De seneste årene er det oppdaget slitasjeskade på offshorevindturbinenes fortøyningsplass, hvor båter kommer inntil for på og avlastning av drift og vedlikeholdspersonell. Hensikten med denne oppgaven er å se på beleggenes egenskaper i forhold til slitasje og å få en forståelse av hvorfor slitasjeskade oppstår ved fortøyning mellom båt og vindturbin. Beleggene som er valgt ut til testing, er beleggsystemer som i dag brukes på offshorerelaterte strukturer, som oljeplattformer og vindturbiner De mekaniske egenskapene til beleggene ble undersøkt ved hjelp av vickers mikrohardhetsmåler, ruhetsmåler, slitasjeapparat og strekkapparat. • Polyester inneholder glasspartikler og fikk påvist høyest massetap, glasspartiklene kan ha falt av under slitasje og bidratt til skade på beleggoverflaten. • I slitasjetesten ble det funnet at gummi heftet på beleggenes overflate. Den avsatte gummien kan derfor ha virket som et beskyttende lag. • Det ble funnet at lang herdetid øker slitasjeegenskapene til belegget. • For epoksybeleggene og varmforsinket stål var slagfastheten bedre enn for de andre beleggene, dette skyldes god heft mellom lagene. Testene i denne oppgaven viser at det er ulike årsaker til at skade oppstår i belegg på grunn av fender. Det er funnet at glasspartikler, høy ruhet, dårlig heft mellom strøkene og kort herdetid kan ha vært årsaken til skade på belegg på grunn av fender. Et Epoksy belegg er funnet til å være det som vil være best egnet til å brukes på fender- rør.

Affordable price, high abundance of magnesium and high densities of hydrogenin the Mg-based hydrides attract interest to these hydrides tailored for hydrogenand energy storage applications. Ternary La-Mg-Ni hydrogen storage alloys withcomposition La3-xMgxNi9 (x = 0.8-1.2) form a new class of the materials for thenegative electrodes in Ni-Metal Hydride (MH) batteries. The electrochemical dischargecapacity of such alloys reaches 400 mAh/g which is 25 % greater than thatof the commercial AB5-type based electrodes, 315 mAh/g. The La3-xMgxNi9alloys crystallize with trigonal PuNi3 type of crystal structure. Magnesium replaceslanthanum to form the hybrid LaNi5 + Laves phase structures and favorablychanges the thermodynamics of the metal-hydrogen interactions allowingimproved performance of the advanced metal hydride battery electrodes.Differences in melting temperatures of lanthanum, nickel and easily evaporatingmagnesium and a complexity of the phase equilibria in the La-Mg-Ni systemcause difficulties in synthesis of the battery electrode alloys with controlled Mgcontent and a desired phase-structural composition.In present work a La2MgNi9 alloy was in focus. Its successful synthesis hasbeen achieved from the alloy melts containing 0-30 % of overstoichiometric Mgas compared to La2MgNi9 by use of Rapid Solidification performed at variousquenching rates, with a copper wheel rotation speed of 3.1, 10.5 and 20.9 m/s.They were analyzed by synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SR XRD) including in situstudies in hydrogen gas performed at Swiss-Norwegian Beam Lines at ESRF,Grenoble, and by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with electron probemicroanalysis (EPMA). Pressure-Composition-Temperature isotherms, hydrogenabsorption-desorption cycling and measurements of the electrochemical chargedischargeperformances were employed to characterize hydrogenation behaviorsof the studied alloys. These studies showed that the melt spinning of the alloycontaining 30 % weight excess of Mg quenched using wheel spin speed of 400 RPMallowed obtaining the most homogeneous sample with the optimal microstructureand phase-structural composition corresponding to the formation of La2MgNi9with the highest yield.Variations in magnesium content and selection of optimal conditions for the RapidSolidification process provide complementary possibilities in improving propertiesof the studied La-Mg-Ni alloys as hydrogen storage and battery electrodematerials and provide a possibility to upscale production of the battery alloys.This work was performed at Institute for Energy Technology and at Departmentof Materials Science and Engineering, NTNU.

