The thesis focuses on the interaction between macroprudential and monetary policies in the presence of bank runs. In particular, it is examined whether the two policies should be conducted separately or jointly, and whether the occurence of a bank run affects the result. Furthermore, it is studied how a bank run impacts the efficiency of the two policies. \\ The baseline results suggest that cooperation between the two policies is less efficient than when they are determined separately. The reason might be a coordination issue that arises because the same objective is being assigned to both policies in the cooperative case. On the other hand, when facing a bank run the cooperative regime achieves a higher degree of financial stability by reducing the probability of a next run. This is caused by the fact that cooperating authorities choose more aggresive macroprudential policy when a bank run occurs. A bank run itself does not change the ranking of the two policy regimes. However, an occurence of a bank run induces higher efficiency of both policies, irrespective of the regime in place. In addition, the policies are more effective when they face financial shocks, as opposed to a productivity shock.

La résilience apparente du secteur financier haïtien face à la crise financière de 2007-2008 soulève de nombreuses questions quant à son degré réel d’immunité face au risque systémique et aux raisons fondamentales qui auraient pu expliquer ce phénomène. Leur apporter des éclairages, notamment à partir d’études empiriques, peut aider à mieux cerner les enjeux et la formulation d’une politique macro-prudentielle pour Haïti. De fait, Haïti est un pays à faible revenu disposant d'un système financier formel restreint. De ce point de vue, son exposition aux aléas de l’environnement financier international peut paraître relativement faible. Toutefois, on se demande comment protéger l’industrie bancaire – et, incidemment l’économie haïtienne – d’un risque de nature systémique, compte tenu en particulier de l’ampleur des transferts de liquidité par la diaspora et ceux en nature. On peut donc y voir une source supplémentaire de vulnérabilité en cas de récession appelant un changement de priorité chez ces pays donateurs aux dépens de l’équilibre financier global de cette petite économie de la zone Caraïbe. Dans cette perspective, le présent travail de thèse vise d’abord à déterminer les principaux facteurs de la résilience des banques haïtiennes à la crise financière de 2007-2008. Les interdépendances entre les cycles financiers haïtien et ceux de ses voisins nord-américains sont ainsi étudiées. Pour apprécier la dimension systémique du risque que fait peser l’activité des banques, l’analyse porte aussi sur les liens entre cycle de crédit et cycle d’activité en Haïti. Ensuite, des estimations sont réalisées pour quantifier l’impact de la variabilité de la conjoncture sur les performances des banques. Les enseignements tirés de ces analyses alimentent la réflexion sur l’élaboration d’un dispositif de surveillance macro-prudentielle en Haïti. Les résultats obtenus attestent du lien étroit entre le cycle financier haïtien et ceux des membres de l’accord de libre échange nord-américain. Ceci représente une source de risques exogènes pour le système financier haïtien. De plus, l’analyse de l’impact de la variabilité de l’environnement macroéconomique sur les performances financières des banques commerciales haïtiennes supportent l’hypothèse de la fragilité du secteur bancaire. La diversité des expériences de politique macroprudentielle invite à recommander une voie médiane, entre séparation totale et fusion complète des pouvoirs monétaires et de surveillance de l’industrie bancaire, compatible avec les contraintes auxquelles Haïti est soumise. Finalement, l’implémentation d’une direction de macroprudence et une liste de plusieurs recommandations d’ordre macroprudentiel ont été proposées. Ces propositions visent à répondre aux problématiques qui semblent mettre en lumière les limites des instruments de la politique monétaire. / The apparent resilience of the financial sector in Haiti towards the financial crisis of 2007-2008 raises many questions about the actual degree of resistance to systemic risk and the fundamental reasons that could explain this phenomenon. Providing insights, especially from empirical studies can help better understand the issues and the need for a strong macro -prudential policy in Haiti. In fact, Haiti is a low-income country with a limited formal financial system. From this point of view, its exposure to the unpredictable international financial environment may seem relatively low. However, one wonders how to protect the banking industry - and incidentally the Haitian economy – from a systemic risk, especially given the magnitude of the transfers of food and money from the Diaspora. It can therefore be seen as an additional source of vulnerability to recession resulting to a change of emphasis in the donor countries at the expense of overall financial equilibrium of this small economy in the Caribbean. The purpose of this thesis is to first identify the key factors of the resilience of Haitian banks to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. It also covers the interdependencies between Haitian financial cycles and those of its North American neighbors. To assess the systemic dimension of risk posed by the activities of banks, the analysis also focuses on the relationship between the credit cycle and the business cycle in Haiti. Second, estimates are made to quantify the impact of change in economic environment on the performance of banks. The lessons learned from these analyses feed the thought on the development of an efficient setup for macro-prudential regulation in Haiti. The results demonstrate the close relationship between the Haitian financial cycle and those members of the Agreement North American Free Trade Agreement. This is an exogenous source of risk for the Haitian financial system. In addition, the analysis of the impact of a change in the macroeconomic environment on the financial performance of the Haitian commercial banks strengthens the hypothesis of the banking system’s fragile state. The diversity of macro-prudential policy experiments lead me to recommend a compromise between total separation and complete fusion of monetary authorities and monitoring of the banking industry, consistent with the constraints that Haiti is facing. Finally, the implementation of a macro-prudential department as well as a list of several macro-prudential recommendations has been suggested. These proposals aim to address the issues that highlight the limits of the effectiveness of the monetary policy instruments.

