The effects of crystallographic orientation, temperature and heat treatment on superelastic response of Ni45Mn36.5Co5In13.5 single crystals were investigated. Superelastic experiments with and without various magnetic field were conducted under compression on a custom built magneto-thermo-mechanical test setup. Magnetostress, which is the difference in critical stress levels for the martensitic transformation with and without magnetic field, was determined as a function of crystallographic orientation, heat treatment and temperature parameters. Magnetostress of [111] crystals was observed to be much higher than that of [001] crystals with same heat treatment. Water quenched samples have the highest magnetostress among other samples with the same orientation that were oil quenched and furnace cooled. Crystal structure and atomic ordering of the samples were examined using Synchrotron High-Energy X-Ray Diffraction to rationalize observed differences. Magnetostress levels were also traced at various temperatures. A Quantum Design superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) was utilized to examine the magnetic properties of the material. The difference in saturation magnetization at various temperatures was analyzed to explain the temperature effect on magnetostress. Calculations based on the energy conversion from available magnetic energy to mechanical work output were used to predict the magnetic field dependence of magnetostress, which provides a guideline in material selection for the reversible magnetic field induced martensitic phase transformation. Isothermal superelastic response and load-biased shape memory response of Co48Ni33Al29 single crystals were determined as a function of temperature and stress, respectively. The aim of the work is to provide a new direction to understand the anomaly of transformation strain and hysteresis for ferromagnetic shape memory alloys. Thermo-mechanical behavior of Co48Ni33Al29 single crystal was determined by a custom built thermo-mechanical compression setup based on an electromechanical test frame made by MTS. Transformation strain was observed to decrease with increasing applied stress in isothermal tests or increasing temperature in superelastic experiments. The variation in the lattice constant in martensite and austenite was verified to account for such a trend. It was also discovered that both thermal and stress hysteresis decreased with increasing applied stress and temperature, respectively. Multiple factors may be responsible for the phenomenon, including the increase of dislocation, the compatibility between martensite and austenite phase.

Magnetic Shape Memory Alloys (MSMAs) combine shape-change/deformationrecovery abilities of heat driven conventional shape memory alloys (SMA) and magnetic field driven magnetostrictives through martensitic transformation. They are promising for actuator applications, and can be employed as sensors/power-harvesters due to their capability to convert mechanical stimuli into magnetic response or vice versa. The purpose of the present work was to investigate magneto-thermo-mechanical (MTM) response of various MSMAs, under simultaneously applied magnetic field, heat and stress. To accomplish this, two novel testing systems which allowed absolute control on magnetic field and stress/strain in a wide and stable range of temperature were designed and manufactured. MTM characterization of MSMAs enabled us to determine the effects of main parameters on reversible magnetic field-induced phase transformation (FIPT), such as magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy, Zeeman energy, stress hysteresis, thermal hysteresis, critical stress to start stress induced phase transformation and crystal orientation. Conventional SMA characteristics of single crystalline Ni2MnGa and NiMnCoIn and polycrystalline NiMnCoAl and NiMnCoSn MSMAs were investigated using the macroscopic MTM testing system to reveal how these conventional properties were linked to magnetic-field-induced actuation. An actuation stress of 5 MPa and a work output of 157 kJm?3 were obtained by the field-induced martensite variant reorientation (VR) in NiMnGa alloys. FIPT was investigated both in Ni2MnGa MSMA and in NiMnCoIn metamagnetic SMA. It proved as an alternative governing mechanism of field-induced shape change to VR in Ni2MnGa single crystals: one-way and reversible (0.5% cyclic magnetic field induced strain (MFIS) under 22 MPa) stress-assisted FIPTs were realized under low field magnitudes (< 0.7 Tesla) resulting in at least an order of magnitude higher actuation stress levels than those in shape memory alloys literature. The possibility of harvesting waste mechanical work as electrical power by means of VR in NiMnGa MSMAs was explored: without enhanced pickup coil parameters or optimized power conditioning circuitry, 280 mV was harvested at 10 Hz frequency within a strain range of 4.9%. For the first time in magnetic shape memory alloys literature, a fully recoverable MFIS of 3% under 125 MPa was attained on single crystalline metamagnetic SMA NiMnCoIn by means of our microscopic MTM testing system to understand the evolution of FIPT under simultaneously applied magnetic field and stress. Conventional SMA characteristics of polycrystalline bulk NiMnCoAl and sintered compacted-powder NiMnCoSn metamagnetic SMAs were also investigated, with and without applied field.