Since the late nineties weldable supermartensitic stainless steels (SMSS) has been used in subsea flowlines, and more than 400 km is installed. Hydrogen related problems in the weld fabrication stage or hydrogen induced stress cracking (HISC) due to hydrogen embrittlement under cathodic protection have been reported and testing to better understand the behavior of these materials is of interest. The present work is focusing on the effect of double heat cycles on carbide precipitation and secondary hardening in two high grade SMSS, one alloyed with Ti and one not (0.007% Ti). The experimental work included heat treatment of both steels in single and double cycles in both oven and in induction heating weld simulator. All specimens were heated to 1000 degrees celsius for 30 min to austenize the material and air cooled before simulating second heat cycles of 1-60 min in the temperature range 500-600 degrees celsius. The microstructures resulting from the heat treatments were characterized by standard metallographic techniques, hardness testing and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results from hardness testing show a secondary hardening effect in both steels for all temperatures tested, with a maximum for samples treated at 550 degrees celsius. For all samples there was also a significant drop in hardness from the hardness of the single cycle sample to the 1 min tempered double cycle samples. From investigation in TEM it was found that, in the steel alloyed with titanium TiC precipitate during tempering and in the steel not alloyed with titanium Cr23C6 precipitate during tempering at 550. The difference in secondary hardening found is explained by the difference in carbide precipitation mechanism. In the steel alloyed with titanium a higher secondary hardening effect was found. No carbide precipitation was found in the single cycle heat treated state of the steels.

Det har i dette arbeidet blitt undersøkt hvilke effekter relativt store mengder silisium har på egenskaper i stål. To ulike deler i stål, tinder og fjærer, som jordbruksselskapet Kverneland Group ASA produserer, har blitt undersøkt nærmere. Felles for tinder og fjærer er at de er utsatt for store mekaniske belastninger og trenger derfor høy styrke. Begge må tåle sykliske belastninger og de krever derfor stor utmattingsmotstand slik at de ikke går til brudd for tidlig.Tindelegeringen som ble studert var 33S17B og de fire fjærlegeringene var 46Si7, 55Si7, 50CrV4 og 35M13B. Felles for tinder og fjærer var at både tindelegeringen, 33S17B, og to av fjærlegeringene, 46Si7 og 55Si7, hadde et høyt silisiuminnhold på henholdsvis 1,6 %, 1,6 % og 2,0 wt.%.Hovedmålet med denne oppgaven har vært å finne ut hvilken effekt det relativt høye silisiuminnholdet i 33S17B, 46Si7 og 55Si7 hadde. For 33S17B var det interessant å se i hvilken grad silisium påvirket senterseigringene i godset. For fjærlegeringene ble de med høyt silisiuminnhold, 46Si7 og 55Si7, sammenlignet med legeringsalternativene med langt lavere silisiuminnhold, 50CrV4 og 35M13B. I løpet av dette arbeidet har kjemiske analyser og varmbehandling av tindelegeringen 33S17B blitt utført. De varmebehandlede mikrostrukturene har blitt studert i lysmikroskop og mikrohardhetsmålinger ble utført. Videre ble de fire fjærlegeringene 46Si7, 55Si7, 50CrV4 og 35M13B varmebehandlet og anløpt på ulike måter. Prøver av legeringene ble studert i lysmikroskop, hardhetsmålinger ble gjort på både mikro- og makronivå og strekkforsøk ble utført. Det høye silisiuminnholdet i 33S17B, 46Si7 og 55Si7 førte til at ferritt var en stabil fase ved relativt høye glødetemperaturer. Ved et lavere silisiuminnhold ville ikke ferritt, men kun austenitt, vært stabil for de samme glødetemperaturene.I 33S17B forekom blant annet silisium som senterseigringer i leveringsmaterialet. Konsentrasjonsforskjellen mellom seigringen og legeringens gjennomsnitt var på omtrent 1 wt.%. Dette førte til at seigringene inneholdt forekomester av ferritt etter bråkjøling fra så høye temperaturer som minst 1000 °C. Varmebehandling ved 1050 °C gjorde at seigringsferritten ble austenittisert og omdannet til martensitt ved bråkjøling.For fjærlegeringene 46Si7 og 55Si7 førte det høye silisiuminnholdet til relativt kraftig avkulling ved en herdetemperatur på 900 °C. Ettersom overflaten ble avkullet i løpet av varmebehandlingen gjorde det høye silisiuminnholdet at austenitten ikke lenger var stabil ved glødetemperaturen. Den karbonfattige austenitten i overflaten ble omvandlet til ferritt ved glødetemperaturen. Etter bråkjøling forble ferritten uforandret.Som for legering 33S17B førte også en høyere herdetemperatur til at 46Si7 og 55Si7 ble fullstendig austenittisert i forkant av bråkjølingen. Det ble funnet at 46Si7 og 55Si7 bør bråkjøles fra henholdsvis 950 °C og 1000 °C for å unngå et ferrittsjikt i overflaten.Legeringene 50CrV4 og 35M13B hadde et langt lavere silisiuminnhold og hadde derfor ikke et ferrittsjikt på overflaten. Ved å bråkjøle 50CrV4 fra 900 °C oppnådde legeringen den høyeste overflatehardheten blant samtlige avkullingsprøver. Dette viste at 50CrV4 er legeringen med den antatt høyeste utmattingsmotstanden. Det ble imidlertidig påvist mulig korngrenseoksidasjon i overflaten på 50CrV4 etter noen av varmebehandlingene, noe som i så fall vil svekke utmattingsmotstanden.Legering 35M13B bør austenittiseres og bråkjøles fra en temperatur ikke høyere enn 900 °C for å oppnå en høyest mulig hardhet på overflaten. Strekkforsøkene viste at 35M13B var legeringen med størst arbeidsherding.