The first chapter analyzes the impact of macroprudential policies on bank systemic risk worldwide. Using data from 63 countries over 2001-2017, I find strong evidence that macroprudential policies are effective in reducing systemic risk at the country level. The effectiveness of macroprudential policies differs across countries in the sample. Macroprudential policies are more effective in reducing systemic risk in countries with more advanced economic development, with a higher degree of concentration in the banking sector, and with less stringent micro-prudential regulations. Bank-level evidence suggests that bank size matters. The impact of macroprudential policies on constraining bank systemic risk is more pronounced for large banks. Results are robust to the use of instrumental variables to address potential concerns, and to the inclusion of additional controls to account for the impact of alternate tools that might be used to foster financial stability. These results have policy implications for effective conduct of macroprudential policies. The second chapter examines the impact of macroprudential policies on private credit growth worldwide. Using data from 43 countries over 2001-2017, I confirm previous findings that borrower-targeted macroprudential policies (Loan-to-Value ratio and Debt-to-Income ratio) significantly reduce total private credit growth. Moreover, the impact of macroprudential policies on private credit differs across countries in the sample. Macroprudential policies negatively affect credit growth only in countries with less advanced economic development, with a lower degree of creditor protection, and without the existence of information sharing institutions. Results are robust to additional controls to account for the impact of alternate bank regulations and policies that might be used to constrain unsustainable credit growth. The third chapter examines the impact of loan loss provisions regulations on bank income smoothing. Using a sample of 2,380 banks from 107 countries over the period 1995-2016, I document evidence that stricter loan classification regulation reduces bank income smoothing through loan loss provisions, especially for big banks. However, I do not find such impact of loan provisioning regulation. I also find evidence that stricter loan classification regulation is effective at reducing bank income smoothing because it encourages banks to recognize loan loss in a more timely manner.

This thesis studies the interaction between monetary and macroprudential policy using a DSGE model with real and financial frictions under government and financial shock scenarios. Countercyclical capital requirements are used as a macroprudential policy tool combined with a Taylor rule for monetary policy. In the case of the government shock, our findings indicate that policies' coordination reduces the volatility of the output vis-à-vis a "monetary policy only" regime. Analysis of financial shocks indicates that monetary policy alone can suffice to ensure financial stability. Lastly, welfare analysis suggests there is no optimal policy combination for all agents and highlights a redistributive effect of both shocks, showing that policy that is beneficial for one group of agents can decrease welfare for another. JEL Classification E44, E52, E61 Keywords monetary policy, macroprudential policy, capital requirements, financial stability Author's e-mail kateryna.kireichenko@gmail.com Supervisor's e-mail martina.jasova@fsv.cuni.cz

This dissertation consists of four empirical papers analysing and discussing central bank policies in the post-crisis period. After the global financial crisis central bankers and other regulators have faced many new challenges, including a prolonged period of acommodative monetary policy, side effects of monetary policy easing on financial stability and interaction of macroprudential, microprudential and monetary policy. On top of that, policy makers must deal with uncertainty surrounding the transmission and the effectiveness of newly introduced macroprudential measures. The empirical analyses focus primarily on the Czech Republic and its banking sector, with an exception of the first essay. Using data for the Czech Republic and five euro area countries, the first essay shows that monetary tightening has a negative impact on the credit-to-GDP ratio and banks' capital-to-asset ratio, while these effects have strengthened considerably since mid-2011. This supports the view that accommodative monetary policy contributes to a build- up of financial vulnerabilities, i.e. it boosts the credit cycle. The second essay assesses the transmission of higher additional capital requirements stemming from capital buffers and Pillar 2 add-ons on banks' capital ratio, capital surplus and implicit risk weights. The results...