Ni-Co-Mn-In system is a new type of magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) where the first order structural and magnetic phase transitions overlap. These materials can generate large reversible shape changes due to magnetic-field-induced martensitic transformation, and exhibit magneto-caloric effect and magnetoresistance. Ni-Co-Mn-Sn alloys are inexpensive alternatives of the Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys. In both materials, austenite has higher magnetization levels than martensite. Fe-Mn-Ga is another MSMA system, however, whose magnetization trend is opposite to those of the Ni-Co-Mn-X (In-Sn) systems upon phase transformation. The MSMAs have attracted great interest in recent years, and their magnetic and thermo-mechanical properties need to be further investigated. In the present study, the effects of indium concentration, cooling, and annealing on martensitic transformation and magnetic response of single crystalline Ni-Co-Mn-In alloys were investigated. Increasing indium content reduced the martensitic transformation start (Ms) temperature, while increasing temperature hysteresis and saturation magnetization. Increasing annealing temperature led to an increase in the Ms temperature whereas annealing at 400 degrees C and 500 degrees C led to the kinetic arrest of austenite. Cooling after solution heat treatment also notably affected the transformation temperatures and magnetization response. While the transformation temperatures increased in the oil quenched samples compared to those in the water quenched samples, these temperatures decreased in furnace cooled samples due to the kinetic arrest. The possible reasons for the kinetic arrest are: atomic order changes, or precipitate formation. Shape memory and superelastic response, and magnetic field-induced shape recovery behavior of sintered Ni43Co7Mn39Sn11 polycrystalline alloys were also examined. The microstructural analysis showed the existence of small pores, which seem to increase the damage tolerance of the sintered polycrystalline samples. The recoverable transformation strain, irrecoverable strain and transformation temperature hysteresis increased with stress upon cooling under stress. Moreover, magnetic-field-induced strain due to the field-induced phase transformation was confirmed to be 0.6% at 319K. Almost perfect superelastic response was obtained at 343K. A magnetic entropy change of 22 J kg-1 K-1 were determined at 219K from magneto-caloric effect measurements which were conducted on annealed Ni43Co7Mn39Sn11 ribbons. Magnetic characteristics and martensitic transformation behavior of polycrystalline Fe-Mn-Ga alloys were also examined. Cast alloys at various compositions were undergone homogenization heat treatments. It was verified by magnetization measurements that the alloys heat treated at 1050 degrees C shows martensitic transformation. The heat treatment time was determined to be 1 day or 1 week depending on the compositions.

Magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs) are a class of active materials that de- form under magnetic and mechanical loading conditions. This work is concerned with the modeling of MSMAs constitutive responses. The hysteretic magneto-mechanical responses of such materials are governed by two major mechanisms which are variant reorientation and field induced phase transformation (FIPT). The most widely used material for variant reorientation is Ni2 MnGa which can produce up to 6% magnetic field induced strain (MFIS) under 5 MPa actuation stress. The major drawback of this material is a low blocking stress, which is overcome in the NiMnCoIn material system through FIPT. This magnetic alloy can exhibit 5% MFIS under 125 MPa actuation stress. The focus of this work is to capture the key magneto-thermo-mechanical responses of such mechanisms through phenomenological modeling. In this work a detailed thermodynamic framework for the electromagnetic interaction within a continuum solid is presented. A Gibbs free energy function is postulated after identifying the external and internal state variables. Material symmetry restrictions are imposed on the Gibbs free energy and on the evolution equations of the internal state variables. Discrete symmetry is considered for single crystals whereas continuous symmetry is considered for polycrystalline materials. The constitutive equations are derived in a thermodynamically consistent way. A specific form of Gibbs free energy for FIPT is proposed and the explicit form of the constitutive equations is derived from the generalized formulation. The model is calibrated from experimental data and different predictions of magneto-thermo-mechanical loading conditions are presented. The generalized constitutive equations are then reduced to capture variant reorientation. A coupled magneto-mechanical boundary value problem (BVP) is solved that accounts for variant reorientation to investigate the influence of the demagnetization effect on the magnetic field and the effect of Maxwell stress on the Cauchy stress. The BVP, which mimics a real experiment, provides a methodology to correlate the difference between the externally measured magnetic data and internal magnetic field of the specimen due to the demagnetization effect. The numerical results show that localization zones appear inside the material between a certain ranges of applied magnetic field. Stability analysis is performed for variant reorientation to analyze these numerical observations. Detailed numerical and analytical analysis is presented to investigate these localization zones. Magnetostatic stability analysis reveals that the MSMA material system becomes unstable when localizations appear due to non-linear magnetization response. Coupled magneto-mechanical stability analysis shows that magnetically induced localization creates stress-localizations in the unstable zones. A parametric study is performed to show the constraints on material parameters for stable and unstable material responses.

The purpose of this work is to reveal the governing mechanisms responsible for the magnetic field-induced i) martensite reorientation in Ni2MnGa single crystals, ii) stress-assisted phase transformation in Ni2MnGa single crystals and iii) phase transformation in NiMnCoIn alloys. The ultimate goal of utilizing these mechanisms is to increase the actuation stress levels in magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs). Extensive experimental work on magneto-thermo-mechanical (MTM) characterization of these materials enabled us to i) better understand the ways to increase the actuation stress and strain and decrease the required magnetic field for actuation in MSMAs, ii) determine the effects of main MTM parameters on reversible magnetic field induced phase transformation, such as magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), Zeeman energy (ZE), stress hysteresis, thermal hysteresis, critical stress for the stress induced phase transformation and crystal orientation, iii) find out the feasibility of employing polycrystal MSMAs, and iv) formulate a thermodynamical framework to capture the energetics of magnetic field-induced phase transformations in MSMAs. Magnetic shape memory properties of Ni2MnGa single crystals were characterized by monitoring magnetic field-induced strain (MFIS) as a function of compressive stress and stress-induced strain as a function of magnetic field. It is revealed that the selection of the operating temperature with respect to martensite start and Curie temperatures is critical in optimizing actuator performance. The actuation stress of 5 MPa and work output of 157 kJm−3 are obtained by the field-induced variant reorientation in NiMnGa alloys. Reversible and one-way stress-assisted field-induced phase transformations are observed in Ni2MnGa single crystals under low field magnitudes (<0.7T) and resulted in at least an order of magnitude higher actuation stress levels. It is very promising to provide higher work output levels and operating temperatures than variant reorientation mechanisms in NiMnGa alloys. Reversible field-induced phase transformation and shape memory characteristics of NiMnCoIn single crystals are also studied. Reversible field-induced phase transformation is observed only under high magnetic fields (>4T). Necessary magnetic and mechanical conditions, and materials design and selection guidelines are proposed to search for field-induced phase transformation in other ferromagnetic materials that undergo thermoelastic martensitic phase transformation.

