Thesis (M.Phil.)--Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 62-64). Also available in electronic version. Access restricted to campus users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 198-204).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 1999. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 162-172). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users. Address: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/uoregon/fullcit?p9955913.

Thesis (M.Sc.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2004. / Bibliography: leaves 117-123.

Three non-peripherally substituted tin(IV) macrocylic compounds, octahexylphthalocyaninato dichlorotin(IV) (35a), octahexyltetrabenzo-5,10,15-triazaporphyrinato dichlorotin(IV) (35b) and octadecylphthalocyaninato dichlorotin(IV) (35c) were synthesized and their photophysical and electrochemical behaviour studied. Complex (35b), containing a CH group in place of one of the aza nitrogen atom of the phthalocyanine core, shows a split Q band due to its lower symmetry. The triplet state quantum yields were found to be lower than would be expected on the basis of the heavy atom effect of tin as the central metal for phthalocyanine derivatives (35a and 35c). In contrast, (35b) shows a triplet quantum yield ΦT = 0.78. The triplet state lifetimes were solvent dependent, and were higher in THF than in toluene. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry of the complexes revealed only ring based redox processes. This thesis also reports on the microwave syntheses of tetrasulphonated tin phthalocyanine and tetrasulphonated tin α,β,γ-tetrabenzcorrole. The latter was only formed at low ratios (< 1:8) of 4-sulfophthalic acid to urea. Both complexes are aggregated in aqueous media, but can be partly or fully disaggregated by the addition of Triton X-100. The SnTSTBC complex has lower triplet life times and yields, while binding constant and quenching (of bovine serum albumin) constant are lower for SnTSTBC, compared to SnTSPc. Finally Non-peripherally (α) tetra- (40) and octa-(38a) substituted dodecyl-mercapto tin(IV) phthalocyanines where synthesized and the electrochemical behavior studied. Cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry show ring-based reductions for (38a) and (40); the former shows two ring oxidations, while the latter shows only one ring based oxidation. The adsorption kinetics of (38a) and (40) on a gold electrode have been investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The equilibrium constant (K) for the adsorption and the Gibbs free energy ΔG(ads) of the self-assembled monolayer (SAMs) were evaluated based on the Frumkin isotherm. The interaction factor between adsorbate –adsorbate molecules is also discussed.