This thesis consists of three chapters on macroeconomics and international economics. The first studies the effectiveness of macroprudential policies in a New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium framework with financial frictions. Profit-maximizing banks with endogenous leverage ratio expand credit lending during economic booms and become increasingly vulnerable to unanticipated economic shocks. Countercyclical macroprudential instruments are found to be effective in dampening economic fluctuations and stabilizing the credit cycle. However, a policy regulating the loan-to-value ratio of the residential households causes a credit shift towards the business sector. Optimal simple rules are selected using welfare analysis to provide practical implications for the evaluation, estimation and future implementation of macroprudential policies in alleviating economic risk of financial intermediaries. The second chapter examines the impact of political risk on sovereign default. An economic model with endogenous default decisions shows that political instability increases the likelihood of sovereign default. A quantitative analysis using data from 68 countries in the period from 1970 to 2010 finds that both short and long-run aspects of the political environment have significant effects. The findings suggest that a country is more likely to experience default when i) it has a relatively younger political regime in place; ii) it faces a higher chance of political turnover; and iii) it has a less democratic political system. The third chapter investigates the bidirectional relationship between banking and sovereign debt crisis. An economic model with financial intermediaries and a government sector shows that sovereign default may cause a banking crisis as banks hold a large amount of government bonds. Nevertheless, a significant amount of bailouts or bank guarantees may constrain the short-term liquidity of the government sector and trigger a sovereign debt crisis. Empirical studies using the credit default swap spreads of the Eurozone support the two-way linkage. Quantitative results also show increasing spillover effects across borders as globalization leads to greater integration of financial markets.

We study the impact of macroprudential policies using a novel model which takes into account households´ ability to borrow under different loan-to-value ratios which are tied to their collateral values. Such model generates a larger amplification in real and financial variables, compared to standard models that assume homogeneity in the leveraging and deleveraging process. Conditional on this model, we consider the implications of macroprudential policies that aim to lean against an excessive credit cycle. In particular, we allow macroprudential authorities to tighten excessive lending to higher leveraged households, whose riskiness had been evaluated too optimistically. We find thata policy that targets only the group of households that most strongly deleveraged after an adverse idiosyncratic housing investment risk shock, is welfare-improving at social and individual levels, relative to a macroprudential policy which targets all households in the economy. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

Cette thèse contribue en quatre chapitres à l’analyse et la mesure du risque systémique. Le premier chapitre discute la notion de risque systémique et détaille les enjeux méthodologiques de sa modélisation. Le deuxième chapitre propose un modèle structurel de contagion en solvabilité. Ce modèle d’équilibre permet de mesurer le risque de contagion en distinguant l’effet direct d’un choc de sa propagation. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous fournissons un cadre de valorisation de la dette d’une institution intégrant l’effet des interconnexions entre institutions. Nous calculons une prime de risque spécifiquement liée aux interconnexions. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous modélisons les effets conjoints de chocs à l’actif et au passif d’une institution financière. Nous adaptons les mesures usuelles de risque pour identifier les risques de marché, de financement et de liquidité de marché. Enfin, nous expliquons comment déterminer la composition et le niveau des réserves réglementaires pour limiter le risque de défaut. / This thesis contributes to the analysis and measure of systemic risk through four chapters. In the first chapter, we discuss the notion of systemic risk and detail the methodological issues of modeling. The second chapter proposes a structural model of solvency contagion. Within an equilibrium model, we measure the contagion by identifying the direct effect of an external shock and its propagation. In the third chapter, we provide a pricing framework for financial institution’s debt encompassing the effect of interconnections between institutions. We compute a risk premium specific to interconnections. In the last chapter, we model the joint effects of the shocks on the asset side and on the liability side of a financial institution. We adapt the usual risk measures to pinpoint the funding liquidity risk and the market liquidity risk. Lastly, we explain how to set the level and the composition of regulatory reserves to control for default risk.

The thesis deals with the interaction of monetary and macroprudential policy, or with the compatibility of the objectives of these policies in the Czech Republic. The main attention is given to the use of interest rate instruments for the purpose of achieving financial stability during the accumulation phase of cyclical dimension of systemic risk. For this purpose the crucial item is the relationship of financial and price stability in the economy. On the Czech economy data is therefore tested the relationship between credit activity and asset prices, to be subsequently quantified the relationship between the prices of selected assets and consumer prices. The model results open the door to greater use of industrial producer price index for the coordination of monetary and macroprudential policy. The thesis for the same reason also recommends continuing research into the development of the general price level during the financial cycle.

The master thesis deals with macroprudential policy and its application in the US. The thesis is mainly focused on the large reform of the financial market in the US known as Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. The main objective of the thesis is to analyse the impact of this act on the financial market in the US. The thesis is divided into four chapters, which are logically connected. The first chapter describes the institutional structure of the regulation and supervision over the financial market in the US, with the emphasis on the organisational structure of FED. The second chapter deals with macroprudential policy from the theoretical point of view with the focus on the tools of the policy and its interaction with other policies. It also covers the incentives which lead into putting this policy into practice. The third chapter focuses on the causes of the financial crisis and particularly on the response to the crisis in the form of Dodd-Frank Act. The final chapter analyses the impact of particular measures contained in Dodd-Frank Act on the US financial market. Analysing this the thesis concludes whether these measure were successful from the perspective of objectives that Dodd-Frank Act wanted to meet.