The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and findings of antimalarial drug efficacy studies conducted in Ethiopia and to use the findings to formulate recommendations for antimalarial drug efficacy monitoring and use of evidence to inform antimalarial treatment policy for the Ethiopian setting. This study reviewed 44 antimalarial efficacy studies conducted in Ethiopia from 1974 to 2011. The analysis of results indicated that chloroquine as the first-line antimalarial drug for the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum had a 22% therapeutic failure in 1985. Chloroquine was replaced with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in 1998, more than 12 years later, when its therapeutic failure had reached 65%. Sulfadoxinepyrimethamine at the time of its introduction had a treatment failure of 7.7%; it was replaced after seven years in 2004 by artemether-lumefantrine; by then its treatment failure had reached 36%. The WHO recommends the replacement of a first-line antimalarial drug when more than 10% of treatment failure is reported. The replacement drug should have a therapeutic efficacy of more than 95%; while the change itself should be completed within two years. The prolonged delay to replace failing antimalarial drugs in Ethiopia seems to have been influenced mainly by the lack of systematic antimalarial drug efficacy data collection and pragmatic use of the data and evidence gathered.Almost eight years after its introduction, isolated studies show that the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine has decreased from 99% in 2003 to around 96.3% in 2008. Though this decrease is not statistically significant (chi-square 1.5; P=0.22) and has not reached the threshold of 10%, it is plausible that its efficacy may drop further. This is mainly due to regulatory provisions in the country that allow marketing of oral artemisinin mono-therapies that are not recommended for malaria treatment, use of less effective antimalarial combination drugs in the neighboring countries and widespread drug quality problems. The situation calls for and this study recommends the establishment of stringent drug efficacy monitoring and early warning system and alignment of the antimalarial drug regulatory practices with recommendations of the WHO. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and findings of antimalarial drug efficacy studies conducted in Ethiopia and to use the findings to formulate recommendations for antimalarial drug efficacy monitoring and use of evidence to inform antimalarial treatment policy for the Ethiopian setting. This study reviewed 44 antimalarial efficacy studies conducted in Ethiopia from 1974 to 2011. The analysis of results indicated that chloroquine as the first-line antimalarial drug for the treatment of malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum had a 22% therapeutic failure in 1985. Chloroquine was replaced with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in 1998, more than 12 years later, when its therapeutic failure had reached 65%. Sulfadoxinepyrimethamine at the time of its introduction had a treatment failure of 7.7%; it was replaced after seven years in 2004 by artemether-lumefantrine; by then its treatment failure had reached 36%. The WHO recommends the replacement of a first-line antimalarial drug when more than 10% of treatment failure is reported. The replacement drug should have a therapeutic efficacy of more than 95%; while the change itself should be completed within two years. The prolonged delay to replace failing antimalarial drugs in Ethiopia seems to have been influenced mainly by the lack of systematic antimalarial drug efficacy data collection and pragmatic use of the data and evidence gathered.Almost eight years after its introduction, isolated studies show that the efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine has decreased from 99% in 2003 to around 96.3% in 2008. Though this decrease is not statistically significant (chi-square 1.5; P=0.22) and has not reached the threshold of 10%, it is plausible that its efficacy may drop further. This is mainly due to regulatory provisions in the country that allow marketing of oral artemisinin mono-therapies that are not recommended for malaria treatment, use of less effective antimalarial combination drugs in the neighboring countries and widespread drug quality problems. The situation calls for and this study recommends the establishment of stringent drug efficacy monitoring and early warning system and alignment of the antimalarial drug regulatory practices with recommendations of the WHO. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study investigated the implementation of the roll back malaria (RBM) programme at household and at health post levels and examined factors that negatively impact on malaria prevention and control activities. Quantitative, descriptive, analytic crosssectional research, guided by the conceptual framework of the Health Belief Model, was conducted. Structured interviews were conducted with 857 women (for the household survey in phase 1) and 53 health extension workers (HEWs) in phase 2 of the study, in nine malaria endemic districts of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. The study’s findings indicate that 53.3% (n=457) of the household respondents and 24.5% (n=13) of the HEWs had low levels of overall malaria-related knowledge. Household respondents aged 25-34 years, (p<0.01); regularly received malaria-related information, (p<0.001) and the less poor women (p<0.001) had good levels of knowledge. Of the households, 38.9% (n=333) reported poor RBM practices. Wealth, knowledge, perceived threat of malaria and perceived benefits of implementing malaria preventive measures were positively associated with good RBM practices. Indoor residual spraying (63.6%; 422 out of 664), consistent use of insecticide treated bed nets (51.6%; 368 out of 713), and environmental sanitation (38.6%; 331 out of 857) were the most commonly implemented malaria prevention strategies in the study area. Out of the 252 reported malaria cases, 53.6% (n=135) occurred among children under five years of age who also comprised 50.0% (n=16) of 32 reported malaria-related deaths. The RBM practices were poorly implemented in the study area despite malaria prevention and control efforts. Slow progress in behavioural changes among household members, lack of transportation services for referring malaria patients, lack of support given to HEWs and lack of feedback and supervision from higher level health care facilities were identified as potential challenges facing RBM implementation in the study area. Future efforts need to focus on effective behavioural changes based on intervention studies and regular monitoring of the RBM programme. The workloads of the HEWs should also be reconsidered and lay health educators should be used more effectively. Health posts should always have sufficient anti-malaria drugs and other resource such as rapid diagnostic kits. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study investigated the implementation of the roll back malaria (RBM) programme at household and at health post levels and examined factors that negatively impact on malaria prevention and control activities. Quantitative, descriptive, analytic crosssectional research, guided by the conceptual framework of the Health Belief Model, was conducted. Structured interviews were conducted with 857 women (for the household survey in phase 1) and 53 health extension workers (HEWs) in phase 2 of the study, in nine malaria endemic districts of Sidama Zone, southern Ethiopia. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. The study’s findings indicate that 53.3% (n=457) of the household respondents and 24.5% (n=13) of the HEWs had low levels of overall malaria-related knowledge. Household respondents aged 25-34 years, (p<0.01); regularly received malaria-related information, (p<0.001) and the less poor women (p<0.001) had good levels of knowledge. Of the households, 38.9% (n=333) reported poor RBM practices. Wealth, knowledge, perceived threat of malaria and perceived benefits of implementing malaria preventive measures were positively associated with good RBM practices. Indoor residual spraying (63.6%; 422 out of 664), consistent use of insecticide treated bed nets (51.6%; 368 out of 713), and environmental sanitation (38.6%; 331 out of 857) were the most commonly implemented malaria prevention strategies in the study area. Out of the 252 reported malaria cases, 53.6% (n=135) occurred among children under five years of age who also comprised 50.0% (n=16) of 32 reported malaria-related deaths. The RBM practices were poorly implemented in the study area despite malaria prevention and control efforts. Slow progress in behavioural changes among household members, lack of transportation services for referring malaria patients, lack of support given to HEWs and lack of feedback and supervision from higher level health care facilities were identified as potential challenges facing RBM implementation in the study area. Future efforts need to focus on effective behavioural changes based on intervention studies and regular monitoring of the RBM programme. The workloads of the HEWs should also be reconsidered and lay health educators should be used more effectively. Health posts should always have sufficient anti-malaria drugs and other resource such as rapid diagnostic kits. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

This study is based on a survey of over 900 respondents living in Tigray, Ethiopia and is intended to assist the Ethiopian government as well as other interested parties in analyzing the factors affecting the incidence of malaria in Tigray and those affecting people's choice of health care provider. / Two models were designed to answer these two questions. The first was a multinomial logit model in which socio-economic indicators were related to the incidence of malaria. The second model was specified as a conditional logit model aimed at determining people's choice between seeking treatment at a hospital/clinic or at a pharmacy/community health worker. / Economic development is the key to eradication of the major parasitic diseases, particularly malaria. An interesting result was obtained on the gender of the respondent; women in Tigray are less likely to report having had malaria than men. / Education level was found to be positively correlated with the likelihood of choosing the Hospital/Clinic option over the Pharmacy/Community Health Worker. / The Hospital/Clinic option was less likely to be chosen with increasing cost of treatment. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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