating the striking differences of all of the various linguistic mutations. In particular, Deleuze's analysis of language, nomadic space, "becoming" (devenir), the body without organs (corps sans organs), speech and silence, can be very effectively applied to the interpretation of these tales in the new cultural environments of Mongolia and Tibet.

Since the 1990s water quality monitoring projects using aquatic insects or macroinvertebrates as bioindication in Mongolia has mostly occurred in rivers drainage to the Arctic Ocean. They have been conducted to identify different anthropogentic stressors and impacts upon these running water ecosystems. However, there are still knowledge gaps and uncertainties concerning the research of these macroinvertebrates, in particular, a life cycle study of representative species are one such section of information missing. The specific aim for the study was to determine their life cycles and secondary production of selected species in the Kharaa River Basin, Mongolia, where these animals are exposed to harsh environment conditions. The main challenges for the research project were selecting the most suitable methods for use in the field sampling campaigns as well as establishing biomonitoring criteria for the target species under the extreme harsh climatic conditions. The research also sorts to address the pre-existing taxonomical identification problems. Consequently, a multi-habitat quantitative sampling method, and emergence traps type ‘Model week’ were selected. Five specific traits were chosen as selection criteria from the literature, where the life cycles of numerous species were investigated under comparable conditions to this study. Based on those five distinct criteria, a total of 18 species from EPT group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) were selected for deeper analysis. This thesis provided the first quantitative results on the life cycle, production, growth rate and emergence of aquatic insects from Mongolia, to allow comparisons with studies in other regions using the same methods. However, it still needs more quantitative research of population dynamics for a wider range of species including fecundity, accurate development rates, mortality losses (e.g., due to predation), and food availability across environmental gradients of hydraulic conditions and substrate types. In conclusion, last not least it is essential to obtain knowledge especially about life cycle strategies of macroinvertebrates to identify the indicator-properties of single species and to predict re-colonisation potential of disturbed habitats and to evaluate the efficiency of management measures.

Water resources in the semi-arid to arid areas of Central Asia are often limited by low precipitation, and hence vulnerable to impacts of global change, i.e. socio-economic development and climate change. Both, socio-economic development and climate change are very likely causing significant changes as water resources are affected by two main effects: Firstly, growing population and industrial activities in the region raise the pressure on water resources due to increasing water abstractions. Secondly, air temperature in the region has been rising in the past far above global average and it is expected to increase further, which will lead to changes in runoff generation and therefore water availability. Increasing temperature as well as increasing water abstractions will affect water quantity and consequently water quality as a result of higher pollution intake or reduction in dilution capacity. Thus, it is of crucial importance to analyse and assess the state of current and future water resources to implement sustainable water management as the above mentioned effects very likely causing significant changes of water resources. Within the last years, the number of scientific research studies using large-scale models to simulate water availability and water use has increased substantially. Several new datasets from earth observations and new or improved models have been published (Werth et al. 2009; Werth and Güntner 2010; van Beek et al. 2011). Nevertheless, those studies focussed on water quantity and did not take into account impacts on water quality induced by global change although changes in water quality affecting aquatic ecosystems and species. Furthermore, spatially explicit large-scale modelling studies have not been carried out for Mongolia and Central Asia to get a comprehensive overview and assessment. To address this research gap, the large-scale water resource modelling framework WaterGAP 3 was applied to Central Asia with a focus on Mongolia to simulate impacts on current and future water resources. WaterGAP 3 consists of hydrology, water use and water quality sub-models in order to simulate current and future water quantity and quality.

Die Forschungsarbeit beschäftigte sich mit der Frage, ob es zielführend ist, die Mongolei durch Veredelung eigener Ölressourcen mit Mineralölprodukten zu versorgen. Die Mongolei ist ein Land mit großem mineralischen Rohstoffpotential, darunter auch Erdöl. Zurzeit wird der Bedarf an Mineralölprodukten ausschließlich durch Import gedeckt. Zur Untersuchung der technischen Machbarkeit einer Ölverarbeitungsindustrie wurden verschiedene Raffinieriekonzepte auf Basis des mongolischen Rohöls Tamsag erarbeitet. Anschließend wurde anhand einer Bewertungsmethode die gesamtwirtschaftliche Relevanz der Downstream-Industrie in der Mongolei geprüft. Im Ergebnis der Untersuchungen zeigte sich, dass eine Erdölindustrie für die Mongolei sinnvoll ist. Die Erdölveredelung, als neuer Wirtschaftszweig, würde Möglichkeiten wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung eröffnen und die Importabhängigkeit der strategisch wichtigen Mineralölprodukte vermeiden.

