<p>Our group aims to develop a dedicated PET/MR system for breast cancer imaging. In order to evaluate and optimize the performance of the PET component, Monte Carlo simulation was made to help us choose the configuration parameters for hardware design. A resolution modeling method was also proposed and implemented on the GPU device to not only improve the spatial resolution of the reconstructed images but also accelerate the reconstruction speed. The PET component is configured with a ring shape composed of LYSO+SiPM detectors. Such design is compatible to MRI, and feasible for time of flight PET. Several aspects are included to be investigated in the simulation which are geometry configuration, counting performance and image quality. From the simulation result, the system configured using 2x2x20mm3 LYSO crystal with two DOI layers and 3 detector rings results in 6.2% photon sensitivity. The Noise equivalent count rate is improved with better time resolution, the peak NEC is found to be 7886 cps with 250 ps time resolution. The system is able to achieve 2.0 mm spatial resolution which is found to be more uniform with the addition of DOI layers. With the help of TOF, the lesion is visualizable with shorter scan time than the non-TOF system. The resolution modeling method is based on the coincidence detection response function modeling and multiray projection. It is found to improve the spatial resolution uniformity and contrast recovery. At the same time it reduces the position offset and background noise. The speed and accuracy improvement for this model is also discussed.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

Yes / This paper proposes a probabilistic method for active distribution networks planning with integration of demand response. Uncertainties related to solar irradiance, load demand and future load growth are modelled by probability density functions. The method simultaneously minimizes the total operational cost and total energy losses of the lines from the point of view of distribution network operators with integration of demand response over the planning horizon considering active management schemes including coordinated voltage control and adaptive power factor control. Monte Carlo simulation method is employed to use the generated probability density functions and the weighting factor method is used to solve the multi-objective optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated with 16-bus UK generic distribution system.

Ionomeric polymer transducers exhibit electromechanical coupling capabilities. The transport of charge due to electric stimulus is the primary mechanism of actuation for a class of polymeric active materials known as ionomeric polymer transducers (IPTs). The research presented in this dissertation focuses on modeling the cation transport and cation steady state distribution due to the actuation of an IPT. Ion transport in the IPT depends on the morphology of the hydrated Nafion membrane and the morphology of the metal electrodes. Recent experimental findings show that adding conducting powders at the polymer-conductor interface increases the displacement output. However, it is difficult for a traditional continuum model based on transport theory to include morphology in the model. In this dissertation, a two-dimensional Monte Carlo simulation of ion hopping has been developed to describe ion transport in materials that have fixed and mobile charge similar to the structure of the ionic polymer transducer. In the simulation, cations can hop around in a square lattice. A step voltage is applied between the electrodes of the IPT, causing the thermally-activated hopping between multiwell energy structures. By sampling the ion transition time interval as a random variable, the system evolution is obtained. Conducting powder spheres have been incorporated into the Monte Carlo simulation. Simulation results demonstrate that conducting powders increase the ion conductivity. Successful implementation of parallel computation makes it possible for the simulation to include more powder spheres to find out the saturation percentage of conducting powders for the ion conductivity. To compare simulation results with experimental data, a multiscale model has been developed to increase the scale of Monte Carlo simulation. Both transient responses and steady state responses show good agreement with experimental measurements. / Ph. D.

A numerical model based on fundamental engineering principles was developed and validated to establish a relationship between process parameters and the final properties of woodbased composite boards. The model simulates the mat formation, then compresses the reconstituted mat to its final thickness in a virtual press. The number of interacting variables during the hot-compression process is prohibitively large to assess a wide variety of data by experimental means. Therefore, the main advantage of the model based approach that the effect of the hot-compression parameters on the final properties of wood-based composite boards can be monitored without extensive experimentation. The mat formation part of the model is based on the Monte Carlo simulation technique to reproduce the spatial structure of the mat. The dimensions and the density of each flake are considered as random variables in the model, which follow certain probability density distributions. The parameters of these distributions are derived from data collected on industrial flakes by using an image analysis technique. The model can simulate the structure of a threelayer oriented strandboard (OSB) mat as well as the structure of random fiber networks. A grid is superimposed on the simulated mat and the number of flakes, the thickness, and the density of the mat at each grid point are computed. Additionally, the model predicts the change in several void volume fractions within the mat and the contact area between the flakes during consolidation. The void volume fractions are directly related to the physical properties of the mat, such as thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and permeability, and the contact area is an indicator of the effectively bonded area within the mat. The heat and mass transfer part of the model predicts the change of air content, moisture content, and temperature at designated mesh points in the cross section of the mat during the hotcompression. The water content is subdivided into vapor and bound water components. The free water component is not considered in the model due to the low (typically 6-7 %) initial moisture content of the flakes. The gas phase (air and vapor) moves by bulk flow and diffusion, while the bound water only moves by diffusion across the mat. The heat flow occurs by conduction and convection. The spatial derivatives of the resulting coupled partial differential equations are discretized by finite differences. The resulting ordinary differential equation in time is solved by a differential-algebraic system solver (DDASSL). The internal environment within the mat can be predicted among different initial and boundary conditions by this part of the hot-compression model. In the next phase of the research, the viscoelastic (time, temperature, and moisture dependent) response of the flakes was modeled using the time-temperature-moisture superposition principle of polymers. A master curve was created from data available in the literature, which describes the changing relaxation modulus of the flakes as a function of moisture and temperature at different locations in the mat. Then the flake mat was compressed in a virtual press. The stress-strain response is highly nonlinear due to the cellular structure of the mat. Hooke's Law was modified with a nonlinear strain function to account for the behavior of the flake mat in transverse compression. This part of the model gives insight into the vertical density profile formation through the thickness of the mat. Laboratory boards were produced to validate the model. A split-plot experimental design, with three different initial mat moisture contents (5, 8.5, 12 %), three final densities (609, 641, 673 kg êm3 or 38, 40, 42 lb ê ft3), two press platen temperatures (150, 200 °C), and three different press closing times (40, 60, 80 s) was applied to investigate the effect of production parameters on the internal mat conditions and the formation of the vertical density profile. The temperature and gas pressure at six locations in the mat, and the resultant density profiles of the laboratory boards, were measured. Adequate agreement was found between the model predicted and the experimentally measured temperature, pressure, and vertical density profiles. The complete model uses pressing parameters (press platen temperature, press schedule) and mat properties (flake dimensions and orientation, density distribution, initial moisture content and temperature) to predict the resulting internal conditions and vertical density profile formation within the compressed board. The density profile is related to all the relevant mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength) of the final board. The model can assist in the optimization of the parameters for hot-pressing woodbased composites and improve the performance of the final panel. / Ph. D.

The double-sensor conductivity probe is one of the most commonly used techniques for obtaining local time-averaged parameters in two-phase flows. The uncertainty of this measurement technique has not been well understood in the past as it involves many different steps and influential factors in a typical measurement. This dissertation aims to address this gap by performing a systematic and comprehensive study on the measurement uncertainty of the probe. Three types of uncertainties are analyzed: that of measurands, of the model input parameters, and of the mathematical models. A Monte Carlo uncertainty evaluation framework closely simulating the actual measuring process is developed to link various uncertainty sources to the time-averaged two-phase flow quantities outputted by the probe. Based on the Monte Carlo uncertainty evaluation framework, an iteration method is developed to infer the true values of the quantities that are being measured. A better understanding of the uncertainty of the double-sensor conductivity probe is obtained. Multiple advanced techniques, such as high speed optical imaging and fast X-ray densitometry, recently become mature and easily accessible. To further improve the accuracy of local two-phase flow measurement, a method is developed to integrate these techniques with the double-sensor conductivity probe by considering the measuring principles and unique advantages of each technique. It has been demonstrated that after processing and synergizing the data from different techniques using the current integration method, the final results show improved accuracy for void fraction, gas velocity and superficial gas velocity, compared to the original probe measurements. High-resolution two-phase flow data is essential for the further development of various two-phase flow models and validation of two-phase CFD codes. Therefore, a comprehensive high-accuracy database of two-phase flows is acquired. The gas-phase information is obtained by the integration method developed in this dissertation, and the recently developed Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PIV-PLIF) technique is utilized to measure liquid-phase velocity and turbulence characteristics. Flow characteristics of bubbly flow, slug flow and churn-turbulent flow are investigated. The 1-D drift-flux model is re-evaluated by the newly obtained dataset. The distribution parameter model has been optimized based on a new void-profile classification method proposed in this study. The optimized drift-flux model has significant improvements in predicting both gas velocity and void fraction. / Doctor of Philosophy / The double-sensor conductivity probe is one widely used technique for measuring local time-averaged parameters in two-phase flows. Although a number of studies have been carried out in the past, a good understanding of the uncertainty of this technique is still lacking. This paper aims to address this gap by performing a systematic and comprehensive study on the measurement uncertainty of the probe. Three types of uncertainties are analyzed: that of measurands, of the model input parameters, and of the mathematical models. A better understanding of the uncertainty of the double-sensor conductivity probe has been obtained. Considering the unique measuring principles and advantages of multiple advanced techniques, a method is developed to integrate these techniques with the double-sensor conductivity probe to further improve the accuracy of local two-phase flow measurement. It has been demonstrated that the integration method significantly improves the accuracy of probe measurements. Realizing the needs of high-resolution two-phase flow data to the further development of various two-phase flow models and validation of two-phase CFD codes, a comprehensive database of two-phase flows is acquired. The gas-phase and liquid-phase information are acquired by the new integration method and the recently developed Particle Image Velocimetry and Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PIV-PLIF) technique, respectively. The classical 1-D drift-flux model is re-evaluated by the newly obtained dataset. The distribution parameter model has been optimized, resulting in significant improvements in predicting both gas velocity and void fraction.

