Afin d'améliorer l'adhérence des chaussées, il est nécessaire d'accéder à une caractérisation de leur état de surface tant à l'échelle des granulats (macrotexture) que de leur rugosité locale (microtexture). Or, à ce jour, la microtexture et plus particulièrement les aspérités d'amplitude comprise entre un et quelques dizaines de micromètres, ne peut être appréhendée de manière satisfaisante par les moyens mis en œuvre en génie civil (limitation de l'étendue de mesure des profilomètres aux résolutions souhaitées). Les travaux de recherches réalisés s'inscrivent dans le cadre plus global de travaux du LCPC destinés à accéder à une meilleure compréhension de l'apport de la microtexture au frottement pneumatique/chaussée. Ils ont pour objectif l'élaboration d'une méthode de caractérisation globale de la microtexture par l'emploi des techniques du speckle, plus particulièrement dans le cas d'un speckle subjectif non résolu. Devant le peu d'informations disponibles sur l'application des techniques du speckle aux surfaces multi-échelles, des simulations du contraste de speckle dans la configuration expérimentale particulière choisie sont réalisées pour une surface comportant deux échelles de texture à l'aide du modèle de diffraction scalaire de Kirchhoff. Celles-ci démontrent la possibilité de caractériser la finesse de la microtexture ou son évolution avec l'usure par la méthode choisie. Dans un second temps, les paramètres statistiques du premier ordre du speckle (contraste, histogramme de l'intensité) sont examinés dans le cadre d'expérimentations réalisées sur des surfaces de référence (papiers abrasifs de différente finesse) et sur des modèles de surface de chaussée (différentes roches, différents stades d'usure), chaque échantillon étant étalonné par des relevés de profils. Par des traitements adaptés des images de speckle, nous parvenons à séparer les surfaces de référence et dans le cas des modèles de chaussée, deux finesses différentes et deux stades d'usure.

Esta pesquisa foi baseada em um projeto de Stone Matrix Asphalt - SMA na faixa 0/8S com asfalto CAP 20, feito para a execução de revestimento delgado em trecho experimental na Rodovia Presidente Dutra, ligando São Paulo ao Rio de Janeiro. A ocorrência de alguns defeitos neste trecho experimental motivou o estudo de misturas SMA 0/8S alternativas empregando dois asfaltos convencionais: CAP 20 e CAP 50/60, e dois modificados por polímeros: um com 3,0% de SBS e outro com 6,5% de SBS. Foram realizados ensaios laboratoriais para a verificação da dosagem das misturas asfálticas e determinação de propriedades mecânicas em laboratório por meio de ensaios de deformação permanente em trilha de roda, de resistência à tração por compressão diametral e de módulo de resiliência. Observou-se que o uso de asfalto modificado por polímero e do asfalto convencional CAP 50/60 acarreta uma redução significativa de afundamentos em trilha de roda. O módulo de resiliência a 25°C também apresenta redução de valor nas amostras com asfalto modificado por polímero e com CAP 50/60, em comparação com o convencional CAP 20. A resistência à tração sofre pouca variação quando se comparam os asfaltos empregados, considerando-se ensaios realizados na mesma temperatura. Foram feitos ensaios em campo para a avaliação funcional e de aderência no trecho experimental da Rodovia Presidente Dutra, tendo sido realizados monitoramentos logo após a execução do trecho e decorridos 2 anos e 7 meses de operação. Os resultados demonstraram que o revestimento do trecho experimental apresenta atualmente poucos defeitos de superfície, com fechamento da macrotextura nas trilhas de roda e pequena diminuição do conforto ao rolamento. / This research was based on a Stone Matrix Asphalt SMA in the band 0/8S design made with asphalt binder AC 20, used as a thin wearing course of a test section on the Presidente Dutra Highway, that connects São Paulo to Rio de Janeiro. The occurrence of some distresses in the test section motivated the study of alternative SMA 0/8S mixtures using two conventional asphalt binders: AC 20 and AC 50/60, and two modified by polymer: one with 3.0% of SBS and other with 6.5% of SBS. Laboratory tests were conducted to verify the mix design and to determine their mechanical behavior such as the resistance against rutting, the indirect tensile strength and the resilient modulus. It was observed that the use of SBS polymer modified binders and asphalt binder AC 50/60 causes a significant reduction of rutting. The resilient modulus at 25°C also presents a reduction in the samples with SBS polymer modified binders and AC 50/60 in comparison with AC 20. The indirect tensile strength suffers little variation across the different types of asphalt binders, tested at the same temperature. Field tests related to functional evaluation and skid-resistance of the test section were carried out. The test section was monitored immediately following the construction and after 2 years and 7 months of continuous use. The results showed that the wearing coarse presented a few distresses in the surface, in particular a reduction of the macrotexture at the wheel tracks and a slight worsening of the riding quality.

This diploma thesis deals with the relation between the longitudinal friction coefficient dependence on measuring speed and the value of road surface macrotexture MPD. Results of longitudinal friction coefficient and value of MPD measurement on 73 sections are included in this thesis. The results were compared by regression analysis and its outcome was used for determination of formula that enable calculation of longitudinal friction coefficient for any operating speed when longitudinal friction coefficient for 60 km/h and value of macrotexture are known. The evaluation scale for skid resistance index (SRI) was also determined in this thesis. It could be used for evaluation of skid resistance independently of the type of device used for friction coefficient measurement.

Road safety is a complex problem. It is influenced mainly by the driver, the vehicle and the road surface. This thesis is focused on the road surface properties and especially skid resistance that directly affect the braking distance and keeping the vehicle in the horizontal curves and thus traffic accidents. The thesis deals with the durability of pavement surface skid resistance, the type of pavement layers and aggregate polishing used in wearing course. The aim of this thesis was to develop the methodology for improvement of road surfaces skid resistance durability and implementation of functional test for their assessment.

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The work consists of two parts. The first part is focused on the determination of an anti-skid properties of the test section on Vídenská street. The anti-skid properties will be measured using a pendulum tester and macrotexture will be set at the same time. Microtexture will be measured using a volumetric patch technique. In the second part we will try to gain an initial experience with design and testing of a low noise stone mastic asphalt. We will set basic characteristics and at the same time compare with a standard stone mastic asphalt. For the comparison two various bituminous binders are used. The water sensitivity, resistance against rutting and stiffness moduli are compared.