Feminist scholarship contributes to our understanding of the day-to-day experiences of female refugees especially as they relate to social and economic security. Traditional gender roles, the gender division of labour, systems of patriarchy, and sexual and gender based violence are contributing factors to the daily violence and insecurity that female refugees experience. This thesis employed unstructured interviews with 15 refugee women and 9 institutional representatives based in Malawi’s Dzaleka Refugee Camp as well as participant observation to examine perceptions of security within refugee camps as articulated by female refugees and by the institutional representatives working in Dzaleka camp. My findings underscore diverging perceptions between these two groups particularly along the themes of access to heating resources, prostitution and survival sex, boreholes, corruption, livelihoods, early and forced marriage, and reporting insecurity. Analysis of these themes indicates a gendered duality regarding the visibility of women refugees and their access to basic necessities, particularly heating resources. As such, refugee women have limited options to achieve their basic necessities and therefore may engage in negative survival strategies such as sex work. Furthermore, inadequate trust between refugees and refugee-based organizations as well as limited accountability mechanisms contributes to the insecurity that refugee women experience.

Since time immemorial extractive industries have been shrouded in secrecy worldwide. This stemmed countries with high levels of corruption and weak administrative systems and vulnerable regulatory frameworks to seldom develop or economically grow from extractive industries revenues. This has led to the identification of transparency as being the evasive factor worldwide to help attract more investments, avoid the resource curse and curb corruption. Malawi is no exception to this trend and has one of the lowly performing and very obscure mining sectors. That though Transparency is a fundamental principle of the Constitution of Malawi; it is not reflected in the Mining laws of Malawi which were enacted before the Constitution. The secrecy that hovers over the activities of the mining sector has provoked various stakeholders to demand their inclusion in the processes of concluding contracts due to lack of visible benefits from existing investments. To avoid difficult forums of stakeholders gathering to make a decision on intended investments to be made, there has been a call to make the mining industry more transparent. This entails the introduction of public scrutiny post-contract making which remains the discretion of the Minister. Attempts to introduce transparency have led to the introduction of Transparency initiatives whose main objective is to ensure transparency is evident in extractive industries such as mining. Malawi is currently deciding whether to adopt one such initiative called the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. It is a strong advocate for transparency in extractive sector which is voluntary in nature and mandates the disclosure of revenues collected by government and the companies to report the amounts paid to government. Adoption of EITI is pegged to immensely improve the mining sector through increased FDI inflow. This dissertation argued for Malawi to adopt EITI because it found that the Malawian mining sector is governed by ancient laws which are silent on transparency principles. This thesis found that EITI though is a stepping stone for Malawi, it lacks several crucial factors in its scope and the thesis highlights several shortfalls of the initiative. EITI implores revenue transparency over other forms of transparency. And this research found that Malawi needs contract transparency more than revenue transparency because Malawi’s mining sector is contract-based rather than legislative-based thereby recommending Malawi include contract transparency to the standard EITI scope. It was further concluded that Malawi emulates Liberia by extending their scope to include other extractive sectors like agriculture besides the classified Oil, Gas and Mining. This thesis spurred a debate as to enforcement and compliance of EITI. It was discovered that Malawi is already a member to various international instruments that advocate the transparent means of administering the extractive sector but sadly these are not fully implemented in the mining sector. This is attributable to the fact that Malawi’s laws stipulate that newly adopted international laws or standards do not have binding force until converted into domestic legislation. Consequently, since EITI is termed ‘soft law’ because it lacks enforcement, this study concluded that Malawi needs to enact a domestic law to ensure enforcement. This was drawn from the comparable analysis of Nigeria and Liberia who have enacted EITI legislation to ensure effective implementation. It was drawn from this analysis the need to enact legislation codifying EITI in order to ensure compliance and as a form of enforcement. With the idea of introducing a new EITI law, this thesis found that EITI if adopted will be aligned to Malawi’s international obligations but its principles contrary to domestic laws. This study, nevertheless, concluded these inconsistencies can be ironed by explicitly stating in the EITI code that it is an exception to the general laws such as tax laws which prohibit disclosure of taxes paid to third parties. Based on these findings, this dissertation recommends the improvement of transparency in the mining sector through the adoption of EITI. That Malawi should codify it into domestic legislation to convert its voluntary element into mandatory. That this new law should expressly state EITI as an exception to existing laws which it is inconsistent with. It further recommends Malawi includes agriculture to the standard EITI scope as the administration of which could also help boost the economy of which it heavily contributes to. It also recommends the amendment of the mining laws to reflect transparency principles stipulated in the superior law of the land the constitution, international instruments and core principle of EITI. It points out the importance of government to involve existing extractive companies as the adoption of EITI directly impacts them and therefore consultation is vital. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Stroke is a known health challenge for the public as it is both incapacitating and fatal to many people world over. Malawi, one of the developing countries has stroke as the fourth leading cause of death, and is fast becoming even more significant due, primarily, to lifestyle changes and nature of healthcare practices. For these reasons, and particularly, the negative impact on quality of life, the management of people with stroke is a critical area of interest. While research activity throughout the world has advanced acute stroke-care interventions, patients in Low to Middle Income Countries (LMICs) benefit less from evidence-based stroke care practices due to less conventional applicability to the setting and continuing medical care and rehabilitation challenges. This doctoral project applied the results of a Diagnostic and Solution Phases to the development of a contextual model for in-patient stroke care and rehabilitation (MoC) in Malawi.

