<p> Forty-Three cores were collected from the region of the Killarney Igneous Complex, southeast of the town Killarney. These cores were analysed by measuring geophysical properties such as bulk susceptibility, percent anisotropy, magnetic foliation and lineation and remanence. The magnetic fabric measured indicated a regional fabric. In some areas the fabric was completely overprinted due to localised deformation. Measured remanence may make it possible to determine the effect of previous deformations; however, none was seen in this study. </p> <p> The petrological fabric was also investigated by taking thin sections perpendicular to the long axis of the core. Again it was possible to see a regional and localized deformation pattern due to reduced grain size, grain alignment and recrystallization. </p> <p> Measurements collected from the samples determined that both the magnetic fabric and petrological fabric showed indications of being near areas of greater deformational intensities. A relationship was then established between the magnetic fabric and petrological fabric on a fine scale. This relationship may aid in determining direction and extent of deformation in the rock bodies when it is not easily identifiable in the field. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Science (BSc)

No description available.

The Stillwater Complex J-M reef, the only economic platinum deposit in the United States, consists of a 0.5 to 4 m-thick stratiform horizon of PGE-rich sulfides in an Archean layered mafic intrusion. The origin of this reef has been studied extensively using geochemical methods, yet remains highly debated. Dynamic magmatic processes have been virtually ignored in these geochemical studies. Magnetic methods provide a proven inexpensive approach to offer rapid, and reproducible results to deliver insight into these dynamic processes. I propose to investigate the variations of magnetic properties of layered rocks of the Stillwater Complex in the stratigraphic vicinity of the J-M reef. In this study, detailed magnetic methods were performed on a 115 ft core containing the J-M reef and adjacent rocks. A previously undiscovered cyclicity of magnetic susceptibility was found in the hanging wall and J-M reef section. Further tests were performed to determine the origin of the magnetic cycles. The footwall section lacked the magnetic properties seen in the J-M reef and hanging wall rocks. Both anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility, and high field magnetic data was collected at a high resolution interval along the core. It is possible that the results of this study can be used to constrain the origin of the ore body.

