Master of Science / Department of Agricultural Economics / Timothy J. Dalton / In Kenya, agriculture governs the country’s fiscal economy, and this reliance on agriculture can cause both economic and hunger problems, a result of the country’s dependence upon rainfall for agricultural production. Kenyans must find ways to combat severe drought conditions; this can be accomplished through the adoption of inputs that decrease the probability of crop failure. The objective of this research is to determine whether variability exists in Kenyan maize yields, and whether or not specific inputs, specifically hybrid varieties, are either variance/skewness increasing or decreasing. The data used for this study was collected from a survey, designed by Egerton University’s Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and Development and Michigan State University, and administered in Kenya in the following years: 1997, 2000, 2004, and 2007. The survey identified factors of crop and field level production, such as inputs, crop mix, marketing data, and demographic information. This research makes use of only the 2007 data, comprising 1,397 households in total. The objectives of this thesis aim to go beyond the scope of typical production function regressions where yield is a function of a set of inputs, by examining further moments of yield, variance, and skewness to determine whether variability exists in Kenyan maize yields. Results indicate that variability does exist within Kenyan maize yields, often a result of differing input levels among households. In terms of overall impact of each variable on mean, variance, and skewness of maize yields, seed quantity, nitrogen use, and hybrid seed contribute the most to influencing these factors. In contrast, years of experience with hybrid maize, land tenure, terraced land and labor have the least influence on mean, variance and skewness within this research. Results also bring to light the popular debate against hybrid varieties versus open pollinated (OPV) or traditional varieties, and identify hybrid varieties as a source of variability in mean, variance and skewness of yields. Hybrid varieties should be paired with the knowledge of how to maximize yield in conjunction with other inputs, to give Kenya the opportunity to see substantial productivity gains throughout the country, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Abstract After deregulation of the agricultural markets in South Africa in 1997, the estimated maize crop could no longer be verified against the actual crop, due to the lack of control data from the Maize Control Board. This drove the need to explore remotely sensed data as a supplement to the current crop estimation methodology to improve crop estimations. Input data for the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based model consisted of objective yield point data, Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images and rainfall grids. Rainfall grids were interpolated from weather station data. NDVI values were obtained from the MODIS sensor aboard the Terra platform. Objective yield point field survey data for the 2001/2002 growing season were utilised since dry-land or irrigated conditions were recorded for that season. MODIS NDVI values corresponded well with the growing stages and age of the maize plants after being adjusted to reflect the crop’s age rather than the Julian date. Rainfall values were extracted from rainfall grids and also aligned with the age of the maize plants. This is a suggested alternative to the traditional method of using the mean NDVI for several districts in a region over a Julian growing period of 11 months according to Julian dates. South African maize production areas extend over seven (7) provinces with eight (8) different temperature and rainfall zones (du Plessis, 2004). Planting-date zones based on the uniform age of the maize plants were developed from objective yield Global Positioning System (GPS) points for the 2001/2002 growing season and compared with the 2004/2005 growing season (Frost and Kneen, 2006). Planting dates were interpolated from these planting zones for objective yield GPS points which were missing planting dates in the survey database. MODIS imagery is affordable (free) and four (4) images cover the whole of South Africa daily, while one (1) image covers the study area daily. Several recommendations, such as establishing yield equations for a normal, dry, and wet season were made. It is also suggested that dry-land and irrigated areas continue to be evaluated separately in future.