No description available.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study comprises the synthesis and full characterization of two novel pendant-arm donor macrocyclic ligands. The stability and structure of the complexes of these two ligands with a series of metals ions [Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II)], was subsequently investigated. The two parent macrocyclic ligands, 1,4,7-triazacyclodecane ([10]-ane-N3) and 1,4,8- triazacycloundecane ([11]-ane-N3) were synthesized by means of the "direct synthesis" method using tosylates as protecting groups. Pendant arms were then added to the parent molecules to create hexadentate ligands. The two macrocyclic ligands are asymmetric because of the different lengths of the carbon bridges between the N-donor atoms of the rings. This feature gives the ligands the possibility to form both five- and six-membered rings when coordinated to metal centers. The ligands were fully characterized by means of NMR, mass spectrometry and elementalanalysis. Melting points were also determined. These two novel (triaza macrocyclic) ligands now complete the series between 9-ane- N3 [with its 2-(S)-hydroxypropyl pendant arms] and 12-ane-N3 [with its 2-(S)- hydroxypropyl pendant arms]. Protonation data of the ligands were determined using potentiometric titrations. The respective protonation constants for both ligands in 0.1000 mol dm-3 NaNO3 are: THTD log H 1 K = 9.176 and log H 2 K = 4.20 THTUD log H 1 K = 11.32 and log H 2 K = 5.87 A third protonation constant for both ligands (THTD and THTUD) was observed, but the use of potentiometric methods could not produce reliable values at very low pH values. stability constants of the new ligands with a series of metal ions were determined using 0.1000 mol dm-3 NaNO3 as ionic medium. The log(K) values at 25°C with THTD are: Co(II) 22.93 Zn(II) 14.82 Cd(II) 19.38 Pb(II) 15.47 The log(K) values at 25°C with THTUD are: Co(II) 17.52 Zn(II) 16.43 Cd(II) 18.05 Pb(II) 14.63 Very stable complexes were obtained with the larger Cd(II) ion when compared to other similar ligands. Crystal structures of some of the metal complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. Metal perchlorates were used in the preparation of the metal complexes with THTD and THTUD, and various methods were utilized for the crystallization process. The general formula for these complexes is [M(L)]2+·2(ClO4)- where M=metal ion and L= neutral ligand. The bond lengths between the nitrogen atom and the metal ion, and the oxygen atom and the metal ion are very much the same in the respective crystal structures. This means that the metal ion lies almost halfway between the nitrogen and the oxygen atoms. The Mn(II)-THTD complex featured both a distorted octahedral and distorted trigonal prismatic configuration in the unit cell. Co(II)-THTUD contains three molecules per unit cell all having a distorted octahedral configuration. Zn(II)-THTUD crystallizes with six molecules per unit cell. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie behels die bereiding en volledige karakterisering van twee oorspronklike hangkroonarmdonor makrosikliese ligande. Die stabiliteite en struktuur van komplekse van hierdie twee ligande met ’n reeks metaalione [Mn(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), Pb(II)] is ondersoek. Die twee basis ligande 1,4,7-triazasiklodekaan (10-ane-N3) en 1,4,8-triazasikloundekaan (11- ane-N3) is gesintetiseer deur middel van die "direkte bereidingsmetode" met tosilate as beskermingsgroepe. Hangkroonsyarms is aangeheg om die vorming van ’n heksadentate ligand te bewerkstellig. Die twee makrosikliese ligande is asimmetries as gevolg van die verskillende lengtes van die koolstofbrûe tussen die N-donor atome van die ringe. Hierdie eienskap gee aan die ligande die vermoë om beide vyf- en seslidringe te vorm wanneer komplekse gevorm word met metaalione. Die ligande is ten volle gekarakteriseer deur middel van KMR-metings, massa-spektroskopie en element analise. Smeltpuntbepalings is ook uitgevoer. Die twee nuwe ligande voltooi nou die homoloë reeks tussen 9-ane-N3 [en sy 2-(S)- hidroksiepropiel hangkroonarms] en 12-ane-N3 [en sy 2-(S)-hidroksiepropiel hangkroonarms]. Protonasiedata van die ligande is bepaal deur middel van potensiometriese titrasie. Die onderskeie protonasiekonstantes vir beide ligande in 0.1000 mol dm-3 NaNO3 is: THTD log H 1 K = 9.176 en log H 2 K = 4.20 THTUD log H 1 K = 11.32 en log H 2 K = 5.87 ’n Duidelik-waarneembare derde protonasiekonstante vir beide ligande (THTD en THTUD) is opgemerk, maar potentiometriese metodes kon nie betroubare waardes lewer by die uiters lae pH-lesings nie. Vormingskonstantes van die ligande met ’n reeks oorgangsmetale is bepaal deur gebruik te maak van ’n 0.1000 mol dm-3 NaNO3 as ioniese medium. Die log(K) waardes by 25°C vir THTD is: Co(II) 22.93 Zn(II) 14.82 Cd(II) 19.38 Pb(II) 15.47 Die log(K) waardes by 25°C met THTUD is: Co(II) 17.52 Zn(II) 16.43 Cd(II) 18.05 Pb(II) 14.63 Uiters stabiele komplekse is verkry met die groter Cd(II) ioon in vergelyking met ander soortgelyke ligande. Kristalstrukture van sommige van die metaalkomplekse is bepaal deur middel van X-straal kristallografie. Metaalperchlorate is gebruik om metal komplekse met THTD en THTUD te berei, en ’n verskeidenheid kristallisasieprosesse is gebruik. Die algemene formule vir hierdie komplekse is [M(L)]2+·2(ClO4)- waar M = metaal ioon en L = neutrale ligand is. Die bindingslengtes tussen die stikstof atoom en die metaalioon, en die suurstof atoom en die metaalioon is nagenoeg dieselfde in die onderskeie kristalstukture. Dit beteken dat die metaalioon ongeveer halfpad tussen die stikstof en die suurstof atome voorkom. Die Mn(II)- THTD-kompleks vertoon beide oktahedrale - en trigonaal prismatiese konfigurasie in die eenheidsel. Co(II)-THTUD het drie molekule per eenheidsel, almal verwronge oktahedrale konformasies. Zn(II)-THTUD het gekristaliseer met ses molekule per eenheidsel.

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Calixarenes are a class of macrocyclic compounds that have garnered interest in large part because of their ability to form host-guest complexes with various types of molecules. For all of the studies of complex formation by calixarenes, most of the work to date has concentrated upon the smaller calixarenes, and little is understood about the relationship between the complexes formed when in solution and that observed in the solid state. The first part of the study, presented in Chapter 3, is of the solid-state properties of two of the larger calixarenes, and in comparison to other reported structures reveals patterns to the observed conformations both in the solid state and in solution. The formation of metal complexes has also been investigated and has focused extensively upon the metals as guests. Thus, the ability of the calixarenes to act as ligands in inorganic complexes has been virtually untapped, despite the polyoxo binding site they can easily provide, and very few metallocalixarenes have been reported. The second part of this study goes beyond the simple solid-state properties of such compounds, and involves the synthesis of several metallocalixarenes as part of a project directed at the functionalization of calixarenes with the components of a class of catalysts known to polymerize various olefins. These catalysts, commonly referred to as Ziegler-Natta catalysts, are introduced in Chapter 4. The new compounds presented here--three new aluminocalixarenes in Chapter 5 and a new titanocalixarene in Chapter 6--were synthesized so as to contain some of the same components observed in several of the other catalysts. These new compounds have been characterized crystallographically as well as through proton and multinuclear NMR, and observed conformational patterns are discussed.