Cette recherche exploite une combinaison de techniques de terrain, paléomagnétiques et de magnétisme des roches pour corréler et localiser la source de plusieurs ignimbrites de deux régions de Turquie qui appartiennent à deux grands systèmes acides : la région du Cappadoce (Anatolie centrale), qui a été précédemment étudiée par plusieurs auteurs, et la région de Afyon-Eskişehir (Anatolie occidentale), jusqu'à présent peu étudiée. L’examen de l’ignimbrite de Kızılkaya (région du Cappadoce), d'âge Miocène supérieur, a consisté en une étude stratigraphique et de magnétisme des roches de l'unité ignimbritique, qui est considérée comme une seule unité d’écoulement et de refroidissement. La magnétisation rémanente, la fabrique magnétique (AMS, AIRM et AARM) et la minéralogie magnétique ont été analysées pour 35 sites de 7 localités situées à des distances différentes de la source supposée par Le Pennec et al. (1998) et à différentes hauteurs stratigraphiques, pour un total de 444 spécimens. La signature magnétique rémanente n’est pas verticalement homogène dans les dépôts. Deux cas sont distingués : (1) une TRM stable, dont la direction est conforme aux données de la littérature précédente (Piper et al., 2002) et (2) deux composantes de magnétisation caractérisées par une température de blocage et des spectres de coercivité se recouvrant. Ces situations ont été enregistrées respectivement en présence d'un Ti-magnétite primaire, et en présence simultanée de Ti-magnétite et de phases magnétiques secondaires (Ti-magnétite altérée et / ou hématite). La fabrique AMS varie verticalement dans le dépôt, en fonction de l'angle entre la direction de la linéation magnétique K1 et du pôle de la foliation magnétique K3, trois types de fabriques ont été caractérisées : normale, oblique et transversale. Après avoir démontré l’origine primaire de la fabrique magnétique, l'AMS a été accentuée par élimination des échantillons caractérisés par des valeurs de densité différentes de plus de ±} 1σ de la valeur moyenne du site. Cette opération s'est traduite par l'élimination des fabriques obliques, qui sont interprétées par la présence locale de fragments de ponces et clastes lithiques dans les échantillons. Les données d'AIRM et AARM indiquent que la Ti-magnétite MD est le principal minéral magnétique porteur de la fabrique, ce que suggère que la fabrique magnétique peut être utilisée pour déterminer les directions d'écoulement. L’examen de la succession ignimbritique d’âge Miocène précoce-Miocène supérieur, exposée sur une zone de ≈14 300 km2 dans la région d'Afyon-Eskişehir, a consisté en une étude stratigraphique-sédimentologique et de magnétisme des roches, afin de localiser la source des ignimbrites en combinant les données du terrain avec les directions de fabrique magnétique. La mesure des sections stratigraphiques, qui ont été réalisées pour 76 localités, conduit aux corrélations stratigraphiques et à la production de cartes d'isopaques et d'isoplètes. La succession ignimbritique est constituée d'au moins trois éruptions majeures distinctes qui ont produit les ignimbrites de Incik, Sabuncu et Seydiler, différentes en âge, distribution, structure et caractéristiques texturales des dépôts. L’étude magnétique consistait en analyses de la minéralogie magnétique et de la fabrique magnétique (AMS et AIRM), qui a été déterminée pour 22 localités sur un total de 36 sites à différentes hauteurs stratigraphiques, soit 600 spécimens. Les données de terrain et les résultats de la fabrique magnétique indiquent deux zones sources. La source des ignimbrites de Incik et Sabuncu est identifiée dans la caldeira de Kırka, une vaste zone de ≈ 20 x 20 km de diamètre, où la présence d'un dôme résurgent a été détectée. La source de l'ignimbrite de Seydiler est identifiée à proximité du village de Bayat. (...) / This research exploits a combination of field, paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic techniques to correlate locate the source and investigate several ignimbrites from two selected regions of Turkey, belonging to two large silicic ignimbrite systems : the well-investigated Cappadocia region (central Anatolia) and the poorly studied Afyon-Eskişehir region (western Anatolia). Investigation of the Upper Miocene Kızılkaya ignimbrite (Cappadocia region) consisted in a stratigraphic rock-magnetic study of the ignimbrite unit, which is considered to be a single flow and cooling unit. Remanent magnetization, magnetic fabric (AMS, AIRM and AARM) and magnetic mineralogy investigations were performed at 35 sites in 7 areal distributed localities at different distance from the vent position inferred by Le Pennec et al. (1998) and different stratigraphic heights, for a total of 444 specimens. Magnetic remanences are not vertically homogenous through the deposits. Two cases are distinguished: (1) a stable TRM, whose direction is consistent with previous literature data (Piper et al., 2002) and (2) two magnetization components with overlapping blocking temperature and coercivity spectra. These situations have been referred respectively to the occurrence of only primary Ti-magnetite, and primary Timagnetite plus secondary magnetic phases (alterated Timagnetite and/or hematite). The AMS fabric varies vertically throughout the deposit; based on the angle between the direction of the magnetic lineation K1 and that of the foliation plunge K3, three types of fabric are evidenced: normal, oblique and transverse. After have attested a primary origin of the magnetic fabric, the AMS was firstly enhanced by discarding all specimens whose density values differ more than +/- 1σ from the site mean value. This resulted in the elimination of the oblique fabrics, which are interpreted as an orientation disturbance due to local occurrence of pumices and lithic clasts in the specimens. Measurement of the AIRM and AARM pointed out that MD Timagnetite is the main carrier of the fabric, which suggests that the magnetic fabric is a reliable proxy for flow directions. Investigation of the Early-Upper Miocene ignimbrite succession exposed in the region of Afyon- Eskişehir consisted in a stratigraphic-sedimentologic and rock-magnetic study of the ignimbrite deposits over a ≈14,300 km2 extended area, in order to locate the source by combining field data and magnetic fabric flow directions. Measurement of the stratigraphic sections, performed at 76 distributed localities, led to ignimbrite correlations and production of isopach and isopleth maps. The ignimbrite succession consists of at least three distinct eruptions that originated the Incik, Sabuncu and Seydiler ignimbrites, different for age, areal distribution, structure and textural features of the deposits. Magnetic investigation consisted in magnetic mineralogy and magnetic fabric analyses (AMS and AIRM), was performed at 22 distributed localities for a total of 36 sites at different stratigraphic heights and 600 specimens. Both field data and magnetic fabric results concur for two source areas. The source area of the Incik and Sabuncu ignimbrites is identified with the Kırka caldera, a ≈20 x 20 km extended area where the presence of a resurgent dome has been detected; source area of the Seydiler ignimbrite is identified in the proximity of the village of Bayat. Volume calculations based on field data pointed out a VEI index of 7 for the Incik and Seydiler ignimbrite, 6 for Sabuncu ignimbrite, evidencing Plinian eruptions; the correspondent magnitude M (Pyle, 2000) is greater than 7 for each ignimbrite.

