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This study identifies the biogeographic factors that structure small mammal communities on mountains of the Colorado Plateau and adjacent regions. Forty six isolated ranges were characterized across a 5-state study area encompassing the Colorado Plateau, including the central high plateaus of Utah and the Basin and Range Province (i.e. the Great Basin and mountains of Arizona and New Mexico). Presence/absence data of 25 montane mammal species were used to explore the interactions between historical and ecological processes affecting local and regional diversity patterns. Multivariate analyses, such as non-metric dimensional scaling, were used to explore factors which influence community composition. Results of these analyses revealed the Colorado River as a significant biogeographic barrier that affects montane mammal community structure. MtDNA cytochrome b sequence variation was analyzed among populations of the long-tailed vole, Microtus longicaudus, sampled from five interior ranges of the Colorado Plateau- Abajo, LaSal, Henry, and Chuska Mts., and Boulder Mountain of the Aquarius Plateau-and analyzed using traditional phylogenetic approaches (parsimony and likelihood) as well as nested clade analysis. Results support previous documentation of a major east-west phylogeographic break occurring between populations southeast of the Colorado River (eastern Arizona, Colorado, Wyoming and New Mexico) and all other western populations, which include a central clade, a northwest clade, and an Alaskan island clade. Evidence also supports differentiation of a 'southern Rockies' clade and a distinct 'southwest island' clade. Populations of M. longicaudus north and west of the Colorado River (Boulder and Henry Mts.) share two haplotypes, form a well-supported subclade with populations from the Kaibab plateau, and are closely related to the Northwest clade. Past approaches to studying montane mammal communities utilizing theory based on island biogeography have overemphasized area and isolation as the only forces structuring insular communities. As a result, there has been a lack of recognition of the influences of environmental factors, species turnover, and barriers that create and maintain regional diversity on the Colorado Plateau and adjacent areas.

A survey of small mammals on eight islands in the Columbia and Willamette Rivers near Portland, Oregon was conducted in 1974. The islands were Govermnent , Sand, Lemon, McGuire and Sandy Islands in the Columbia River and East, Ross and Hardtack Islands in the Willamette River. The objectives of the study were to ascertain and compare the kinds, distribution and relative densitites of small mammals . A variety of traps was used to capture the animals including Museum Special Rodent Traps , back- break mouse traps, scissor and guillotine- type stab mole traps , Sherman traps , modified Young traps and pitfalls . Most traps were set in linear transects . Trapping was conducted with the objective of sampling the major habitats on each island. Observations of scats, tracks , burrows and dead animals were also noted. One species of small marmnal , Sorex vargrans , was found on all eight islands . Microtus was found on five islands and Peromyscus maniculatus on four islands . Two islands yielded Scapanus townsendii. Glaucomvs sabrinus was found on only one island. I hoped that evidence would be found to prove or disprove that current theories of island biogeography would apply to river islands. However, data in this study were inadequate to allow calculation of precise indices of population densities . Therefore, I was unable to determine if theories of island biogeography do apply to these river islands.

The aim of this project was to study the nature and relative proportion of the volatile components in the sternal-gland secretions obtained from a wide range of Australian marsupials.The results obtained were then used to investigate the evolution of semiochemicals in Australian marsupials by using the current phylogenetic tree as a template.The initial part of the study was dedicated to the investigation of some of the techniques available for the sampling and analysis of gland secretions. Individuals from 8 families within the Marsupialia and 1 family from the Monotremata were sampled over an 18 month period.The obtained results were then subjected to multivariate statistical analysis followed by cladistic analysis.In several species the secretion composition was found to be affected by the breeding status of individuals for both genders.Many other factors such as animal-age, hierarchical status, diet,and lifestyle were also observed to affect the secretion composition. Finally, cladistic analysis demonstrated the differences in the levels of divergence at the species, familial and ordinal levels and highlighted secretion components that could be used to differentiate between super families, species and even sexual status of individuals. / Master of Science (Hons)

The relationship of vegetation and disturbance factors to the distribution, abundance and diversity of small mammals in the eastern Otway region, Victoria were investigated. Antechinus stuartii, Rattus fuscipes and Rattus lutreolus were widely distributed and occurred in the majority of the eleven floristic vegetation groups identified. Antechinus minimus, Antechinus swainsonnii and Pseudomys novaehollandiae had restricted distributions and were recorded in only two or three vegetation groups. New information on the distribution of the rare species P. novaehollandiae, was obtained and two floristically rich vegetation groups that it preferred were identified. Species-rich small mammal communities occurred in vegetation communities with high numbers of sclerophyll plant species and high structural diversity. Maximum food resources were considered to be provided in these communities. Local habitat diversity was also correlated with species-richness. Small mammal abundance was maximum in non-sclerophyllous canmunities, where high plant productivity was considered to be important. For the first time, the presence of the plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi was shown to affect small mammals. It was associated with small mammal communities of low species richness and abundance, Recovery of small mammal populations after wildfire was slow until the fourth year. Mus musculus reached peak abundance from 2-3 years and then declined rapidly. P. novaehollandiae was the only native species that achieved maximum abundance early in the succession. A. stuartii, R. fuscipes and R. lutreolus approached maximum abundance in mid-succession, while Isoodon obesulus was a mid- to late-successional species. A. minimus survived the fire, but did not persist after one year. The pattern of succession was influenced by attributes of species, such as survival after fire, their ability to disperse and reproduce.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2007. / Principal faculty advisors: Patricia A. Martin-DeLeon and Deni S. Galileo, Dept. of Biological Sciences. Includes bibliographical references.

The infraorbital nerve (ION) transmits sensory information from mechanoreceptors of the upper lip and vibrissae (whiskers) to the brain via the infraorbital foramen (IOF). Vibrissae are special sensory hairs used by mammals to explore their surroundings. Researchers have used the size of the IOF to infer vibrissa count, which in turn has been incorporated into phylogenetic and ecological interpretations of fossil taxa. However, these interpretations are based on untested assumptions linking IOF size, ION size, vibrissae, and ecology. The purpose of this dissertation is to determine the functional significance of IOF size and to apply the results to the fossil record. It is hypothesized that ecological differences among mammals affects maxillary mechanoreceptivity (touch sensitivity of the rostrum), and that IOF area may be used as a measure of maxillary mechanoreceptivity. Three questions are posed to appraise this hypothesis: (1) Does IOF area correlate with ION area and vibrissa count? (2) How do the IOFs of primates differ from those of other mammals? (3) How do diet, substrate preference, and activity pattern affect IOF size? IOF area, ION area, and vibrissa count were collected from cadaver of extant mammals as well as museum osteological specimens. Results indicate that: (1) IOF and ION areas show a strong positive correlation. Based on this finding, it is hypothesized that IOF area may be a good measure of maxillary mechanoreception. (2) Vibrissae count significantly correlates with IOF area. (3) Euarchontans have relatively smaller IOFs than most other mammals. (4) The IOFs of primates co-vary with diet, where frugivores have relatively larger IOFs than both insectivores and folivores. Infraorbital foramen areas of 14 adapoid, six omomyoid, and 15 plesiadapiform species were measured. Two questions were addressed: (1) Do the sampled fossils share a similar reduction in IOF area to extant primates? (2) Do extinct frugivores have larger IOFs than insectivores and folivores? Results show that, adapoids and omomyoids have relatively small IOFs similar to euarchontans, but plesiadapiforms retain larger IOFs, comparable to most non-euarchontan mammals. Dietary analyses indicate that both frugivorous adapoids and omomyoids have larger IOFs than both insectivorous and folivorous species. / text

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