The most active catalyst for oxygen evolution in PEM water electrolysis is ruthenium oxide. Its major drawback as a commercial catalyst is its poor stability. In a mixed oxide with iridium, ruthenium becomes more stable. However, it would be favorable to find a less expensive substitute to iridium. In this work, the dissolution potential and lifetime of mixed oxides containing ruthenium and tantalum are investigated. In order to effectively determine what effects tantalum and particle size have on stability, only a small amount of tantalum is used, and the catalysts are supported by antimony doped tin oxide, ATO. This leads to a very small particle size, and makes it possible to investigate small amounts of catalyst where little new surface is made available during degradation.Catalysts were prepared with the normal polyol method by reducing RuCl3 and TaCl5 in ethylene glycol, EG, before the metal particles were deposited on the ATO support. The catalysts were investigated electrochemically with cyclic and linear voltammetry. Furthermore, the lifetime of four catalysts were determined by chronoamperometry at 1.455V vs. RHE. The compositions and loading of catalyst on the support were determined by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and the particle sizes were measured with transmission electron microscopy (TEM).In one synthesis, the reduction time and temperature were increased from 3 hours at 170◦C to 4 hours at 190◦C in order to increase the reduction rate. While this had no effect on the Ta composition, the catalyst got a fraction of amorphous phase not found in any of the other catalysts. The amorphous Ru0.9Ta0.1O2 particles had the largest particle size and the highest stability of the ones investigated. 10wt% water was added to the synthesis of an ATO-RuO2 catalyst in order to increase the particle size, but no significant effect was observed. Larger RuO2 particles and amorphous Ru0.9Ta0.1O2 particles were obtained by collecting them as unsupported catalysts.The addition of tantalum has a negative effect on the catalytic activity. When Ta is present, the dissolution potential of Ru at around 1.45V is slightly increased, but the degradation rate is increased above 1.49V. A large particle size in RuO2 has a significant positive effect on stability.

Laminatkompositter av plater av AA3103 aluminium + copper, samt AA3103 + C24000 messing, har blitt laget ved å anvende en prosess for akkumulert valsesveising (ARB). To forskjellige kobber/aluminium-stabler ble utsatt for 6 sykluser ARB ved en valsetemperatur på 350°C, og beholdt en kontinuerlig lagstruktur gjennom hele prosessen. Den relativt lave graden av kaldbearbeiding gjorde imidlertid at styrken økte lite eller ingenting med økende antall passeringer. 3 andre paralleller med originalstabler ble lagd av kobber, ikke-anløpt messing, og anløpt messing, der hver plate ble stablet mellom to aluminiumsplater som var betraktelig kaldvalset. Den første passeringen ARB foregikk ved 350°C, mens de påfølgende passeringene skjedde ved romtemperatur (CARB). Hver prøve som ble laget i løpet av denne prosessen ble kritisk oppsprukket, langs midten av plata, langsmed valseretningen, i løpet av den 5. passeringen ARB. I tilleg så hadde store, akkumulerte tøyninger forårsaket betydelig sprekkvekst langs kantene av laminatplatene.Etter passeringene før kritisk sprekkvekst oppstod, viste de kaldvalsede prøvene økende styrke med økende antall passeringer gjennom valsen, helt til det punktet hvor kobber/messing-lagene hadde sprukket opp og ble diskontinuerlige. De oppsprukne lagene bidro lite til styrke i både strekk- og bøyetester, samt at disse materialene gav prøver med innbyrdes større avvik mellom prøver tatt fra forskjellige steder på samme plate. Tidligere forskningsarbeid har funnet at forskjeller i plastisk flyt kan forårsake instabiliteter ved grenseflatene, og at dette fører til necking av lagene til det hardeste materialet. I løpet av arbeidet utført i denne rapporten, ble forholdet mellom lagtykkelsen til de ulike materialene balansert for å motarbeide denne effekten. I tillegg så viste de fremstilte prøvene en hittil oversett instabilitetsmekanisme: skjærdeformasjon. Skjærbånd ble observert i kobberlagene under EBSD-undersøkelser, og antatt korresponderende bølgelignende deformasjonsmønstre, som forplantet seg på tvers av lag, ble observert i lysmikroskop.Videre ARB-passeringer med de utforskede materialene vil ikke være mulig uten noen form for varmebehandling eller anløping mellom enkelte passeringer, siden det vil bli nødvendig å løse opp spenninger i de svært arbeidsherdede materialene.

A characterization of the softening behaviour of four different commercially pure aluminium alloys has been carried out. The work is related to the MOREAL project (Modelling towards value-added recycling friendly aluminium alloys), where the main goal is to quantify the effect of the elements in recyclable aluminium alloys on microstructure and mechanical properties during thermo-mechanical processing. Typical elements are iron (Fe), silicon (Si) and manganese (Mn), and the alloys studied in this work contain Fe and Si with different amount and ratio: alloy A1 with 0.15 wt% Fe and 0.05 wt% Si; alloy A2 with 0.15 wt% Fe and 0.15 wt% Si; alloy B1 with 0.5 wt% Fe and 0.05 wt% Si and alloy B2 with 0.5 wt% Fe and 0.15 wt% Si.The as-cast material of all four alloys were homogenized at 600 °C for 24 hours followed by a cooling sequence to 450 °C, implying a total dwell time of 160 hours. The alloys were then cold rolled to a strain of 2.6 and isothermally annealed at temperatures from 275 °C to 375 °C, and the physical and mechanical properties were followed with electrical conductivity and hardness measurements. The microstructure and texture has been investigated with electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) in scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical light microscopy and orientation distribution functions (ODF) from X-ray diffraction. Alloy A1 and A2 where fully recrystallzed after 10 000 seconds when isothermally annealed at 300 °C. Alloy B1 and B2 are slightly faster to reach the fully recrystallized state than alloy A1 and A2. The decrease in mechanical properties during softening was nearly linear on a logarithmic time scale, especially for alloy B1 and B2, with the onset of recrystallization difficult to seperate from the recovery. Electrical conductivity measurements showed that there was minimal concurrent precipitation. Images of the microstructure of the samples annealed at 275 °C show a long recovery phase followed by recrystallization. Particle stimulated nucleation (PSN) sites seems to be an important nucleation mechanism as it is found that the initial grain size have little effect on the softening kinetics, indicating that nucleation on old grain boundaries is of little importance. The recrystallization texture is weak with the typical Cube orientation slightly rotated around the normal direction. The recrystallized grain size was found to be smaller in alloy B1 and B2 (16-20 μm) than in alloy A1 and A2 (21-27 μm), most likely due to more PSN sites in these alloys. The grain growth that followed after recrystallization was found to be slightly larger for alloy A1 and A2 than alloy B1 and B2, most likely due to the effect from solute drag.

