This thesis is serving as a study report on 15 years or wildlife research performed at the 11,422-acre Broad Run Wildlife Research Area, also known at the Broad Run Management Area, in Craig County, Virginia, Incorporated in this thesis is a synthesis of all pertinent data, conclusions, evaluations, and recommendations emanating from the 17 theses written from studies undertaken at Broad Run. From these 17 theses there has been gleaned 193 results which are included in this thesis. These results took the form as either facts, summary conclusions, distilled background discussions, or as evaluations on information unearthed or research performed. Five works emanating from studies at Broad Run concerned attempts to quantify browse and mast. Four theses concerned the wild turkey, its movements, distribution, and abundance as influenced by wildlife management practices. Three theses concerned deer, its abundance and the influence, if any, on its population by dogs. Two theses were concerned with such wildlife practices as agricultural clearings and herbicide use, while the remaining theses were on the subjects of wild grapes, birth control in foxes, climate as an influence on the deer hunter, and the influence of forest habitat on songbird populations. / Master of Science

One of the biggest challenges with today's conservation strategy has been the increase in human-wildlife conflicts in rural areas. Different strategies in conservation have been presented, such as mainstream conservation and convivial conservation, both with the same goal but different approaches when it comes to economic, social and environmental aspects. Conservation of species and mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts are complex, both in practice and in theory. This makes the subject important to study in order to improve conservation models which in turn improve livelihoods, attitudes and surroundings for villagers affected by the conflicts. In this paper, the authors performed interviews with representatives of two administrations working with conservation of elephants as well as interviews with villagers living in wildlife management areas (WMA), specifically Burunge Wildlife Management Area (BWMA) in Manyara region, Tanzania. This paper aims to examine villagers’ perception of the BWMA and if the wildlife management areas fulfil their purpose and live up to their expectations as well as examine the potential perks and risks for villagers that live near wildlife areas. The overall perception was that the villagers were satisfied with the BWMA and the organization seemed to be successful in fulfilling their purpose regarding conservation. The risks of living near wildlife areas does seem to surpass the perks, both when looking from an economic perspective and overall safety, which makes the solutions to the conflicts a subject of great importance. / En av de största utmaningarna med dagens bevarandestrategier har varit ökningen av konflikter mellan människor och vilda djur. De olika strategierna som presenterats inom bevarande, som mainstream conservation och convivial conservation, har samma mål men olika tillvägagångssätt när det kommer till ekonomiska, sociala och miljömässiga aspekter. Att bevara arter och mildra konflikterna mellan människor och vilda djur är komplext, både i praktiken och i teorin. Detta gör det till ett ämne värt att studera vidare för att förbättra modeller för bevarande, vilket i sin tur ämnar stärka områden som: försörjning, attityder och omgivningen för bybor som drabbats av dessa konflikter. I denna artikel genomförde författarna intervjuer med representanter från två administrationer som arbetar med bevarandet av elefanter samt intervjuer med bybor som bor nära viltförvaltningsområden, närmare bestämt Burunge Wildlife Management Area (BWMA) i Babati-distriktet, Tanzania. Den här artikeln syftar till att undersöka bybors uppfattning om BWMA och huruvida viltförvaltningsområden uppfyller sitt syfte och lever upp till dess förväntningar samt att undersöka de potentiella förmånerna och riskerna för bybor som bor nära dessa områden. Den övergripande uppfattningen var att majoriteten av byborna var nöjda med BWMA och att organisationen verkade ha lyckats med att uppfylla sitt syfte gällande bevarande. Riskerna med att bo nära viltområden tycks överträffa fördelarna, både från ett ekonomiskt- och trygghetsperspektiv vilket motiverar att lösningarna på konflikterna prioriteras.

The Upper Vaal Water Management Area (Upper Vaal WMA) lies in the eastern interior of South Africa. This WMA includes the Vaal, Klip, Wilge, Liebenbergsvlei and Mooi Rivers and extends to the confluence of the Mooi and Vaal Rivers. It also includes major dams such as the Vaal Dam, Grootdraai Dam and Sterkfontein Dam. The southern half of the WMA extends over the Free State province; the north-east mainly falls within Mpumalanga and the northern and western parts in Gauteng and North West provinces respectively (DWAF 2004). Several wastewater treatment works (WWTW) located in this area do not meet the standard set by the present legislation that addresses proper treatment of water. This results in number of problems that affect the quality of water in this catchment. It was noted by the WRC (2006b) that with the challenges of implementation in an environment of shared responsibility, it is increasingly recognised that public/government institutions must foster institutional cooperation and interaction for efficient provision of public services, both at the policy-strategy level and the operational-implementation level. According to WRC (2006b), poor cooperation between institutions in the implementation of their interrelated mandates has resulted in inefficient utilization of scarce resources and/or endless disputes. In order to address this shortcoming, a study that investigated the effects of cooperative governance in the Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area was initiated. The results of the research indicate a lack of cooperation between the three spheres of governance that participate in the sustainable management of water treatment in this area. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

The Upper Vaal Water Management Area (Upper Vaal WMA) lies in the eastern interior of South Africa. This WMA includes the Vaal, Klip, Wilge, Liebenbergsvlei and Mooi Rivers and extends to the confluence of the Mooi and Vaal Rivers. It also includes major dams such as the Vaal Dam, Grootdraai Dam and Sterkfontein Dam. The southern half of the WMA extends over the Free State province; the north-east mainly falls within Mpumalanga and the northern and western parts in Gauteng and North West provinces respectively (DWAF 2004). Several wastewater treatment works (WWTW) located in this area do not meet the standard set by the present legislation that addresses proper treatment of water. This results in number of problems that affect the quality of water in this catchment. It was noted by the WRC (2006b) that with the challenges of implementation in an environment of shared responsibility, it is increasingly recognised that public/government institutions must foster institutional cooperation and interaction for efficient provision of public services, both at the policy-strategy level and the operational-implementation level. According to WRC (2006b), poor cooperation between institutions in the implementation of their interrelated mandates has resulted in inefficient utilization of scarce resources and/or endless disputes. In order to address this shortcoming, a study that investigated the effects of cooperative governance in the Wastewater Treatment Works (WWTW) in the Upper Vaal Water Management Area was initiated. The results of the research indicate a lack of cooperation between the three spheres of governance that participate in the sustainable management of water treatment in this area. / Thesis (M. Environmental Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.

Thesis (M.S.)--Humboldt State University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 91-97). Also available via Humboldt Digital Scholar.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:44:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_claudio_wrege_leite.pdf: 1316804 bytes, checksum: 7a553f17cd305923446648b4b3b8cd72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-11 / This paper resulted from the analysis of three harvests in a row of the following crops: 2003/2004 rice harvest; 2004/2005 soybeans harvest; 2005/2006 rice harvest, as well as the 2005/2006 post-harvest rice crop (Oryza sativa L.) on Granja do Salso (Salso Farm) in Sta. Vitória do Palmar county, R.S. with the purpose of applying precision agriculture to soil fertility in the production of irrigated rice seeds. A 22,18ha area was used, which was subsequently divided into 15 1,48ha lots with fixed meshes of 122m x 122m (grid). Soil analyses were performed before each sowing and also after the last year s rice harvest for each lot. Soil sampling was obtained by collecting 9 subsamples which made up the composite sample; these samples were then sent to the Soil Analysis Laboratory at UFPel. Georeferral of soil sampling was measured from each lot center. A yield map was established and fertility maps were created both from soil analyses and seed physiological quality determination: Management areas with differentiated fertilization to correct and make phosphorus and potassium contents uniform were established. The results obtained show that: precision agriculture provided an increase in soil fertility by the use of management areas; the use of management areas decreased soil fertility variability among the lots of the area under analysis; no correlation between soil fertility and irrigated rice crop yield was found; no correlation between soil fertility and seed physiological quality in irrigated rice was found. / Este trabalho foi conduzido durante três safras em sucessão de culturas: arroz, safra 2003/2004; soja, safra 2004/2005; arroz, safra 2005/2006 e mesma safra 2005/2006 após a colheita de arroz (Oryza sativa L.), localizado na Granja do Salso, em Santa Vitória do Palmar/RS, com o objetivo de aplicar a agricultura de precisão à fertilidade do solo para produção de sementes de arroz irrigado. Foi utilizado um quarteirão de 22,18ha, o qual foi dividido em 15 parcelas de 1,48ha, com malhas fixas medindo 122m x 122m (grid). Para cada parcela antes de cada cultivo e após a colheita de arroz do último ano, foram determinadas análises de solo, a amostragem de solo foi obtida pela retirada de 9 subamostras para formar a amostra composta, as quais foram encaminhadas para o Laboratório de Análise de Solo da UFPel. O georreferenciamento das amostras de solo foi medido a partir do ponto central de cada parcela. Foi determinado o mapa de rendimento, mapas de fertilidade criados através das análises de solo e determinações de qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Foram criadas zonas de manejo com adubação diferenciada para corrigir e uniformizar os teores de fósforo e de potássio. Os resultados deste trabalho mostram que: agricultura de precisão proporcionou aumento de fertilidade do solo através do uso de zonas de manejo; o emprego de zonas de manejo diminuiu a variabilidade da fertilidade do solo entre as parcelas do quarteirão estudado; não houve correlação entre fertilidade de solo e rendimento na cultura de arroz irrigado; não foi observado efeito entre fertilidade do solo e qualidade fisiológica de sementes em arroz irrigado.

Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a concept to address the multiple challenges and interdependencies of agriculture and climate change. Within CSA debates, equity and agroecology are especially contested. In Ghana, the concept of climate-smart cocoa (CSC) has emerged to simultaneously respond to high rates of deforestation, climate change pressures and low productivity of cocoa – Ghana’s principal agricultural export. Since CSC in Ghana is a nascent concept, it has received very little academic or critical appraisal. By applying a meta-discourse framework, this study aimed at gaining insights into local CSC discourses in Ghana and how these reflect global environmental meta-discourses. The adoption of certain discourses can reveal insights into subsequent policies and their implications for already marginalised cocoa smallholders. My findings are based on 37 qualitative interviews with cocoa smallholders, extension officers as well as governmental, non-governmental and private sector representatives of Ghana’s cocoa sector. Overall, my results suggest that an ecological modernisation discourse was the most pronounced meta-discourse reflected within CSC. A sustainable intensification discourse was the most common CSC practice to achieve a win-win between environment and development aspirations. Agroecological practices within CSC were mainly adopted to serve ecological modernisation discourses and are thus diametrically opposed to those promoted by more radical meta-discourses. Issues of contextual equity, especially regarding tree tenure, were ubiquitous, and discussed by a large majority of cocoa stakeholders. I caution that an overly simplistic win-win approach risks side-lining contextual equity issues and complexities regarding shade cover and agrochemical input. Community Resource Management Area Mechanisms (CREMAs) and other local governance mechanisms represent promising ways to balance trade-offs within the dominant CSC discourse by giving cocoa smallholders a stronger voice. However, given the dominance of large agricultural actors – such as foreign chocolate companies – within the current political economy of Ghana’s cocoa sector, this study cautions not to overestimate the potential of these local governance structures.

O Pará é o estado Amazônico mais visado pela atividade madeireira. Possui a maior gama de serrarias da Amazônia, e produze mais de 50% da madeira em tora do Brasil. A zona Leste do Estado é a responsável por 45% da produção de madeira em tora. Nessa zona se localiza o município de Paragominas, onde o 56% da população urbana depende diretamente da indústria madeireira para sua subsistência. Esta região faz parte da chamada área de endemismo Belém, cuja perda de floresta nativa é de 67,48% devido ao desmatamento. Historicamente as explorações madeireiras foram desenvolvidas com técnicas convencionais, que produzem danos tanto na floresta quanto no solo, e com impactos diretos sobre a fauna que depende da floresta. Na última década estabeleceram-se uma série de diretrizes técnicas para promover o manejo florestal em florestas de terra firme da Amazônia Brasileira, recomendadas pelo Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC) para todas as operações de exploração em florestas nativas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do manejo florestal, incluída a exploração de impacto reduzido, em áreas exploradas em diferentes temporadas (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006 e 2009) e uma área não explorada sob a comunidade de aves, comparando a riqueza, abundância de espécies e de grupos funcionais e outros grupos ecológicos vulneráveis a distúrbios naturais e antrópicos. As aves foram usadas neste estudo devido à sua importância nos processos ecológicos da floresta como polinização, e dispersão e predação de sementes. As amostragens de campo foram feitas na temporada de seca (outubro de 2010) e chuva (abril de 2011) mediante observação direta por pontos fixos em seis transectos de 1 km de distância, com pontos marcados a cada 200 m, e distância de 150 m entre transectos, para um total de 36 pontos por área de manejo florestal. A análise das informações coletadas em campo mostra que: a) registraram-se 235 espécies entre as áreas de manejo florestal; b) existem diferenças significativas de riqueza de espécies entre a as áreas de manejo florestal e entre as temporadas de amostragem; c) a área de manejo florestal com maior riqueza de espécies e abundância de grupos funcionais foi a área explorada em 2000, contraste evidenciado com a área não explorada que teve a menor riqueza e abundâncias de grupos funcionais; d) As espécies do interior da floresta, espécies que requerem de cavidades de árvores para ninho e os grupos funcionais insetívoros (seguidores de formigas), insetívoros de sub-bosque e nectarívoros-insetívoros de sub-bosque foram os grupos cológicos mais afetados pelo manejo florestal, especialmente na área não explorada que teve atividades de pré-exploração e a área explorada em 2003 que foi afetada por distúrbios naturais antes da amostragem de campo; e) os grupos que se viram afetados pelas atividades de manejo florestal podem e devem ser usados como indicadores em programas de monitoramento durante as etapas de manejo florestal, principalmente as etapas de pré-exploração, exploração e pós-exploração, na área de manejo florestal Rio Capim. / Para is the most important state from the Amazon region in wood activities. It has the greatest sawmill of the region and produce more than 50% of the Brazilian wood. The Easte zone of the State is responsible of the 45% of wood production. In this zone is located Paragominas, a town where 56% of the urban human population depends directly on the wood industries to survive. This town is into the endemism area called Belem, whose forest loss is almost 67,48%. Historically wood explorations were made with conventional techniques that produced damages in the forest structure and into the soil, and have direct impacts on the forest fauna. In the last ten years they were established some technique guidelines to promove forest management in terra firme forests of the Brazilian Amazon, recommended by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) to all the exploration activities in native forests. The principal aim of this study was to assess the effects of forest management, including reduced impact logging, in areas that were logged in different seasons (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009) and an unlogged area, on the community of birds, comparing richness, species and guilds abundance, and other ecological groups that are vulneravel to the natural and antropic disturbances. Birds were used because of its importance in forest ecological process like pollination, and seed dispersion and predation. Fieldwork was made in dry season (October 2010) and rain season (abril 2011) by direct observations in pointcounts into 1 km transects; six transects were sampled with pointcounts at each 200 m with a total of 36 pointcounts per area. Information analysis demonstrate that: a) were registered 235 species into the all six forest management areas; b) there were significative differences in species richness between forest management areas and sampled seasons; c) species richness and guild abundances had their major value in the area logged in 2000, contrasting with the unlogged area that had lower values in this items; d) species of the forest interior, cavity nesters, and understorey ant follower insectivores, insectivores and nectarivores were the most affected ecological groups by the forest management, specially in the unlogged area that had pre-logged activities and the area logged in 2003 that was affected by natural disturbances before fieldwork; e) Ecological groups named above that were the most affected by the forest management could and should be used as indicators in monitoring programs during the forest management steps, principally pre-logging, logging and pós-loggingin the Rio Capim Forest Management Area.