Field experiments were conducted on an Alfisol in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia to investigate nitrogen (N) cycling in the leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) alley cropping system. This is a farming system in which maize (Zea mays L.) is grown in alleys formed by leucaena hedgerows spaced 4.5 metres apart. Mineralization of N from Ieucaena (prunings) and maize residues was studied under field conditions. Response of maize growth to addition of N fertilizer and plant residues was evaluated both in field plot and microplot experiments. The fate of fertilizer N and leucaena N was examined over four consecutive seasons. The decomposition (loss of mass) of dry, cut 15N-labelled leucaena residues differed from that of intact fresh leucaena prunings in the first cropping season although no difference was detected after one year. At the end of one cropping season, 3 months after application, 58-72% of 15N-labelled leucaena had decomposed compared to only 34-36% of fresh leucaena prunings. Similar trends occurred at 20 and 52 days after application. The extent of decomposition of fresh leucaena prunings (28-33%) was similar at two loading rates (2.4 and 4.7 t DM ha -1) by 3 months after addition. About 72% of young 15N labelled maize residues was decomposed by 3 months after addition in the presence of fresh leucaena prunings. Decomposition of 15N-labelled leucaena residues and unlabelled fresh prunings was 91% and 88% respectively 14 months after addition. After 2 years the corresponding values were 96% and 94%. When N content of the recovered residues was taken into account, the values were 95% and 94% after 14 months, and the same (97%) after 2 years. Maize yield and N uptake were significantly increased following addition of either unlabelled fresh leucaena residues or 15N-labelled thy Ieucaena residues. Application of N ferilizer produced a thither increase in the presence of the residues. The maize yield and N uptake with the 15N-labelled leucaena were not different from those with the unlabelled residues. There was a significant positive interaction between N fertilizer and leucaena prunings which increased maize production. Addition of maize residues decreased the yield and N uptake of maize compared with that obtained in the presence of N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha~1 and leucaena residues (2.4 t DM ha-1). There was a marked residual benefit of N fertilizer applied in the first season at 36 kgN hat in the presence of leucaena prunings on the second maize crop yield and N uptake, but not on the third crop. However, a significant residual benefit of leucaena prunings added in the first season was found in DM yield and N uptake of the second and third maize crop. The short-term fate of 15N applied in plant residues was examined during two separate cropping seasons. By 20 days after application of separate 15N-labelled leucaena leaves, stems and petioles, 3-9% of the added 15N could be found in maize plants, 33-49% was in surface residues, 36-48% in the 2 m soil proffle and 0.3-22% unaccounted for. In a separate experiment when leucaena components were not separated, 5% of 15N applied in leucaena residues was taken up by maize 52 days after addition, 45% was in residues, 25% was in soil and 25% was unaccounted for. Jn another experiment, maize recovered 6% of added leucaena 15N after 2 months, 39% remained in residues, 28% was in soil and 27% was not recovered. Incorporation of 15N-labelled leucaena residues in the soil did not increase recoveiy of leucaena 15N by maize compared with placement of the residues on the soil surface. By the end of one cropping season (3 months after application), 9% of added 15N was recovered by maize from 15N-labelled leucaena. There was a similar 15N recoveiy from 15N-labelled maize residues applied as mulch at 1.7 t DM ha1 together with unlabelled leucaena prunings at 2.4 t DM ha ~. In both cases, 30-32% of added 15N was detected in soil, 28% in residues, and 31-34% apparently lost. The short-term fate of fertilizer 15N was different from that of 15N added in plant residues. In a 52-day experiment, maize recovered 65-79% of fertilizer 15N applied at low rates (6.1 and 12.2 kg N ha -1) in the presence of leucaena prunings, 21-34% was present in soil, and less than 1% was not recovered. By 2 months after application, recoveiy of fertilizer 15N by maize was 41% from N fertilizer added at 80 kg N ha -1, 35% from N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha -1 in the presence of leucaena prunings, and 24% from N fertilizer at 40 kg N ha -1 in the presence of maize residues and leucaena prunings. The corresponding deficits (unaccounted-for 15N) were 37%, 38% and 47% respectively. A small but significant amount of the fertilizer 15N was present in the unlabelled leucaena residues (3%) and in the mixture of unlabelled leucaena and maize residues (7%) present on the soil surface. However, application of the plant residues did not affect recoveiy of the fertilizer 15N in soil (21-24%). When N fertilizer was applied at 40 kg N hi1 in the presence of leucaena prunings, 43% of fertilizer 15N was recovered by maize at the end of cropping season, 20% in soil, 2% in residues, and 35% unaccounted for. The long-term fate of fertilizer 15N was compared with that of leucaena 