The purpose of this work is to reveal the governing mechanisms responsible for the magnetic field-induced i) martensite reorientation in Ni2MnGa single crystals, ii) stress-assisted phase transformation in Ni2MnGa single crystals and iii) phase transformation in NiMnCoIn alloys. The ultimate goal of utilizing these mechanisms is to increase the actuation stress levels in magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMAs). Extensive experimental work on magneto-thermo-mechanical (MTM) characterization of these materials enabled us to i) better understand the ways to increase the actuation stress and strain and decrease the required magnetic field for actuation in MSMAs, ii) determine the effects of main MTM parameters on reversible magnetic field induced phase transformation, such as magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy (MAE), Zeeman energy (ZE), stress hysteresis, thermal hysteresis, critical stress for the stress induced phase transformation and crystal orientation, iii) find out the feasibility of employing polycrystal MSMAs, and iv) formulate a thermodynamical framework to capture the energetics of magnetic field-induced phase transformations in MSMAs. Magnetic shape memory properties of Ni2MnGa single crystals were characterized by monitoring magnetic field-induced strain (MFIS) as a function of compressive stress and stress-induced strain as a function of magnetic field. It is revealed that the selection of the operating temperature with respect to martensite start and Curie temperatures is critical in optimizing actuator performance. The actuation stress of 5 MPa and work output of 157 kJm−3 are obtained by the field-induced variant reorientation in NiMnGa alloys. Reversible and one-way stress-assisted field-induced phase transformations are observed in Ni2MnGa single crystals under low field magnitudes (<0.7T) and resulted in at least an order of magnitude higher actuation stress levels. It is very promising to provide higher work output levels and operating temperatures than variant reorientation mechanisms in NiMnGa alloys. Reversible field-induced phase transformation and shape memory characteristics of NiMnCoIn single crystals are also studied. Reversible field-induced phase transformation is observed only under high magnetic fields (>4T). Necessary magnetic and mechanical conditions, and materials design and selection guidelines are proposed to search for field-induced phase transformation in other ferromagnetic materials that undergo thermoelastic martensitic phase transformation.

No description available.

This Master‘s thesis is focused on theoretical study of twinning in magnetic shape memory alloys based on Ni2MnGa using ab initio calculations of electronic structure within the projector augmented wave method. In particular, the effect of increasing concentration of manganese at the expense of gallium was studied on total energy and stress profiles along different deformation paths in the (10-1)[101] shear system of non-modulated martensite. Further, this work deals with the effect of the concentration of manganese on the energy of planar fault caused by presence of partial dislocation due to motion of twin boundary. The results show that the shear modulus in studied shear system increases with the increasing concentration of manganese as well as energy barrier and deformation characteristics along shear deformation paths increases, which makes the shear more difficult in Mn-rich alloys. Increasing concentration of manganese also leads to rising the planar fault energy. All these effects can be responsible for lower mobility of twin boundaries in alloys with higher concentration of manganese.

Magnetische Formgedächtnislegierungen (MSM-Legierungen) weisen im Vergleich zu anderen Festkörperwandlern und konventionellen elektromagnetischen Wandlerprinzipien unikale Kopplungseigenschaften auf. Dies motiviert ihre Anwendung in kompakten und schnellschaltenden Antrieben. Aufgrund der Kompliziertheit ihres Kopplungsverhaltens ist jedoch ein modellbasierter Entwurf unumgänglich. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich der Beschreibung einer Unterklasse von MSM-Antrieben mit eisenbehafteten Magnetkreisen und engen Luftspalten durch eine Kombination von Messung und Modell. Ziel ist dabei die Beantwortung anwendungsrelevanter Fragestellungen im Antriebsentwurf. Die Grundlage dafür bildet die heuristische Definition eines auf verallgemeinerten Kirchhoffschen Netzwerken (Netzwerkmodellen) basierenden Ersatzmodells des MSM-Elements samt umgebendem Luftspalt. Die das Verhalten des Ersatzmodells beschreibenden magnetischen Größen werden durch ein neuartiges und im Rahmen der Arbeit entwickeltes Messverfahren ermittelt. Ein Prüfstand setzt dieses Messverfahren um und ermöglicht eine simultane magnetische und magnetomechanische Charakterisierung von MSM-Elementen unter Kraft- oder Wegvorgabe. Eine empirische Validierung der gemessenen Zusammenhänge, auch anhand thermodynamischer Gesichtspunkte, weist die Plausibilität der das Ersatzmodell beschreibenden Zusammenhänge nach. Diese Ergebnisse motivieren die Entwicklung eines Netzwerkmodells, das die hysteresebehaftete magnetomechanische Kopplung innerhalb des Ersatzmodells thermodynamisch korrekt berücksichtigt. Mithilfe des Modells gelingt es, das experimentell bestimmte integrale magnetomechanische Verhalten des MSM-Elements samt umgebendem Luftspalt in wesentlichen Aspekten vorherzusagen. / Magnetic shape memory (MSM) alloys are considered promising active materials for compact electromagnetic drives due to their strong magneto-mechanical coupling. However, the latter is associated with a strong nonlinearity and a distinct hysteresis making a model-based design indispensable. The present work describes the behavior of a subclass of MSM drives with iron-core and small air gaps by means of a combination of model and experiment. Heuristically, an equivalent lumped-element model considering the MSM element and the surrounding air gap is proposed. An associated novel magnetic measurement procedure determines the quantities describing the behavior of this equivalent model. A test setup implements the measurement procedure and allows for a simultaneous magnetic and magneto-mechanical characterization either under constant load or under constant displacement. An empiric validation, also with regard to thermodynamic aspects, indicates the plausibility of the collected data describing the simplified equivalent model. These results motivate the development of a novel lumped-element model considering the hysteretic magneto-mechanical coupling of the equivalent model in a thermodynamically consistent way. Its validation by means of various magneto-mechanical experiments shows that the model is able to predict the essential magnetic and magneto-mechanical behavior of the MSM element and the surrounding air gap with sufficient accuracy, making it appropriate for system design.