Rehabilitation-release is a form of species reintroduction where sick, injured, or rescued animals are rehabilitated before release back into the wild. Published research on rehabilitation releases of rehabilitant non-human primates is limited, and released troop mortality rates are generally high or difficult to determine. The objective of this study was to add to the limited scientific literature on primate rehabilitation and release by investigating factors affecting survival rates and welfare of a rehabilitant troop of vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus rufoviridis) released in Malawi in 2016, using pre-existing datasets from the Lilongwe Wildlife Trust. I hypothesized that 1) higher social rank, more complete forest strata use, close proximity to troop members, and frequent predator vigilance would be associated with greater survival, and 2) rank stability/ group cohesion will be strong post-release, activity budgets will show low levels of stress-related behaviors, and behavioral diversity will increase post-release, suggesting welfare improvements. The Lilongwe Wildlife Trust troop had a survival rate of 36%, which is comparable to other vervet releases. Using a combination of linear modeling, survival analysis, and preliminary social network analysis, I found that being a juvenile, being more highly ranked, and being in close proximity to others was significantly associated with lower risk of death – but these results were not consistent and should be considered with caution. Contrary to predictions, forest strata use did not differ greatly across individuals despite differences in survival. Interestingly, the troop’s mean hourly count of predator vigilance decreased post-release, but this did not influence individual survival. In support of my predictions, the troop’s dominance hierarchy appeared stable post-release, group cohesion was strong, and activity budgets showed low levels of stress-related behaviors. However, mean behavioral diversity across individuals decreased post-release, contrary to predictions. These findings suggest that vervet dominance hierarchy, age, and social proximity may influence post-release survival with higher ranking individuals, juveniles, and highly socially connected individuals more likely to survive. Juveniles may be more ecologically adaptable than adults and so better able to survive in a new habitat. Lower ranked individuals, as well as those with low social connectedness, may be more disconnected from the troop while traveling or foraging, placing them at a higher risk of predation but more research is needed to confirm this. Decreased behavioral diversity post-release may have been caused by an increase in foraging and troop movement and generalized behavior categorization may have limited the accuracy of behavioral diversity measurements. Future studies that wish to use behavioral diversity to assess welfare should use highly specific ethograms to capture unique behaviors. Release troops may also benefit from pre-release feeding regimes, such as platform feeders, that encourage more complete canopy use as well as more time at the release site prior to the start of the rainy season. Predator-awareness training is highly recommended to strengthen anti-predator behaviors, especially if the troop has any wild individuals. Finally, the Lilongwe Wildlife Trust’s extensive pre- and post-release monitoring provides vital insight into the troop’s social dynamics, behavioral repertories, and overall survival. Other rehabilitation centers should follow this strategy, since all newly monitored and reported releases will add valuable information to the development of the vervet monkey rehabilitation and release program.

Financial exclusion remains a challenge in Malawi despite government efforts to increase financial inclusion through the development of policies and the implementation of financial inclusion strategies. Limited information exists on the contribution of these policies and strategies to the promotion financial inclusion. The overall purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which policies and strategies in Malawi promote financial inclusion. The specific objectives of the study were to identify the relevant policies and strategies, determine their objectives, design, strengths and weaknesses, and their contribution to promoting financial inclusion. The study used the Global Microscope 2019 tool on enabling environments for financial inclusion to assess the following policies and strategies: the microfinance policy, the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion – NSFI I (2010-2015), the National Strategy for Financial Inclusion – NSFI II (2016-2020), the National Agriculture Policy – NAP (2016), the National Agriculture Investment Plan – NAIP (2018-2023), the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy – MGDS III (2017-2022), and the National Multi-sector Nutritional Policy (2018-2022). Further, various conceptual frameworks were reviewed, which led to the development of a conceptual framework on the contribution of policies and strategies to financial inclusion. It was determined that the extent to which policies and strategies promote financial inclusion in Malawi varies from high to low. The study concluded that policies and strategies that promote financial inclusion had action plans that focused closely on infrastructure development and government coordination and support. Policies and strategies that lacked stability and integrity in implementation, including those that failed to define financial inclusion clearly and describe the target groups, did not promote financial inclusion. The study recommended that financial inclusion should be mainstreamed in other development policies and strategies to ensure holistic support to the same cause. Key Words: Financial Inclusion, National Financial Inclusion Strategy, policies and strategies, Malawi. / Dissertation (MAgric (Rural Development))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Mastercard Foundation Scholarship Programme / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MAgric (Rural Development) / Unrestricted

Changes in land use and land cover (LULC) attributed to anthropogenic activities are one of the fundamental drivers of environmental changes at the local, regional and global levels. These changes continue to threaten the capacity of the ecosystems to function and provide environmental goods and services and the ability to sustain the livelihoods of rural communities. Therefore, a critical understanding of LULC patterns and dynamics is crucial for predicting future LULC patterns and changes and formulation of appropriate policies, strategies and interventions for sustainable management of natural resources. Dedza district like any other district in Malawi has experienced rapid LULC changes over the past decades. However, knowledge about LULC changes that occur, where and when they occur and the rates at which they occur is not well documented. Equally important is the examination of the drivers and processes that cause these changes and the extent to which these LULC changes have impacted on natural resources and rural livelihoods in the studied area. As such, this remains a critical challenge that needs to be addressed in order to achieve sustainable natural resource management and community development. This study aimed to investigate the nature of LULC changes that have taken place between 1991 and 2015, drivers attributing to these changes and their impacts of these changes on the natural resources in Dedza district of Malawi. The study used a mixed-method approach consisting of remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based analysis, model simulations, focus-group discussions, key informant interviews, and semi-structured interviews covering 586 households. An overall accuracy of the classification achieved for the classified images was 91.86%. GIS-based analysis of remotely sensed data revealed that the areas under agricultural land, forest area, wetlands, water bodies drastically decreased from 71.3% (267,977.43 ha), 24.53% (9,939.15 ha), 0.96% (3,626.73 ha), 0.37% (1,380.60 ha) in 1991 to 69.41% (260,879.31 ha), 1.66% (6,237.63 ha), 0.71% (2,680.29 ha) and 0.24% (899.55 ha) in 2015. On the contrary, barren land and built-up areas substantially increased from 24.53% (92,185.38 ha) and 0.20% (761.67 ha) in 1991 to 25.85% (97,174.62 ha), 2.13% (7,999.56 ha) in 2015 respectively. Significant differences were found among the interviewed households in perceptions regarding LULC changes taken place in the studied landscape and distance to different infrastructures such as main roads, health centres, schools, and towns (p < 0.001). The results of the household surveys indicated that the local communities were aware of the LULC dynamics and validated the observed changes. Firewood collection, charcoal production, population growth, and poverty were identified as the key drivers of observed LULC changes in the study area. Local communities perceived that LULC changes led to a decline in agricultural land (57.3%, n = 586), crop production (82.8%, n = 586) and forest cover (87.4%, n = 586) and an increase in the distance to forest resources (50.7%, n = 586). These changes exposed rural households to major shocks such as drought, floods, food shortage, loss/damage of crops and death of household members. In order to address these shocks, communities were engaged in short-term strategies such as piecework, receiving aid from government and NGOs, receiving unconditional aid from relatives, relying on their own savings and credits. The simulation results using the CA-Markov model showed that water bodies, barren land and built-up areas will increase while agricultural land, wetlands and forest land will substantially decrease by 2025 and 2035. The undesired LULC changes, patterns and impacts observed in this study, however, pose a big threat and risk to the sustainable management of natural resources and rural livelihoods survival. Hence, the need for urgent attention by the natural resource managers, planners, researchers and decision-makers. The results found in this study are deemed useful in guiding planners and decision-makers in the field of land management and policy development towards a more sustainable natural resource management strategy in Dedza district. Results found in this study could also inform decision-making in other districts of similar settings. Thus, results of the study are expected to support decision-makers and planners in the design and implementation of holistic, tenable and coherent and sustainable development policies/strategies/ guidelines for effective natural resource management. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / PhD / Unrestricted