15N in an experiment over four cropping seasons. In the first season, maize tops recovered 50% of the fertilizer 15N but only 4% of the leucaena 15N. In the second, third and fourth seasons, maize (tops + roots) recovered 0.7%, 0.4% and 0.3% of the initial fertilizer 15N compared with 2.6%, 1.8% and 1.4% of the initial leucaena 15N. In the second, third and fourth seasons, recovery of the initial fertilizer 15N (12-14%) in soil was much lower than that of the initial leucaena 15N (38-40%). There was no further loss of the fertilizer 15N after the first season. However, the cumulative 15N deficit for the leucaena 1N in the first two seasons was 50%--thissuggested an additional loss of 23% since the end of the first season. There was no further loss of 15N from either residual fertilizer 15N or residual leucaena 15N in the third and fourth seasons. In conclusion, application of leucaena prunings could substantially increase maize yield and N uptake although some supplementary N fertilizer may be required to achieve maximum crop yield. Maize recovered only a small amount of added leucaena N in the first year. Most of the leucaena residue N was present in the soil and remaining residues after one season. This residue N would be gradually available for plant uptake by subsequent crops. Of course, annual additions of leucaena prunings would appreciably increase the pool of available N over time. Thus, application of leucaena prunings could substantially improve soil fertility in the long term.

Agricultural production is highly sensitive to climate and weather perturbations. Maize is the main crop cultivated in South Africa and production is predominantly rain-fed. South Africa’s climate, especially rainfall, is extremely variable which influences the water available for agriculture and makes rain-fed cropping very risky. In the aim to reduce the uncertainty in the climate of the forthcoming season, this study investigates whether seasonal climate forecasts can be used to predict maize yields for South Africa with a usable level of skill. Maize yield, under rain-fed conditions, is simulated for each of the magisterial districts in the primary maize producing region of South Africa for the period from 1979 to 1999. The ability of the CERES-Maize model to simulate South African maize yields is established by forcing the CERES-Maize model with observed weather data. The simulated maize yields obtained by forcing the CERES-Maize model with observed weather data set the target skill level for the simulation systems that incorporate Global Circulation Models (GCMs). Two GCMs produced the simulated fields for this study, they are the Conformal Cubic Atmospheric Model (CCAM) and the ECHAM4.5 model. CCAM ran a 5 and ECHAM4.5 a 6- member ensemble of simulations on horizontal grids of 2.1° x 2.1° and 2.8° x 2.8° respectively. Both models were forced with observed sea-surface temperatures for the period 1979 to 2003. The CERES-Maize model is forced with each ensemble member of the CCAM-simulated fields and with each ensemble member of the ECHAM4.5-simulated fields. The CERES-CCAM simulated maize yields and CERES-ECHAM4.5 simulated maize yields are combined to form a Multi-Model maize yield ensemble system. The simulated yields are verified against actual maize yields. The CERES-Maize model shows significant skill in simulating South Africa maize yields. CERES-Maize model simulations using the CCAM-simulated fields produced skill levels comparable to the target skill, while the CERES-ECHAM4.5 simulation system illustrated poor skill. The Multi-Model system presented here could therefore not outscore the skill of the best single-model simulation system (CERES-CCAM). Notwithstanding, the CERES-Maize model has the potential to be used in an operational environment to predict South African maize yields, provided that the GCM forecast fields used to force the model are adequately skilful. Such a yield prediction system does not currently exist in South Africa. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / Unrestricted

Thesis (M.Sc. (Soil Science)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Large amount of pre-plant nitrogen (N) fertilizer results in low nutrient-use-efficiency due to poor synchrony between soil N supply and maize demand, especially during N sensitive growth stages. Optimum maize production is dependent on adequate N availability to the crop during the critical vegetative and reproductive growth stages. High N fertilizer prices and maize yield decline are the main challenges faced by the Limpopo Province farmers. The objectives of this study were to compare growth and yield of maize under conventional and site-specific N management in a dryland farming system. The study was conducted in Leeukraal, Towoomba, Ga-Marishane and Radium in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. Experimental plots were laid out in a randomized complete block design, with four replications. Phosphorus was applied through band placement using a planter in all plots at a rate of 42 kg P/ha. Hybrid maize SNK 2147 was planted on a 20 by 20 m plot with Inter-row and Intra-row spacing of 0.9 and 0.35 m respectively. Treatments consisted of 3 N management strategies as follows, (i) No N application (N0), (ii) Site-specific N at a rate ranging between 18 and 33 kg N/ha (N1) and (iii) Conventional N application at 58 kg N/ha (N2). Treatment N2 was applied at a uniform rate during maize planting. Sufficiency index as an indication for N deficiency was determined using CCM-200 for treatment N1. The sufficiency index was determined during leaf stage V6, V10 and V14, and thereafter N was applied only when needed. Data were subjected to analysis of variance through Statistical Analysis System package. Mean separation tests were computed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Maize grain yield at Leeukraal of 5.2 t/ha for N1 was higher than 3.2 and 4.0 t/ha of N0 and N2, respectively. There was no difference amongst the three N management approaches on the grain yield at Towoomba. The grain yield at Ga-Marishane for N1 of 2.2 t/ha was significantly higher than 1.7 t/ha of the N0. Conventional management approach, which is a traditional approach used by farmers in the Limpopo Province, had 2.6 t/ha grain yield that was significantly higher than the N0 and N1. The maize growth and yield under N2 and N1 was compared, N1 required between 43 and 69% lesser N fertilizer as compared to N2. Therefore site-specific nutrient management approach sustains and improves growth and yield of maize using minimal inputs of N compared to conventional approach. This therefore saves input costs and avoids unnecessary environmental consequences. Key words: maize yield, nitrogen management, site-specific approach / Vlaamse Interuniveritatire Raad and Limpopo Department of Agriculture

Thesis (M.Sc.(Agronomy)) --University of Limpopo, 2015 / The changes in climate, especially poor rainfall patterns and distributions are key issues posing major agricultural challenges for food security and threaten the rural livelihoods of many communities in the Limpopo Province. Rainfall (P) is low and limited. These limited P is mostly lost through runoff and evaporation, which result in low soil moisture availability and possible crop failure. Therefore, techniques that reduce these water losses are important for improving dryland crop production and rainwater productivity (RWP). The objectives of this study were to determine the potential and effectiveness of rainwater harvesting and conservation techniques (RWH&CT’s) to conserve and improve plant available water (PAW) for dryland maize production and also determine the efficiency of the RWH&CT’s to improve dryland maize yield and RWP compared to conventional tillage (CON). The study was conducted over a period of two growing seasons (2008/09; 2009/10) using maize as indicator crop at the Towoomba Research Station of the Limpopo Department of Agriculture in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, on an Arcadia ecotope. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with four replications and five treatments. The five treatments used in the study were; conventional tillage (CON), No-till (NT), In-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH), Mechanized basins (MB) and Daling plough (DAL). The IRWH and DL were classified as rainwater harvesting techniques (RWHT’s), whilst MB and NT were classified as water conservation techniques. Two access tubes were installed at each treatment to measure the soil water content (SWC) at four different soil depths of 150, 450, 750 and 1050 mm using the neutron water meter. The data collected included climatic data, soil and plant parameters. The data were subjected to analysis of variance through NCSS 2000 Statistical System for Windows and GENSTAT 14th edition. Mean separation tests were computed using Fisher's protected least significant difference test. The SWC of IRWH, DAL and MB were about 510 and 490 mm higher compared to CON and NT treatment during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons, respectively. The PAWT of the IRWH, MB and DAL was significantly different from the CON treatment during the 2008/09 season. For both seasons the biomass yield of the IRWH treatment was significantly different from the NT treatment, producing 23 and 50% more biomass in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons, respectively. The grain yield under IRWH was significantly different from the NT treatment during both 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons. The highest maize grain yield of IRWH was achieved during the 2009/10 season with 56% higher grain yield than the NT treatment. RWP from various RWHT’s were significantly different from the NT treatment. These results indicate that IRWH and DAL were 12 and 2% more effective in converting rainwater into harvestable grain yield than the CON treatment. R2 values of 68.6 and 78.4% for SWC and transpiration (Ev) were obtained when correlated with maize grain yield respectively. This indicates the importance of moisture conservation for improved dryland maize production under low P areas. Therefore, the use of appropriate RWHT’s by smallscale farmers maybe crucial to improve dryland maize production. IRWH outperformed all other treatments in terms of the soil parameters and plant parameter measured during the period of this study. Therefore, these results suggest IRWH has potential of sustaining maize yields under low rainfall conditions. Key words: Rainwater harvesting, conservation techniques, ecotope, rainwater productivity, maize yield, precipitation use efficiency.

