Two macrocyclic squares (one with four Pd 21 corners, the other with four Pte+ corners) were synthesized according to literature methods."2 The charge-transfer complexes which formed when each were mixed with a bis(thiol)hydroquinone were then studied by UV-VIS, NMR, and IR spectroscopy. The UV-VIS data obtained indicated a stoichiometric relationship of I mole of molecular square to 2 moles of dithiol and a very large binding constant. Further evidence for the association between each macrocyclic square and the dithiol was observed in the NMR spectrum by the shifting of the proton resonances on the bipyridine unit of the molecular square and in the IR spectra by the changes in the aromatic ring absorptions of the dithiol and the bipyridine ring absorptions of the square.A monolayer formed on gold from a dilute solution of the dithiol in ethanol and a monolayer formed from a dilute solution of a 6:1 ratio of molecular square to dithiol were each observed by infrared grazing angle spectroscopy. The spectrum of the dithiol monolayer indicated that the aromatic ring was oriented perpendicular to the gold surface. The infrared spectrum of the square/dithiol monolayer showed the presence of triflate absorptions and methyl stretches, suggesting the square was attached via a catanane formation. Furthermore, the spectral data indicated that upon formation of the catanane, the aromatic ring of the dithiol and the bipyridine rings of the square were oriented parallel to the gold surface. / Department of Chemistry

Novel indolo-macrocycles have been generated from the attempts to synthesise bis-indolo-cyclotriveratrylenes by the condensation of I, I'-diindolyl-3,3'-dimethanols catalysed by p-toluenesulfonic acid. The addition of substituents on indoles led to enhanced solubilities of the macrocycles. Nine- and six-membered ring compounds have been synthesized from the acid-catalysed reaction of I,I'-diindolyl compounds and aryl aldehydes. Some reactions of these compounds and the attempted synthesis of 2,2' diindolylmethanes from the cyclic compounds have also been described. The electrophilic substitution reactions of 3-substituted 4,6-dimethoxyindole 2,6-dimethanols and 3-substituted 4,6-dimethoxyindole-7 and 2-carbaldehydes and I-substituted indoles afforded triindolyl dialdehydes. The wriation of substituents at C-7 of indole-7-aldehydes and at C-2 of indole-2-aldehydes has also been discussed. Reaction of the hydroxymethylindole and 1,2-di(indol-I-ylmethyl)benzene gave a new macrocycle. Substitution reactions of 2,2???-diindolylmethane-7,7'-dimethanol and indole-7- and 2-aldehydes gave tetraindolyl dialdehydes. Sodium borohydride reduction of tri- and tetra-indolyl dialdehydes gave tri- and tetra-indolyl dimethanols respectively. Acid-catalysed reactions of tri- and tetra-indolyl dimethanols afforded only calix[3] and [4]indoles respectively when all substituents at C-3 of indoles were aryl groups. New conditions for indole based imine synthesis have been established Macrocyclic imine formation from mono-, di-, tri and tetra-indolyl dialdehydes has been investigated. Reactions of indole-3, 7-dialdehydes and short chain diamines (1,2-diaminoethane, 1,2-diaminobenzene and 1,6-diaminohexane) gave mixtures while the reactions with long chain diamines (1,10 diaminodecane and 1,12-diaminododecane) gave monoindolyl macrocyclic imines. Reaction of indole-2, 7-dialdehydes and short chain diamines afforded diindolyl macrocyclic imines with head-tail structures, and the 2,7';2',2";7",2'''-Tetraindole-7 ,7"'-dialdehyde underwent cyclisation with triindolyl dialdehydes and 1,6-diaminohexane afforded triindolyl macrocyclic imines. 1,2 diaminoethane while the 2,3 ';1',1 ";3 ",2"'-tetraindole-7,7"'-dialdehydes underwent imine, with its precise structure established by X-ray crystallography. Reaction of of 1,3-di(indol-l-ylmethyl)benzene and 1,2 diaminoethane yielded a new macrocyclic reactions with long chain diamines yielded monoindolyl macrocyclic imines. Reaction ring closure with 1,2 diaminoethane and 1,6-diaminohexane.

Errata pasted onto front end-paper. / Bibliography: leaves 173-188. / xii, 188 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Describes a comprehensive study of a select but informative set of crown ether ligands that may potentially be used in the development of a fluorescent lead (II) specific probe. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemistry, 1999

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 176-187. / xiii, 187 leaves ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Describes the syntheses of three 1,4,7-triazayclonane macrocyclic ligands functionalised with increasing numbers of 2-hydroxyethyl pendant arms. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Chemistry, 1999

The synthesis of 1,2-bis(5-isobenzofuranyl)ethene by two routes is described. The first route involved generation of 1,2-bis(5-isobenzofuranyl)ethene from a bis(acetal) precursor under basic conditions. However, the synthesis was lengthy with low-yielding steps, which led to it being abandoned. The second route involved generation of 1,2-bis(5-isobenzofuranyl)ethene from a bis(oxabicyclic) precursor with 3,6-di(2'-pyridyl)-s-tetrazine. Napththo[1,2-c:5,6-c] difuran and 1,2-bis(5isobenzofuranyl)ethene were used to construct novel cyclophanes by double Diels-Alder reactions with bis(maleimide)s. NMR, AM1 modeling, and X-ray studies of the cyclophanes are discused. Attempts to prepare phenanthro[2,3-c:6,7-c] difuran and its cyclophanes are discussed. None was successful, and investigations were hampered by the inability to obtain sufficient quantities of starting materials. Finally, several suggestions are given for improving the syntheses of 1,2-bis(5- isobenzofuranyl)ethene, phenanthro[2,3-c:6,7-c]difuran, and their cyclophanes. Future directions, such as the functionalization of the double bond of 1,2-bis(5-isobenzofuranyl)ethene, aromatization of the oxabicyclic rings of the cyclophanes, and further X-ray studies are discussed. / x, 122 leaves : ill. ; 28 cm.