Le comportement des alliages à mémoire de forme (AMF) et des alliages à mémoire de forme magnétiques (AMFM) est régi par les mécanismes de transformation martensitique à l'échelle de la microstructure, à l'origine de leurs propriétés remarquables (mémoire de forme, superélasticité, grandes déformations associées à la réorientation martensitique sous champ magnétique). Les mécanismes de transformation et de réorientation martensitique peuvent être induits par des sollicitations thermiques, magnétiques et / ou mécaniques et de manière couplée. La mise au point d'outils de conception fiables nécessite une meilleure prédictibilité du comportement réel des alliages à mémoire de forme sous sollicitations thermo - magnéto - mécaniques complexes.Le choix d'une modélisation multiaxiale et multi échelle est pertinent. Le modèle reporté présente une formulation unifiée, permettant de simuler aussi bien le comportement des AMF que celui des AMFM.Parallèlement au développement de ce modèle, une étude expérimentale est nécessaire afin d'une part d'identifier les propriétés intrinsèques des matériaux étudiés, et d'autre part de valider les estimations de la modélisation. A cette fin, des mesures de fractions volumiques de phase par diffraction des rayons X in situ ont été entreprises lors de sollicitations thermiques (cycles de chauffage-refroidissement), mécaniques (traction, compression, essais biaxiaux) et magnétiques (champ magnétique unidirectionnel). L'exploitation des résultats de diffractométrie permet une analyse quantitative des fractions volumiques des phases en présence. Celles-ci sont comparées aux estimations du modèle à des fins de validation. / The behavior of shape memory alloys (SMA) and magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMA) is governed by the martensitic transformation mechanisms at the scale of the microstructure. This transformation is at the origin of their remarkable properties (memory effect, superelasticity, large deformations associated with the martensitic reorientation under magnetic field). The martensitic transformation and reorientation mechanisms can be induced by thermal, magnetic and / or mechanical stresses and in a coupled manner. The development of reliable design tools requires a better predictability of the actual behavior of shape memory alloys under complex thermal-magneto-mechanical loading.The choice of multiaxial and multiscale modeling is relevant. The model proposed in this work presents a unified formulation, making possible to simulate both the behavior of SMA and MSMA.In parallel with the development of this model, an experimental study is necessary in order to identify the intrinsic properties of the materials studied and to validate the estimates of the modeling. For this purpose, measurements of phase fractions by in-situ X-ray diffraction were carried out during thermal (heating-cooling cycles), mechanical (tensile, compressive, biaxial) and magnetic (unidirectional magnetic field) loadings. The diffraction patterns allow a quantitative estimation of the volume fractions of the phases. These are compared to model estimates for validation purposes.