The Arizona Child Acoustic Database consists of longitudinal audio recordings from a group of children over a critical period of growth and development (ages 2-7 years). The goal of this database is to 1) document acoustic changes in speech production that may be related to physical growth 2) inform development of a model of speech production for child talkers. This work was funded by NSF BSC-1145011 awarded to Kate Bunton, Ph.D. and Brad Story, Ph.D, Principal Investigators. This database contains longitudinal audio recordings of 55 American English speaking children between the ages of 2-7 at 3-month intervals. Since children began the study at different ages, some children have fewer recording sessions than others. The database can also be used to provide cross-sectional data for children of a specific age. Please refer to the subject data table for information on specific sessions available here http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/316065. All children were recorded using the same protocol; therefore, task numbers are consistent across children and sessions. A calibration tone is included as Record 1 for all sessions. The speech protocol focused on production of English monopthong and diphthong vowels in isolation, sVd, hVd, and monosyllabic real words. In addition, the protocol includes several nonsense vowel-to-vowel transitions. Speakers were prompted either verbally by investigators or by graphical prompts. Details of the protocol with reference to task numbers can be found in the protocol spreadsheet available here http://arizona.openrepository.com/arizona/handle/10150/316065. Details on data recording: All samples were recorded digitally using an AKG SE 300B microphone with a mouth to mic distance of approximately 10 inches. Signals were recorded digitally using a Marantz PMD671, 16 bit PCM (uncompressed) at 44.1KHz. Recordings are made available in .wav format. Individual zip files contain all recordings from a single session.