No description available.

Thesis (MSc (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This investigation comprises the synthesis and characterisation of new macrocyclic ligands with pendant arms appended to the nitrogen donor atoms of 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (12aneN3) and their coordination to various transition metal ions. The five macrocyclic ligands, 1,5,9-tris[(2S)-2-hydroxypropyl]-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (THPTACD), 1,5,9- tris(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (THMPTACD), 1,5,9-tris[(2S)-2- hydroxy-2-phenylethyl]-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (THPETACD), 1,5,9-tris[(2S)-2- hydroxybutyl]-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (THBTACD) and 1,5,9-tris(2-mercaptopropyl)- 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane (TMPTACD) were prepared by addition of pendant arms that contain alcohol or thiol end groups to a preformed 12aneN3 macrocycle. The 12aneN3 was synthesised from simple starting materials using 1,3-propanediol and bis(3-aminopropyl)- amine. The macrocycles with oxygen donor atoms on the pendant arms were prepared from the corresponding epoxides whereas for the one that contained sulphur donor atoms, propylene sulphide was used. The reaction progress was followed by 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopy and the final macrocyclic ligands were further analysed by mass spectrometry and in some instances, elemental analysis was also performed. Protonation constants of the free ligands were determined using potentiometric titrations at 25 oC and the ionic strength was kept constant at 0.1000 mol dm-3 using NaNO3. The log K1 values were 11.47, 10.96 and 10.47 for THPTACD, THBTACD and THMPTACD, respectively, whereas the corresponding values of 5.81, 6.02 and 5.94 were obtained for log K2. THPTACD is the most basic mainly due to less steric hindrance whereas THMPTACD is the least basic owing to high steric hindrance to both solvation and formation of strong hydrogen bonds of the protonated species to solvent molecules during the solvation step in a Born Haber-type cycle of the complete process. Protonated THBTACD is the most basic of the three mono-protonated ligands, a result that may be explained in terms of better correlation between inductive and steric effects. The second protonation constant is mostly influenced by inductive effects unlike the first protonation constant which is mostly determined by steric effects. The third protonation constant could not be established because of lack of sensitivity of the glass electrode in very high acidic medium. The complex stability constants of Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) cations were similarly determined using potentiometric titrations at 25 ¡ÆC in 0.1000 mol dm-3 NaNO3. Log K values with THPTACD are 15.45, 21.22, 14.03 and 16.11 for Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II), respectively. THBPTACD has corresponding values of 13.93, 20.02, 13.55 and 15.01, whereas for THMPTACD the values of 14.63, 18.08, 12.91 and 14.36 log units were obtained. The Zn(II) 1:1 complexes are the most stable and those of Cd(II) the least stable. A crystal structure determination of [Zn(THPTACD)]2+ shows that optimal interaction between the Zn(II) metal ion and the donor atoms with their short Zn(II)-N bond lengths occurs. The short Zn(II)-N distances indicate that the metal ion is situated very close to the macrocyclic hole. On the other hand, each half of the hydrogen-bonded dimeric molecular structure of [Cd2(THPTACD)2]4+ has long Cd(II)-N bond lengths. Although metal nitrates, perchlorates and acetates were used in attempted crystal structure determinations, only metal nitrates formed suitable crystals. THPTACD complexes with Co(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) were subjected to such determinations. Each central metal ion in these complexes is six coordinate to the three N atoms of the parent macrocyclic ring on one plane and the three O atoms of the pendant hydroxypropyl arms forming another plane on the other face of the metal ion. The geometry of all six molecular structures is pseudo octahedral with the Cu(II) complexes being the most twisted towards a trigonal prismatic arrangement. The change towards trigonal prismatic can be attributed to packing forces overriding octahedral crystal field stabilisation effects. The overall chirality of the isomorphic complexes of Zn(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) with THPTACD is [¥Ë((2¥ë.)¥ä.¥ä)] whereas the overall chirality of each half of the dimeric [Cd2(THPTACD)2]4+ complex is [¥Ë(¥ë.(2¥ä.)¥ä)]. The Cu(II) complex with THPETACD has the same overall chirality as the Cu(II) complex with THPTACD but is less twisted towards trigonal prismatic geometry. Both Cu(II) complexes exhibited strong evidence of Jahn-Teller tetragonal distortion in the solid state with tetragonality parameter values of 0.87 and 0.81, respectively. The structure of a new di-¥ì-chloro bridged binuclear complex of Cd(II)-12aneN3 was also determined. The molecule contains an inversion centre coinciding with the crystallographic centre of symmetry. Finally, the molecular structure of the protonated 1,5-bis[(2S)-2- hydroxybutyl]-1,5,9-triazacyclododecane shows that the oxygen donor atoms of the two pendant arms are pre-organised for meridional coordination. The hydrogen bond network in this structure emphasises the important role that such weak interactions play in stabilising the proton even in solution during determination of protonation constants in triazamacrocycles with pendant arms carrying oxygen donor atoms.

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy