Le développement de l’épithélium mammaire dépend des cellules souches qui, en proliférant et se différenciant, donnent naissance aux cellules du lignage épithélial. Les cellules souches sont ensuite sollicitées à chaque gestation pour régénérer une partie de l’épithélium. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’identifier et de caractériser en profondeur les différents types de cellules du lignage épithélial mammaire bovin par des approches de cytométrie en flux et de tri cellulaire. Nous avons défini et étudié des (sous)populations épithéliales engagées dans le développement mammaire à la puberté. A ce stade, l’épithélium mammaire contient de rares cellules souches mammaires, des cellules progénitrices à typage mixte luminal/basal et des cellules luminales et basales. Ces (sous)populations diffèrent soit en proportion soit en caractéristiques, voire les deux, aux stades physiologiques majeurssuivants (lactation et tarissement). Les cellules basales diminuent en lactation et au tarissement. Elles possèdent une signature moléculaire propre à chaque stade. La population luminale, composée de plusieurs sous-populations, est la plus variable. Elle arbore une réceptivité hormonale différente à chaque stade. Des (sous)populations épithéliales n’apparaissent qu’à un stade précis (puberté ou lactation) et disparaissent aux autres, comme certaines cellules prolifératives définies comme cellules progénitrices. Enfin, la fraction de rares cellules souches putatives diminue graduellement, de la puberté aux stades suivants, tout en conservant des caractéristiques moléculaires similaires. Ces / The development of the mammary epithelium relies on the mammary stem cells which, by proliferating and differentiating, give rise to the luminal, basal and progenitor cells of the epithelial lineage. The stem cells are then solicited at each gestation to regenerate a part of the epithelium. In this thesis work, we aim at identifying and characterizing in depth the different types of cell constitutive of the bovine mammary epithelial cell lineage by flow cytometry and cell sorting approaches. We defined and studied epithelial (sub)populations committed to mammary development at puberty. At this stage, the mammary epithelium contains rare mammary stem cells, mixed luminal/ basal progenitors, as well as luminal and basal cells.These (sub)populations were found to differ in proportion and/or characteristics at thesubsequent major physiological stages (lactation and dry periods). Basal cells decrease at lactation and dry off. They harbor a specific molecular signature at each stage. The luminal population, composed of several subpopulations, is the most variable. The hormonal receptivity of these cells changes at each physiological stage. Interestingly, some epithelial populations only appear at specific stages (puberty or lactation) and disappear at others, as one subpopulation of proliferative cells that we defined as progenitor cells. At last, the pool of rare putative stem cells gradually decreases from puberty to the next stages while maintaining a similar molecular signature. These are novel insights that show that the epithelial lineage evolves substantially through the

<p>Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, play an important role in regulation of stem cell fate and tumorigenesis. The Ten-Eleven-Translocation 2 (TET2) is a core enzyme for DNA demethylation by catalyzing the conversion of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) to 5-hydromethylcytosine (5hmC). It has been shown that TET2 is the main regulator of hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis and loss of TET2 is highly associated with hematopoietic malignancies. Our previous work has also shown that loss of TET2 expression is linked to promotion of an epithelial-mesenchymal-transition phenotype and expansion of a breast cancer stem cell-like population with skewed asymmetric cell division in vitro; however, the in vivo role that TET2 plays in regulation of mammary stem cell (MaSC) fate and development of mammary pathology has yet to be determined. Here, using our newly established mammary-specific Tet2-knockout mouse model, the data reveals for the first time that TET2 plays a pivotal role in mammary gland development via directing MaSC to luminal lineage commitment in vivo. Furthermore, we find that TET2 coordinates with FOXP1 to target and demethylate FOXA1, GATA3, and ESR1, key transcription factors that orchestrate mammary luminal lineage specification and endocrine response and are often silenced by DNA methylation in aggressive human breast cancers. Finally, loss of TET2 expression leads to promotion of mammary tumor development with defective luminal cell differentiation and tamoxifen resistance in a PyMT;Tet2 deletion breast cancer mouse model. As a result, this study provides a previously unidentified role for TET2 in governing luminal lineage specification and endocrine response that underlies resistance to anti-estrogen treatments.</p>