The research focuses on the production of bodily capital and the consumption of bodily capital, in the context of Abercrombie. Firstly, to embed the inquiry of bodily capital into a practical context, the study investigates the context of Abercrombie at first. The research investigates hot the A&F setting is built up, how the theory of Disneyization is embodied in the setting, and how bodily capital (shirtless models) are associated with the setting. Secondly, in the context of Disneyied A&F, the study intends to investigate the production of male bodily capital. The part entails two stages of production which are the selection of male bodily capital and the maintenance of male bodily capital. Thirdly, the study aims to explore how male bodily capital is consumed in the context of A&F. The exploration of the consumption of bodily capital consists of three dimensions. In the White-bodies-dominant fashion space, how do Chinese male models consume their own bodily capital? In the Chinese societies which are relatively culturally conservative and preserved, how do female consume the bodily capital of the shirtless male models? In the International world cities (Hong Kong & Shanghai), how is the male bodily capital consumed by gay male? Through participant observations in Hong Kong & Shanghai A&F stores and in-depth interviews with A&F shirtless male models, other store staffs and customers (female, male, gay male, local, and foreign), the study argues that A&F store is a practical site of Disneyization. Also, it has been found that unique store decorations and different store positions collaboratively construct a theme of “night club”, along with the existence of dedifferentiation of consumption, merchandising and emotional labor. In particular, the study has found out that the cross-border Disneyization takes on a cultural maladaptation in China. For the exploration of bodily capital production, it is pointed out that the production of A&F male bodily capital goes through standardized selection and restricted criteria. Six-pack abs, Apollo’s Belts, smooth health un-tattooed skin, toned body shapes are the explicit criteria. The meticulous management of bodily capital is found to be essential. Long-term work-out, low-calorie diet and massive absorption of protein builder powder are essential. Besides, the maintenance of bodily capital usually goes along with the performance of emotional labor. Also, in the field of fashion, models’ bodily capital is found to be able to be transformed into other forms of capital. It is also found to have both constant and complex interactions with symbolic capital and economic capital. For the investigation of bodily capital consumption, Chinese shirtless models are found to consider their bodily capital inferior to that of White models due to the cultural and historical legacy despite that their physical difference is insignificant. More, the female gaze is found not to substantially exist in this case for the female have not literally objectified the models’ bodies in a dominant position. Their spectatorships are not mainly for erotic pleasure. Instead the female customers have indeed reinforced the dominant masculinity. On the other hand, gay male gaze is considered to exist but in a compromising way rather than in a dominant way, due to a lack of consent from the straight shirtless male models. In addition, the values of the research lie in five aspects. Firstly, the existing studies of Disneyization mostly focus on tourism and hospitality. The current research adds credence to the theory by scrutinizing it in the practical site of A&F. Secondly, the previous studies have mostly focused on female modeling while male modeling has received little scholarly attention. The current study can fill up this gap. Thirdly, the existing works on emotional labor are mostly concerned with front-line, female-caring, and teaching works. The study applying emotional labor to investigating modeling can deepen the understanding of emotional labor. Fourthly, the discussion of “bodily capital” id still far from enough. The research has incorporated the concept into understanding male modeling, which enriched the field. The discussion of male bodily capital as “beauty” is newly started, which also contributes to the understanding of bodily capital. Lastly, “female gaze” and “gay male gaze” have been rarely investigated. The current research’s examination of the two concepts in the practical setting of A&F broadens the theorizations of “gaze”. / 本研究透過參與式觀察和深度訪談的研究方法展開，深度訪談對象包括A&F（中文譯名“阿貝克隆比·費奇”，常直稱A&F）香港分店和上海分店的半裸男模、店鋪其他工作人員以及店鋪的顧客（包括男顧客、女顧客、同性戀男顧客、華人顧客以及外國人顧客）。本研究的研究問題聚焦在身體資本的生產和消費。在展開對身體資本的討論前，首先，本研究探討半裸男模的身體資本的生產和消費是在怎麼樣的背景展開的。A&F獨特的購物環境是如何建構的，“迪士尼化”理論如何在A&F中實現，半裸男模在這個背景中充當著如何的角色。其次，本研究分析在迪士尼化A&F的空間中，男性身體資本是如何生產的，包括兩個小方面：男性身體是如何被挑選出來的；身體資本又是如何被維持的。最後，本研究嘗試理解男性身體資本是如何被消費的，包括三個小方面：在白人身體占主導的時尚品牌空間中，華人男性是如何看待自己的身體資本的；在社會文化傾於保守的華人社會中女性是如何消費這些男性的身體資本的；在香港和上海兩個國際化現代大都市中男同性戀者是如何理解這些半裸男模的身體資本的。根據觀察結果以及訪談結果，本研究提出，A&F時裝店是“迪士尼化”理論的實踐樣本。店內獨特的設置和裝潢，以及店內不同職位的分工職責，共同建構出“時尚圈的夜店”主題，配合店鋪內“去分化消費”、“特有商品推銷”以及“情感勞動”，形成“迪士尼化”的一個實踐樣本。值得一提的，本研究發現A&F跨國界的“迪士尼化”在中國社會（香港和上海）呈現出文化上的不適應。在A&F這一實踐樣本中，“身體資本”的管理對維持樣本的正常運行尤為重要。本研究就A&F中的“身體資本”展開了深入討論，針對身體資本生產的問題，本研究認為，在A&F的背景下，“身體資本”的生產需要經過標準化的挑選，六塊腹肌、人魚線、健康光滑皮膚、健壯身材比例成為嚴格的准入標準。“身體資本”的維持則需要男模長期的健身訓練、嚴格控制的飲食和大量飲用蛋白粉。“身體資本”的維持同時需要情感勞動的配合。本研究提出，“身體資本”在A&F場域內以及域外（時尚圈等其他場域）轉化為其他形式資本，並且與經濟資本以及符號資本有複雜而頻繁的互動。針對身體資本消費的問題，本研究認為儘管華人與白人男模身體素質相仿，長期文化影響下華人男性不自覺地矮化自己的身體資本。另外，本研究認為“女性凝視”在該實踐樣本中並為真實存在，女性在認知半裸男模身體的時候並非處於主導地位，女性顧客與半裸男模的互動也並非以獲得視覺上的性慾滿足為主要目的。相反，女性表面上的興奮行為實質上在強化男性主導地位。另一方面，本研究提出“同性戀男性凝視”在本實踐樣本中真實存在，然而與“（異性戀）男性凝視”中（異性戀）男性以主導地位方式進行的方式不一樣，“同性戀男性凝視”往往因不能獲得異性戀男性的同意而以妥協的方式進行。本研究的研究價值突出在五個方面。首先，關於“迪士尼化”理論的已有研究主要聚焦在旅遊業和酒店業，其他實踐樣本的研究甚少，本研究在A&F實踐樣本中的闡釋能夠豐富該理論的實踐正確性。其次，目前研究對男性模特的研究甚少，本研究能夠補充部份研究的缺失。另外，“情感勞動”的已有研究多集中在低端前線、女性呵護、教育等行業工作上，本研究從時尚行業的角度出發能夠增強“情感勞動”的實踐適用性。再次，學術界對“身體資本”甚少探討男性身體資本作為“美麗事物”（beauty）是如何生產和消費的，本研究研究將該理論概念用於對男性模特工作的理解能夠深化學術界對該概念的認識，最後，“女性凝視”“同性戀男性凝視”極少被深入探討，本研究對兩個概念的探討能夠極大貢獻學術界對“凝視”的理解。 / Wang, Zhikun. / Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 124-133). / Abstracts also in Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 24, October, 2016). / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

Domenichino (1581-1641), a Bolognese artist, painted a unique interpretation of Ovid's myth of the goddess Diana and mortal hunter Actaeon in 1616 titled, Archery Contest of Diana and her Nymphs. This image depicts the goddess and her nymphs actively engaged in various activities. This portrayal is drastically different from common depictions of the time period, in which the goddess is portrayed as vulnerable, weak, and subjected to male voyeurism. In contrast, Domenichino painted his female warriors as physically strong and empowered with their weapons in hand. Compared to the art of his contemporaries, Domenichino's painting clearly evidences that he was influenced and inspired by a well-established, protofeminist artistic tradition originating in Bologna. Bologna offered several contributing factors which created a receptive environment for female artists to thrive. Artists like Lavinia Fontana were able to create strong careers that were both profitable and competitive with those of their male contemporaries. Fontana's depictions of female subjects deliberately pushed against the stereotype of painting heroines as passive objects exposed to male voyeurism. In Archery Contest of Diana and her Nymphs, Domenichino approaches Diana and her nymphs in the same fashion as the Bolognese protofeminists. The women depicted are no longer passive objects to be gazed upon; rather they are actively engaged and have physically fit bodies. Domenichino and the protofeminist tradition redefined how heroines are depicted by empowering the women as dynamic participants in brave pursuits.