Were the effects of First World War truly similar globally? A comparison of how the conflict was perceived by two extremely different groups of rural people - southern Americans of the Jackson Purchase region of far western Kentucky and Africans in the small British Protectorate of Nyasaland in south central Africa - makes their microhistories significant rather than trivial by placing them a global context. In the early twentieth century, both groups were not only rural, but removed, decidedly disconnected from each other. Yet, drawing on documentary evidence, especially interviews with the last generation of First World War survivors in both regions, offers a significant perspective on how similar their experiences actually became in the crucible of a global war. The call to arms, their recruitment and resistance to service, combat adversities and cultural experiences, post-war disillusionments and triumphs, and especially the economic consequences of their war provide penetrating insights into the wide-ranging ordeals and opportunities that this first truly global event offered peoples worldwide.

Agriculture is the single most important sector in Malawi due to its contribution to the economy ranging from employment creation, contribution to GDP growth to source of foreign exchange earnings. These significant contributions have necessitated the Government of Malawi to develop strategies and policies such as the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP), whose main aim is to increase household incomes and reduce food insecurity and ultimately reduce poverty. It is nine years since the introduction of FISP but its results remain mixed. Using the 2009/10 Integrated Household Survey Phase 3 (IHS3) dataset, a logistic regression in a multivariate data analysis approach was used to investigate the impact of FISP on income levels and food security of rural smallholder farmers in Malawi. The analysis showed that about 82 percent of smallholder farmers live in rural areas, about 75 percent of them were males, 71 percent were married, 70 percent did not go to school and 69 percent benefited from FISP. In farming, 68 percent of these smallholder farmers had less than 1 hectare of farms, 70 percent of them had labour force of less than 5 people, 51 percent of them harvest less than 5 bags of 50kgs of maize of which 92 percent sell most of their harvested maize and 89 percent of them receive less than MK5, 000 from sales. In addition, about 99 percent of these smallholder farmers were food insecure as they save less than 1 bag of 50kgs after harvest. Only 1 percent of these smallholder farmers receive remittances and 21 percent had other income generating activities (IGAs). Demographic and socio-economic factors have no impact on these farmers capability to increase income levels and enhance their food security. There is also no statistically significant difference between FISP beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries in terms of capabilities of increasing incomes and enhancing food security. It is, therefore, concluded that FISP had no significant impact on the abilities of these smallholder farmers to increase their incomes and enhancing their food security. Hence, FISP did not prove to be the best food security and poverty alleviation tool in Malawi.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第19105号 / 地博第179号 / 新制||地||61(附属図書館) / 32056 / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 梶 茂樹, 教授 重田 眞義, 准教授 高田 明, 准教授 山名 淳 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

Were the effects of First World War truly similar globally? A comparison of how the conflict was perceived by two extremely different groups of rural people - southern Americans of the Jackson Purchase region of far western Kentucky and Africans in the small British Protectorate of Nyasaland in south central Africa - makes their microhistories significant rather than trivial by placing them a global context. In the early twentieth century, both groups were not only rural, but removed, decidedly disconnected from each other. Yet, drawing on documentary evidence, especially interviews with the last generation of First World War survivors in both regions, offers a significant perspective on how similar their experiences actually became in the crucible of a global war. The call to arms, their recruitment and resistance to service, combat adversities and cultural experiences, post-war disillusionments and triumphs, and especially the economic consequences of their war provide penetrating insights into the wide-ranging ordeals and opportunities that this first truly global event offered peoples worldwide.