Applying the anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility to analogue models provides detailed insights into the strain distribution and quantification of deformation within contractional tectonic settings like fold-and-thrust belts (FTBs). Shortening in FTBs is accommodated by layer-parallel shortening, folding, and thrusting. The models in this research reflect the different deformation processes and the resulting magnetic fabric can be attributed to thrusting, folding and layer-parallel shortening. Thrusting develops a magnetic foliation parallel to the thrust surface, whereas folding and penetrative strain develop a magnetic lineation perpendicular to the shorting direction but parallel to the bedding. These fabric types can be observed in the first model of this study, which simulated a FTB shortened above two adjacent décollements with different frictional properties. The different friction coefficients along the décollements have not only an effect on the geometric and kinematic evolution of a FTB, but also on the strain distribution and magnitude of strain within the belt.  The second series of models performed in this study show the development of a thrust imbricate and the strain distribution across a single imbricate in more detail. Three models, with similar setup but different magnitudes of bulk shortening, show strain gradients by gradual changes in principal axes orientations and decrease in degree of anisotropy with decreasing distance to thrusts and kinkzones. These models show that at the beginning of shortening, strain is accommodated mainly by penetrative strain. With further shortening, formation of thrusts and kinkzones overprint the magnetic fabric locally and the degree of anisotropy is decreasing within the deformation zones. At thrusts, an overprint of the magnetic fabric prior deformation towards a magnetic foliation parallel to the thrust surfaces can be observed. A rather complex interplay between thrusting and folding can be analysed in the kinkzones. In general, this thesis outlines the characteristics of magnetic fabric observed in FTBs, relates different types of magnetic fabric to different processes of deformation and provides insights into the strain distribution of FTBs.

This research exploits a combination of field, paleomagnetic and rock-magnetic techniques to correlate locate the source and investigate several ignimbrites from two selected regions of Turkey, belonging to two large silicic ignimbrite systems : the well-investigated Cappadocia region (central Anatolia) and the poorly studied Afyon-Eskişehir region (western Anatolia). Investigation of the Upper Miocene Kızılkaya ignimbrite (Cappadocia region) consisted in a stratigraphic rock-magnetic study of the ignimbrite unit, which is considered to be a single flow and cooling unit. Remanent magnetization, magnetic fabric (AMS, AIRM and AARM) and magnetic mineralogy investigations were performed at 35 sites in 7 areal distributed localities at different distance from the vent position inferred by Le Pennec et al. (1998) and different stratigraphic heights, for a total of 444 specimens. Magnetic remanences are not vertically homogenous through the deposits. Two cases are distinguished: (1) a stable TRM, whose direction is consistent with previous literature data (Piper et al., 2002) and (2) two magnetization components with overlapping blocking temperature and coercivity spectra. These situations have been referred respectively to the occurrence of only primary Ti-magnetite, and primary Timagnetite plus secondary magnetic phases (alterated Timagnetite and/or hematite). The AMS fabric varies vertically throughout the deposit; based on the angle between the direction of the magnetic lineation K1 and that of the foliation plunge K3, three types of fabric are evidenced: normal, oblique and transverse. After have attested a primary origin of the magnetic fabric, the AMS was firstly enhanced by discarding all specimens whose density values differ more than +/- 1σ from the site mean value. This resulted in the elimination of the oblique fabrics, which are interpreted as an orientation disturbance due to local occurrence of pumices and lithic clasts in the specimens. Measurement of the AIRM and AARM pointed out that MD Timagnetite is the main carrier of the fabric, which suggests that the magnetic fabric is a reliable proxy for flow directions. Investigation of the Early-Upper Miocene ignimbrite succession exposed in the region of Afyon- Eskişehir consisted in a stratigraphic-sedimentologic and rock-magnetic study of the ignimbrite deposits over a ≈14,300 km2 extended area, in order to locate the source by combining field data and magnetic fabric flow directions. Measurement of the stratigraphic sections, performed at 76 distributed localities, led to ignimbrite correlations and production of isopach and isopleth maps. The ignimbrite succession consists of at least three distinct eruptions that originated the Incik, Sabuncu and Seydiler ignimbrites, different for age, areal distribution, structure and textural features of the deposits. Magnetic investigation consisted in magnetic mineralogy and magnetic fabric analyses (AMS and AIRM), was performed at 22 distributed localities for a total of 36 sites at different stratigraphic heights and 600 specimens. Both field data and magnetic fabric results concur for two source areas. The source area of the Incik and Sabuncu ignimbrites is identified with the Kırka caldera, a ≈20 x 20 km extended area where the presence of a resurgent dome has been detected; source area of the Seydiler ignimbrite is identified in the proximity of the village of Bayat. Volume calculations based on field data pointed out a VEI index of 7 for the Incik and Seydiler ignimbrite, 6 for Sabuncu ignimbrite, evidencing Plinian eruptions; the correspondent magnitude M (Pyle, 2000) is greater than 7 for each ignimbrite.