We study the non-equilibrium behavior of systems that are driven out of equilibrium from the interface. In the first part of this thesis, we study a model of a two-dimensional lattice gas that is in contact with two heat baths that are at different temperatures. Performing Monte Carlo simulations, we find that there are three possible types of non-equilibrium steady states, depending on the values of certain system parameters. They include a disordered phase, a fully phase separated state, and an interesting state with striped patterns in the half of the lattice where the temperature is lower. The last one is a novel non-equilibrium steady state that we study systematically by varying the system parameters. To obtain the non-equilibrium finite-size phase diagram, we perform a spectrum analysis to classify not only the three major states, but also the sub-states of the striped phase. In the second part of the thesis, we study magnetic friction that results when two Potts systems move with respect to each other. In this research, we first study a model that consists of two interacting Potts blocks, where one block moves on top of the other. As a result, the system is driven out of equilibrium constantly. In our research we find for weak interfacial couplings that the contacting surfaces behave rather similar to a free surface. If the interfacial coupling is strong, however, anisotropic spin patterns appear on the contacting surfaces. This study is extended to a three-dimensional Potts wedge with a tip sliding along the surface of a Potts block. It is found that the shape of the Potts lattice influences the surface behavior of the system. / Ph. D.

This thesis describes XL, an x-ray imaging simulator for luggage inspection. This software system runs on a workstation and models x-ray sources, x-ray detectors and objects between them. A simple graphical interface permits the user to specify simulation parameters and inputs. XL then uses Monte Carlo methods to simulate x-ray interaction with matter, including the photoelectric effect, coherent scattering, and incoherent scattering. Finally, XL can produce x-ray images which agree closely with experimental data obtained from a commercial luggage scanner. The simulator will be a valuable tool in the development of future x-ray scanners, particularly those designed to detect explosives in luggage. / Master of Science

Reliable and efficient utilization and operation of any engineering asset require carefully designed maintenance planning and maintenance related data in the form of failure times, repair times, Mean Time between Failure (MTBF) and conditioning data etc. play a pivotal role in maintenance decision support. With the advancement in data analytics sciences and industrial artificial intelligence, maintenance related data is being used for maintenance prognostics modeling to predict future maintenance requirements that form the basis of maintenance design and planning in any maintenance-conscious industry like railways. The lack of such available data creates a no. of different types of problems in data driven prognostics modelling. There have been a few methods, the researchers have employed to counter the problems due to lack of available data. The proposed methodology involves data augmentation technique using Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) Simulation to enhance maintenance data to be used in maintenance prognostics modeling that can serve as basis for better maintenance decision support and planning.

Prestressed concrete structural members camber upwards or downwards depending upon the location of application of prestress force. Identical members do not camber equally due to variability of the factors influencing it. Differential camber in the beams, if significant, results in excessively tall haunches or girder top flange extending into the bottom of the slab. For adjacent members like deck bulb-tees and box girders that are to be transversely post-tensioned the differential camber causes problems during the fit up process. This variation is undesirable and hinders the smooth progress of construction work if not properly accounted for at the design stage. Various factors influence camber and camber growth in prestressed members. Some of the factors are concrete strength and modulus, concrete creep and shrinkage properties, curing conditions, maturity of concrete at release of prestress force, initial strand stress, climatic conditions in storage and length of time in storage. Combinations of these variables result in variation of camber of otherwise similar beams at the time they are erected. One way to increase the precision of camber estimation is to use Monte Carlo simulation based upon the randomized parameters affecting the camber and camber growth. In this method, the parameters, in the form of a probability distribution function, are combined and passed through a deterministic model resulting in camber and camber growth prediction with narrowed probability bounds as compared to single definite value given by most contemporary methods. This outcome gives the expected range of cambers for a given girder design. After determining the expected range of camber, the ultimate goal is to provide guidelines for using unbonded monostrands for camber adjustment. / Master of Science

Yes / We introduce a continuous time model for stock prices in a general factor representation with the noise driven by a geometric Brownian motion process. We derive the theoretical hitting probability distribution for the long-until-barrier strategies and the conditions for statistical arbitrage. We optimize our statistical arbitrage strategies with respect to the expected discounted returns and the Sharpe ratio. Bootstrapping results show that the theoretical hitting probability distribution is a realistic representation of the empirical hitting probabilities. We test the empirical performance of the long-until-barrier strategies using US equities and demonstrate that our trading rules can generate statistical arbitrage profits.