The limnological knowledge of waters in arid regions, especially Mongolia, is still insufficient. It was the goal of the Mongolian-German research project “Limnological Particularities of Characteristic Waterbodies in the Uvs Nuur Basin” to develop a systematic inventory of waters, describe their morphological, hydrophysical, chemical and biological characteristics and to generalize the framework of abiotic and biotic factors that determine their character. During the field work, carried out from 1996 to 1999, samples of water, sediments, benthic and planktonic biota were taken from 76 places at 15 stagnant water bodies, 21 streams and several groundwater bodies; morphological, hydrological, physical and hydrochemical measurements were made. Chemical and biological analyses were carried out in Germany. The most important taxonomical groups were determined by German and international specialists. The results of the work are presented and discussed separately for running waters, lakes and groundwater. Based on these findings, several general topics are dealt with: factors shaping the character of water bodies, food webs, biogeography, spatial sequence of water bodies, typology and protection issues. A checklist of 596 taxa was compiled; 109 additional taxa from the Russian and Mongolian literature were included. Two species (Cyclops glacialis Flößner 2001 and Acanthocorbis mongolica Paul 2011) were new for the science and 103 species were new reports for Mongolia. A regional stream typology with 11 different types was developed using the criteria ecoregion, altitude and catchment area. The typology developed for stagnant waters comprises 9 types based on altitude, lake area, existence of an outflow and relative depth. This dissertation comprises 139 pages and an appendix of 59 pages, 50 tables, 94 figures and a map.:Acknowledgments ii Abstract iii List of Tables iii List of Figures vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Significance of the investigations 1 1.2 Aims of the investigations 2 1.3 Sequence of field research activities 3 1.4 Area of investigation 4 1.4.1 Topographic situation and morphology .4 1.4.2 Climate 5 1.4.3 Geology and soils 9 1.4.4 Vegetation 10 1.4.5 Population and economy 10 1.4.6 Former limnological investigations in the Uvs Nuur Basin 11 1.4.7 Short description of the investigated waters 12 2 Methods 15 2.1 Sampling 15 2.2 Field measurements 16 2.3 Laboratory analyses and data evaluation 19 3 Results and discussion 26 3.1 Rivers 26 3.1.1 Morphology and hydrology 26 3.1.2 Runoff dynamics 34 3.1.3 Water temperature and freezing 38 3.1.4 Chemical properties 39 3.1.5 Aquatic biota 43 3.2 Lakes 53 3.2.1 Formation and morphometry 53 3.2.2 Water level changes and water balance 58 3.2.3 Temperature and overturn dynamics of the water body 63 3.2.4 Vertical gradients of physico-chemical parameters and chlorophyll 65 3.2.5 Horizontal gradients in Uvs Nuur: surface temperature and suspended matter 69 3.2.6 Salinity and ionic composition 71 3.2.7 Nutrients and trophic state 74 3.2.8 Sediments 79 3.2.9 Aquatic biota 83 3.3 Groundwater 95 3.3.1 Hydrology 95 3.3.2 Chemical composition 96 3.3.3 Biota 98 4 Conclusions and synthesis 99 4.1 Exogenous factors influencing the character of water bodies 99 4.1.1 Biological structure of running waters 100 4.1.2 Biological structure of lakes 104 4.2 Food webs 105 4.3 Biogeographical classification 110 4.4 Spatial sequence of water bodies and material flows 113 4.5 Transformation of the water bodies 116 4.6 Typology of water bodies 117 4.7 Protection of landscape and waters 121 5 Literature 124 6 Appendices 140 6.1 Tables 140 6.2 Cross sections and longitudinal profiles of rivers 169 6.3 Microscopical images of algal species 175 6.4 Satellite images 179 6.5 Photographs of sampled waters 182

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