This thesis presents the results of a combined magnetic fabric and palaeomagnetic analysis of lower crustal rocks exposed in the Oman (Semail) ophiolite. This has long been an important natural laboratory for understanding the construction of oceanic crust at fast spreading axes and its subsequent tectonic evolution, but magnetic investigations in the ophiolite have been limited. Analyses presented here involve using: (i) magnetic anisotropies as a proxy for magmatic petrofabrics in lower crustal rocks in order to contribute to outstanding questions regarding the mode of accretion of fast-spread oceanic crust; and (ii) classical palaeomagnetic analyses to determine the nature of magnetization in these rocks and gain further insights into the regional-scale pattern of tectonic rotations that have affected the ophiolite. The extensive layered gabbro sequences exposed in the Semail ophiolite have been sampled at a number of key localities. These are shown to have AMS fabrics that are layer-parallel but also have a regional-scale consistency of the orientation of maximum anisotropy axes. This consistency across sites separated by up to 100 km indicates large-scale controls on fabric development and may be due to consistent magmatic flow associated with the spreading system or the influence of plate-scale motions on deformation of crystal mushes emplaced in the lower crust. Detailed analysis of fabrics in a single layer and across the sampled sections are consistent with either magmatic flow during emplacement of a melt layer into a lower crustal sill complex, or traction/drag of such layers in response to regional-scale stresses (e.g. mantle drag). Together, results support formation of the layered gabbros by injection of melt into sill complexes in the lower crust. New anisotropy data from the overlying foliated gabbros sampled at two key localities also provide insights into the style of melt migration at this crustal level. Fabrics are consistent with either focused or anastomosing magmatic upwards flow through this layer, reflecting melt migration beneath a fossil axial melt lens. Previous palaeomagnetic research in lavas of the northern ophiolitic blocks has demonstrated substantial clockwise intraoceanic tectonic rotations. Palaeomagnetic data from lower crustal sequences in the southern blocks, however, have been more equivocal due to complications arising from remagnetization. Systematic sampling resolves for the first time a pattern of remagnetized lowermost gabbros and retention of earlier magnetizations by uppermost gabbros and the overlying dyke-rooting zone. Results are supported by a positive fold test that shows that remagnetization of lower gabbros occurred prior to Campanian structural disruption of the Moho. NW-directed remagnetized remanences in the lower units are consistent with those used previously to infer lack of significant rotation of the southern blocks. In contrast, E/ENE-directed remanences in the uppermost gabbros imply a large, clockwise rotation of the southern blocks, of a sense and magnitude consistent with that inferred from extrusive sections in the northern blocks. Hence, without the control provided by systematic crustal sampling, the potential for different remanence directions being acquired at different times may lead to erroneous tectonic interpretation.

No description available.