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2005. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Feb. 1, 2006). Thesis advisor: David S. Buckley. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

O Pará é o estado Amazônico mais visado pela atividade madeireira. Possui a maior gama de serrarias da Amazônia, e produze mais de 50% da madeira em tora do Brasil. A zona Leste do Estado é a responsável por 45% da produção de madeira em tora. Nessa zona se localiza o município de Paragominas, onde o 56% da população urbana depende diretamente da indústria madeireira para sua subsistência. Esta região faz parte da chamada área de endemismo Belém, cuja perda de floresta nativa é de 67,48% devido ao desmatamento. Historicamente as explorações madeireiras foram desenvolvidas com técnicas convencionais, que produzem danos tanto na floresta quanto no solo, e com impactos diretos sobre a fauna que depende da floresta. Na última década estabeleceram-se uma série de diretrizes técnicas para promover o manejo florestal em florestas de terra firme da Amazônia Brasileira, recomendadas pelo Conselho de Manejo Florestal (FSC) para todas as operações de exploração em florestas nativas. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do manejo florestal, incluída a exploração de impacto reduzido, em áreas exploradas em diferentes temporadas (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006 e 2009) e uma área não explorada sob a comunidade de aves, comparando a riqueza, abundância de espécies e de grupos funcionais e outros grupos ecológicos vulneráveis a distúrbios naturais e antrópicos. As aves foram usadas neste estudo devido à sua importância nos processos ecológicos da floresta como polinização, e dispersão e predação de sementes. As amostragens de campo foram feitas na temporada de seca (outubro de 2010) e chuva (abril de 2011) mediante observação direta por pontos fixos em seis transectos de 1 km de distância, com pontos marcados a cada 200 m, e distância de 150 m entre transectos, para um total de 36 pontos por área de manejo florestal. A análise das informações coletadas em campo mostra que: a) registraram-se 235 espécies entre as áreas de manejo florestal; b) existem diferenças significativas de riqueza de espécies entre a as áreas de manejo florestal e entre as temporadas de amostragem; c) a área de manejo florestal com maior riqueza de espécies e abundância de grupos funcionais foi a área explorada em 2000, contraste evidenciado com a área não explorada que teve a menor riqueza e abundâncias de grupos funcionais; d) As espécies do interior da floresta, espécies que requerem de cavidades de árvores para ninho e os grupos funcionais insetívoros (seguidores de formigas), insetívoros de sub-bosque e nectarívoros-insetívoros de sub-bosque foram os grupos cológicos mais afetados pelo manejo florestal, especialmente na área não explorada que teve atividades de pré-exploração e a área explorada em 2003 que foi afetada por distúrbios naturais antes da amostragem de campo; e) os grupos que se viram afetados pelas atividades de manejo florestal podem e devem ser usados como indicadores em programas de monitoramento durante as etapas de manejo florestal, principalmente as etapas de pré-exploração, exploração e pós-exploração, na área de manejo florestal Rio Capim. / Para is the most important state from the Amazon region in wood activities. It has the greatest sawmill of the region and produce more than 50% of the Brazilian wood. The Easte zone of the State is responsible of the 45% of wood production. In this zone is located Paragominas, a town where 56% of the urban human population depends directly on the wood industries to survive. This town is into the endemism area called Belem, whose forest loss is almost 67,48%. Historically wood explorations were made with conventional techniques that produced damages in the forest structure and into the soil, and have direct impacts on the forest fauna. In the last ten years they were established some technique guidelines to promove forest management in terra firme forests of the Brazilian Amazon, recommended by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) to all the exploration activities in native forests. The principal aim of this study was to assess the effects of forest management, including reduced impact logging, in areas that were logged in different seasons (1997, 2000, 2003, 2006 and 2009) and an unlogged area, on the community of birds, comparing richness, species and guilds abundance, and other ecological groups that are vulneravel to the natural and antropic disturbances. Birds were used because of its importance in forest ecological process like pollination, and seed dispersion and predation. Fieldwork was made in dry season (October 2010) and rain season (abril 2011) by direct observations in pointcounts into 1 km transects; six transects were sampled with pointcounts at each 200 m with a total of 36 pointcounts per area. Information analysis demonstrate that: a) were registered 235 species into the all six forest management areas; b) there were significative differences in species richness between forest management areas and sampled seasons; c) species richness and guild abundances had their major value in the area logged in 2000, contrasting with the unlogged area that had lower values in this items; d) species of the forest interior, cavity nesters, and understorey ant follower insectivores, insectivores and nectarivores were the most affected ecological groups by the forest management, specially in the unlogged area that had pre-logged activities and the area logged in 2003 that was affected by natural disturbances before fieldwork; e) Ecological groups named above that were the most affected by the forest management could and should be used as indicators in monitoring programs during the forest management steps, principally pre-logging, logging and pós-loggingin the Rio Capim Forest Management Area.