Orientador: Silvio José Bicudo / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Helio Grassi Filho / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Banca: Ricardo Augusto Dias Kanthack / Resumo: A busca por uma agricultura ecologicamente sustentável e economicamente viável vem aumentando ao longo dos anos. Neste sentido, sistemas de cultivo que visam à maximização do uso do solo e dos insumos agrícolas têm ganhado, cada vez mais, espaço na agricultura brasileira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do milho cultivado sob cobertura vegetal de Brachiaria brizantha a doses crescentes de potássio, em cultivo solteiro e em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (milho consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP, nos anos agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. O experimento consistiu de 16 tratamentos estabelecidos em esquema de blocos casualisados com parcelas subsubdivididas em quatro repetições, tendo a área de cada subsubparcela 35 m2 (5 x 7 m). Cada dose de K2O (0, 75, 150, 225 kg ha-1) correspondeu a uma parcela, sendo as subparcelas formadas pela presença ou ausência de Brachiaria brizantha cultivada no ano agrícola de 2007/2008 como planta de cobertura, as subsubparcelas foram compostas por dois sistemas de cultivo (milho solteiro e milho consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha). As doses de K2O e os sistemas de cultivo só foram implantados no ano agrícola de 2008/2009. Durante o período de florescimento da cultura do milho foram tomadas medidas da altura de plantas e inserção da espiga, comprimento médio dos internódios, diâmetro do colmo e área foliar. Foram coletadas folhas da base da espiga para análise nutricional. Foram avaliados após a colheita do milho os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos. Os componentes da produção estudados foram: população final de plantas por hectare, número de espigas por hectare, comprimento de espigas, diâmetro de espigas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : The development of environmentally sustainable and economically viable agricultural systems has been increasing throughout the years, maximizing soil and input use. The objective of this work was to evaluate maize response to potassium doses when cropped on Brachiaria brizantha residues, both single and in a crop-livestock system (maize intercroppped with Brachiaria brizantha). The experiment was carried out in Botucatu-SPBrazil, Lageado Experimental Farm, in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The split-split-plot design consisted of 16 treatments arranged in completely randomized blocks with four replications. The area of each split-split-plot was 35 m2 (5 x 7 m). The main plots consisted of four K2O doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1). The split-plots were the absence or presence of Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the growing season of 2007/2008 as cover crop. The split-split-plots consisted of two tillage systems (single maize and maize intercropped with Brachiaria brizantha). Both K2O doses and tillage systems were implemented in 2008/2009. At flowering, plant and ear height, internodes length, stem diameter and leaf area were evaluated. Leaves from the base of the ear were taken for nutritional analysis. After harvest, yield components and grain yield were determined. The yield components evaluated were final plant population per hectare, number of ears, ear length, ear diameter, number of grain rows per ear, weight of 1,000 grains, number of grains per ear and grain length. Soil samples were taken to evaluate exchangeable and non-exchangeable... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-05-08Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:00:30Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 cruz_scs_dr_botfca.pdf: 754953 bytes, checksum: 6a8bc7052e1faca4049c3cfab25c5e36 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A busca por uma agricultura ecologicamente sustentável e economicamente viável vem aumentando ao longo dos anos. Neste sentido, sistemas de cultivo que visam à maximização do uso do solo e dos insumos agrícolas têm ganhado, cada vez mais, espaço na agricultura brasileira. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do milho cultivado sob cobertura vegetal de Brachiaria brizantha a doses crescentes de potássio, em cultivo solteiro e em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária (milho consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha). O experimento foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental Lageado da FCA/UNESP, em Botucatu-SP, nos anos agrícolas de 2007/2008 e 2008/2009. O experimento consistiu de 16 tratamentos estabelecidos em esquema de blocos casualisados com parcelas subsubdivididas em quatro repetições, tendo a área de cada subsubparcela 35 m2 (5 x 7 m). Cada dose de K2O (0, 75, 150, 225 kg ha-1) correspondeu a uma parcela, sendo as subparcelas formadas pela presença ou ausência de Brachiaria brizantha cultivada no ano agrícola de 2007/2008 como planta de cobertura, as subsubparcelas foram compostas por dois sistemas de cultivo (milho solteiro e milho consorciado com Brachiaria brizantha). As doses de K2O e os sistemas de cultivo só foram implantados no ano agrícola de 2008/2009. Durante o período de florescimento da cultura do milho foram tomadas medidas da altura de plantas e inserção da espiga, comprimento médio dos internódios, diâmetro do colmo e área foliar. Foram coletadas folhas da base da espiga para análise nutricional. Foram avaliados após a colheita do milho os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos. Os componentes da produção estudados foram: população final de plantas por hectare, número de espigas por hectare, comprimento de espigas, diâmetro de espigas... / The development of environmentally sustainable and economically viable agricultural systems has been increasing throughout the years, maximizing soil and input use. The objective of this work was to evaluate maize response to potassium doses when cropped on Brachiaria brizantha residues, both single and in a crop-livestock system (maize intercroppped with Brachiaria brizantha). The experiment was carried out in Botucatu-SPBrazil, Lageado Experimental Farm, in 2007/2008 and 2008/2009. The split-split-plot design consisted of 16 treatments arranged in completely randomized blocks with four replications. The area of each split-split-plot was 35 m2 (5 x 7 m). The main plots consisted of four K2O doses (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1). The split-plots were the absence or presence of Brachiaria brizantha cultivated in the growing season of 2007/2008 as cover crop. The split-split-plots consisted of two tillage systems (single maize and maize intercropped with Brachiaria brizantha). Both K2O doses and tillage systems were implemented in 2008/2009. At flowering, plant and ear height, internodes length, stem diameter and leaf area were evaluated. Leaves from the base of the ear were taken for nutritional analysis. After harvest, yield components and grain yield were determined. The yield components evaluated were final plant population per hectare, number of ears, ear length, ear diameter, number of grain rows per ear, weight of 1,000 grains, number of grains per ear and grain length. Soil samples were taken to evaluate exchangeable and non-exchangeable... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The Zambian government, through the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MACO), provides maize seed and fertilizers to farmers at heavily subsidised prices under the Farmer Input Support Programme (FISP). MACO’s narrow evaluation of FISP, based on estimated production without quantifying the significant changes in production and other critical socioeconomic factors, fails to adequately highlight and service the benefits of subsidies to intended beneficiaries. Furthermore, MACO estimates of the impact of FISP never consider the question of how much beneficiary farmers would have produced in its absence, leading to potentially misleading assessments. The key question addressed in this study is whether using more rigorous econometric methods that account for heterogeneity in socioeconomic factors between participants and non-participants would still confirm the positive impact of FISP on maize productivity and poverty reduction, hence justifying the huge government expense on the programme. The study utilised cross-sectional data obtained from 497 randomly selected households, collected in 2011 from six provinces of Zambia to assess the causal effect of FISP on beneficiary households’ maize yields and asset accumulation. The data was analysed using well-grounded matching techniques that account for differences in observable characteristics between programme participants and non-participants. The study also tested for possible unobserved selection effects using the Rosenbaum bounds. The results indicated that