At the dawn of the new millennium, migration has been identified as a crucial element in the ongoing HIV/AIDS epidemic yet few studies have been carried out into the specific ways in which migration is able to fuel the epidemic. Since the beginning of the epidemic in the 1980s we have witnessed increasing mobility of people throughout the world, with migration being a major factor in the ongoing transmission of HIV in particular regions of the world. This study looks at the particular of migration that exists between New Zealand and Australia and examines the effects that this has had on a group of Maori gay men and transsexuals during the time of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In particular, the study examines the effects that trans-Tasman migration has on identity and sexual practice and the implications that this has for HIV prevention among the Maori gay and transsexual communities of both countries. In order to examine the relationship between trans-Tasman migration, identity and behaviour, in-depth interviews were conducted with two groups of Maori gay man and transsexuals. One group resided permanently in Sydney, Australia (n=13) and the other group had returned to live in New Zealand after having lived in Sydney for at least one year (n=11). During the interviews respondents were invited to talk about their cultural and sexual identity, their upbringing, their reasons for migrating to Sydney and their sexual practice in Sydney. Analysis of the interviews showed that there were distinct differences in the two groups of respondents. While the Sydney gay community offered a haven for Maori migrants from New Zealand, this was sometimes at the expense of a compromised sense of cultural identity as well as exposure to racism, violence and prejudice from living in a predominantly white middle class society. In contrast, those who had returned to live in New Zealand had a stronger sense of their cultural identity than those who resided long-term in Sydney as well as ongoing access to a cultural context which reaffirmed and supported their sense of Maori identity. At the same time, those who lived in Sydney were more likely to report risk behaviour associated with the transmission of HIV than did those who lived in New Zealand. This project concludes that Maori gay men and transsexuals who have a strong sense of their cultural identity may be at a lower risk of HIV infection than those who do not. These findings have significant implications for the design and implementation of HIV prevention programmes both in New Zealand and in Sydney. Such programmes need to acknowledge the cultural diversity of the gay community and must provide the means whereby community members, especially those from minority groups, may have ongoing access to cultural structures which support and reaffirm their sexual as well as their cultural identity.

A number of genes have been associated with variation in human spermatogenesis related to fertility. One of these, the Deleted in Azoospermia (DAZ) gene, exists as copies on two chromosomes, 3 and Y. The autosomal copy, DAZ-like (DAZL), has one RNA recognition motif (RRM) and is homologous to the DAZL gene found throughout the vertebrate lineage. There are four copies of DAZ on the Y chromosome with a pair at each of two sites. One pair contains a single RRM and the other has three RRMs. Human DAZ is homologous to genes in old world primates and ape Y chromosomes. Both DAZ and DAZL bind messenger RNAs at U-rich sequences near the poly-A tail in a manner that facilitates translation. Both are expressed in spermatogonia during the transition from mitotic cellular expansion through meiotic chromosomal reduction and during spermiogenesis. This study examined genomic variation in DAZ and DAZL, including deletion of DAZ from individuals with various levels of sperm cell production and mutations of DAZL in male partners of infertile couples. Deletions in DAZ are not as common in azoospermic men from central Texas as compared to other reports. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in anonymous infertility patients, but were not located in the exons of the RRM. Proteins produced from transcripts encoded by genes from human DAZL, DAZL with SNPs within and outside the RRM, and a DAZ with single RRM were identified. Binding activity of DAZL to mRNA was confirmed using a microarray method, and mRNA from human testes was screened to identify at least 1,313 mRNA potential targets for DAZL. These targets were involved in ribosome construction, pyruvate metabolism, cell cycle control, and proteasome function. Variations in binding of protein to a high and a low bound target mRNA were demonstrated between protein constructs of DAZL, DAZL with mutations, and DAZ. Binding of DAZL to mRNA was also confirmed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays. With materials and procedures developed during this study, comparisons of genetic variants of DAZ and DAZL can be performed to identify mechanisms responsible for structural and functional differences in control of spermatogenesis.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 365-392). Also available in print.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Brown University, 2008. / Vita. Advisor : Karl Jacoby. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 322-343).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Dept. of Ecology and Evolution, Dec. 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available in the Internet.

Includes bibliographical references (p. 104-119).

Part of Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Florida, 1964. / Cover title. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-42).