Alkaline water electrolysis need a catalyst with low overpotential and high current densitiy for oxygen evolution in order to be a commercial viable hydrogen source in the future. Finding and establishing a correlation between electrocatalytic activity and charge carrier density will help towards finding an optimum catalyst for this purpose. Such comparisons have been made using theoretical values for charge carrier density, but the aim of this work is to use charge carrier data from experimental values.Five powders of La<sub>1-x</sub>Sr<sub>x</sub>CoO<sub>3</sub> (with compositions x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1) were synthesized by solid-state synthesis and sintered to pellets. The pellet surfaces were investigated in alkaline solution (pH = 13) by cyclic voltammetry, polarization and impedance measurements. Polariza- tion curves with Tafel lines and Mott-Schottky plots were established. The powders and pellet surfaces were investigated by XRD, SEM, EDS, AFM and light microscope.The polarization curves revealed a volcanic behavior with an increase in catalytic activity from x = 0 up to x = 0.75 and then decreasing. The charge carrier density increased with increasing strontium doping. The resulting comparison gave figure 34. Surface investigation revealed much porosity. Because of corrosion, the surface area increased with measuring, and finding the real surface area and the roughness proved to be problematic.A volcanic behavior of the charge carrier density and electrocatalytic activity relationship were observed. Finding roughness factor values by measuring double layer capacitance measured by the cyclic voltammetry method and dividing by the nominal capacitance for a flat surface proved to be unsuccessful. Better synthesis and sintering procedures of pellets are needed to increase the density of the samples in order to decrease the roughness and the effect of corrosion.

Intragranular chromium nitrides is a phenomenon with detrimental effects on material properties in superduplex stainless steels which have not received much attention. Precipitation of nitrides occurs when the ferritic phase becomes supersaturated with nitrogen and there is insufficient time during cooling for diffusion of nitrogen into austenite. Heat treatment was carried out at between 1060◦C and 1160◦C to study the materials susceptibility to nitride precipitation with varying heat treatment temperature, nitrogen content and microstructure. Microhardness tests and Charpy v-notch tests were also carried out to investigate the nitrides effect on material properties. No standard method of quantification of nitrides exist. A method of quantifying the precipitation based on area fraction of nitrides was therefore introduced. The results show an increased amount of nitride precipitation with increased heat treatment temperature. A coarse microstructure with a large austenite spacing was found to promote higher fractions of nitride precipitation while nitrogen content was found to affect the amount of precipitation in less extent. The intragranular nitrides cause precipitation hardening in the ferrite and the precipitation was found to be at its most severe in the center of the ferritic regions, with precipitation free zones close to the phase boundaries. The microhardness of the phase was affected accordingly, with increasing hardness towards the center. Charpy v-notch test results show that nitride precipitation causes an embrittlement of the steel while intragranular secondary austenite improves the impact toughness of the material as it shortens the dif- fusion distance of nitrogen, decreasing the materials susceptibility to intragranular nitride precipitation.

ALM-based production of Titanium components shows great promise in supplying cost-effective products within industries such as energy, chemical processing and aerospace. In common for all is high quality demands. This necessitates extensive research into the intricacies of this production process. Complex microstructures comprised of columnar remnants of directionally solidified β-Titanium, with interior inhabited by colonies of finer α-plate structures were found in samples produced by layered plasma welding of alloy Ti-6Al-4V. Utilising the powerful characterisation tool of in-situ tensile tests combined with EBSD analysis allowed qualitative correlation between microstructural features and deformation characteristics. Non-uniform deformation occurs due to a strong variation of strain response between colonies. Prismatic and basal slip systems are active, with the prismatic systems contributing to the most severe deformation through coarse, widely spaced slip bands. Certain colonies behave as microstructural units, with easy slip transmission across the entire colony. Other colonies show significant deformation mismatch, with local build up of strain gradients and stress concentration. Segmentation occurs due to the growth morphology imposed by the columnar grains. Tensile tests perpendicular to columnar structures reveal strong deformation localization. Connections are made between the peculiarities of the production process and the observed microstructure and deformation mechanisms.