participating in FISP increased maize yields and assets accumulation and hence might directly or indirectly positively affect beneficiary poverty levels. There were also no influences of unobserved characteristics on the estimated maize yield and asset level differences between participants and non-participants. On average, FISP increased maize yields by about 451 kg per hectare, with an improvement of about 0.5 on the wealth index (score used to rank households according to asset levels). The positive impact on maize yields and asset accumulation on the participating farmers therefore justifies government’s continued implementation of FISP. / Dissertation (MScAgric)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MScAgric / Unrestricted

Thesis (MSc .(Agronomy)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015 / The changes in climate, especially poor rainfall patterns and distributions are key issues posing major agricultural challenges for food security and threaten the rural livelihoods of many communities in the Limpopo Province. Rainfall (P) is low and limited. These limited P is mostly lost through runoff and evaporation, which result in low soil moisture availability and possible crop failure. Therefore, techniques that reduce these water losses are important for improving dryland crop production and rainwater productivity (RWP). The objectives of this study were to determine the potential and effectiveness of rainwater harvesting and conservation techniques (RWH&CT’s) to conserve and improve plant available water (PAW) for dryland maize production and also determine the efficiency of the RWH&CT’s to improve dryland maize yield and RWP compared to conventional tillage (CON). The study was conducted over a period of two growing seasons (2008/09; 2009/10) using maize as indicator crop at the Towoomba Research Station of the Limpopo Department of Agriculture in the Limpopo Province of South Africa, on an Arcadia ecotope. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, with four replications and five treatments. The five treatments used in the study were; conventional tillage (CON), No-till (NT), In-field rainwater harvesting (IRWH), Mechanized basins (MB) and Daling plough (DAL). The IRWH and DL were classified as rainwater harvesting techniques (RWHT’s), whilst MB and NT were classified as water conservation techniques. Two access tubes were installed at each treatment to measure the soil water content (SWC) at four different soil depths of 150, 450, 750 and 1050 mm using the neutron water meter. The data collected included climatic data, soil and plant parameters. The data were subjected to analysis of variance through NCSS 2000 Statistical System for Windows and GENSTAT 14th edition. Mean separation tests were computed using Fisher's protected least significant difference test. The SWC of IRWH, DAL and MB were about 510 and 490 mm higher compared to CON and NT treatment during the 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons, respectively. The PAWT of the IRWH, MB and DAL was significantly different from the CON treatment during the 2008/09 season. For both seasons the biomass yield of the IRWH treatment was significantly different from the NT treatment, producing 23 and 50% more biomass in the 2008/09 and 2009/10 growing seasons, respectively. The grain yield under IRWH was significantly different from the NT treatment during both 2008/09 and 2009/10 seasons. The highest maize grain yield of IRWH was achieved during the 2009/10 season with 56% higher grain yield than the NT treatment. RWP from various RWHT’s were significantly different from the NT treatment. These results indicate that IRWH and DAL were 12 and 2% more effective in converting rainwater into harvestable grain yield than the CON treatment. R2 values of 68.6 and 78.4% for SWC and transpiration (Ev) were obtained when correlated with maize grain yield respectively. This indicates the importance of moisture conservation for improved dryland maize production under low P areas. Therefore, the use of appropriate RWHT’s by smallscale farmers maybe crucial to improve dryland maize production. IRWH outperformed all other treatments in terms of the soil parameters and plant parameter measured during the period of this study. Therefore, these results suggest IRWH has potential of sustaining maize yields under low rainfall conditions. Key words: Rainwater harvesting, conservation techniques, ecotope, rainwater productivity, maize yield, precipitation use efficiency.