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Showing 21 to 28 of 28 (0.106 seconds)Spelling suggestions: "subject:"managemement off a forest"" "subject:"managemement oof a forest""
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Gazdovanje šumama u zaštićenim područjima u Srbiji i realizacija konzervacionih ciljeva / Forest protected area management in Serbia and realisation of conservation objectivesTrifunov Sonja 23 October 2019 (has links)
<p>U radu je analizirano gazdovanje šumama u zaštićenim područjima u Srbiji,<br />posmatrajući: 1) ekološke efekte gazdovanja, i 2) procese prilagođavanja gazdovanja konzervacionim potrebama. Površina zaštićenih područja je značajno porasla, ali ima malo informacija o njihovom doprinosu u realizaciji konzervacionih ciljeva. Pošto se u većini zaštićenih šumskih područja u Evropi aktivno gazduje, i dozvoljeno je korišćenje drvne biomase, informacije o efektima gazdovanja su neophodne. Glavna barijera u ekološkim evaluacijama gazdovanja je nepostojanje indikatora kojima bi se mogle izmeriti promene u ekosistemu, a koje nastaju kao rezultat primenjenih mera gazdovanja. Poslednjih godina se sve više ističe potencijal primene funkcionalnih indikatora, tj. indikatora koji se oslanjaju na informacije o funkcionalnim karakteristikama vrsta. U radu je stoga primenjen funkcionalni pristup za analizu ekološkog efekta gazdovanja. U te svrhe su odabrane karakteristike koje se povezuju sa sposobnošću vrsta za brzo<br />usvajanje ili konzervisanje resursa, tj. određuju odgovor vrsta na promene u dostupnim resursima, a koje, na primer, nastaju usled uklanjanja drvne biomase: visina, specifična površina lista, sadržaj suve materije lista, sadržaj ukupnog azota i ukupnog fosfora. Iste se dovode i u vezu sa primarnom produktivnošću i dekompozicijom, procesima od značaja za očuvanje integriteta ekosistema. Pošto analiza odgovora funkcionalnih indikatora zahteva duži vremenski period posmatranja, u radu je osmišljen drugačiji pristup za izvođenje eksperimenta. U te svrhe su iskorišćeni Landsat satelitski snimci, tj. tri snimka sa vremenskim razmakom od 10 godina: 1994., 2005. i 2015. godina. Izvršena je digitalna klasifikacija snimaka prema sastavu šuma, nakon čega su detektovane promene u sastavu šuma za period od ukupno 20 godina. Ovi podaci su spojeni sa podacima o funkcionalnim karakteristikama vrsta, kako bi se utvrdile promene u funkcionalnoj kompoziciji. Poslednji korak je bio formiranje modela šumske krune, kroz koji je određen intenzitet seče. Koristeći podatke o promenama u gustini krune i<br />promenama u funkcionalnoj kompoziciji, sproveden je eksperiment, tj. analiza efekta različitih nivoa intenziteta seče na promene u funkcionisanju šumskog ekosistema. Za sprovođenje ovog eksperimenta je odabran samo jedan deo Fruške gore, jer je cilj bio da se osmisli pristup za evaluaciju, prilagođen trenutnom konceptu gazdovan ja zaštićenim šumskim područjima, i ispita njegova praktičnost. Kao propratni podatak ovoj analizi, sprovedena je i komparativna analiza upravljača zaštićenih šumskih područja u Srbiji, kako bi se ispitao nivo ulaganja u konzervacione sposobnosti, kao ključnog procesa u implementaciji konzervacionih ciljeva. U digitalnoj klasifikaciji je postignuta visokapreciznost, sa ukupnom preciznošću 94,5% i Kapa koeficijentom 0,93. Potpuno spektralno razdvajanje je postignuto samo za <em>Q. petraea </em> od<em> Tilia tomentosa</em>, i sastojina u<br />kojima se kao dominantne pojavljuju <em>F. silvatica i Tilia tomentosa</em>. Utvđeno je prodiranje<em> F. moesiaca </em>u šume <em>Q. petraea, </em> i apsolutno širenje vrste <em>Tilia tomentosa,</em> posebno u periodu nakon 2005. godine, a koja prema podacima o karakteristikama vrsta ima najveću kompetetivnu sposobnost u odnosu na druge ispitivane vrste drveća. Rezultati modela gustine krune ukazuju na postepeno proređivanje šume od 1994. ka 2015. godini, sa potpunim nestankom šuma guste krune na prelazu između 1994. i 2005. godine. Utvrđen je značajan efekat proređivanja šume na promene u funkcionalnoj kompoziciji. Sa višim intenzitetom proređivanja, CWM indikator se pomerio od konzervativnih karakteristika ka onima koje ukazuju na dominaciju vrsta sklonih brzom sticanju resursa. Prelaz koji je imao značajnog efekta na promene je prelaz iz šume sa gustinom krune većom od 65% u šumu gustine krune između 50-65%, a što bi moglo ukazivati i na prelaz u drugi režim funkcionisanja ekosistema. Konzervacioni ciljevi su još uvek slabo integrisani u gazdovanje šumama u zaštićenim područjima.</p> / <p>In this work, the forest management in protected areas of Serbia was analysed, following: 1) ecologic effects of management and 2) investments in capabilities essential for integration of conservation objectives. The size of protected areas has significantly grown, but there is a little information on their contribution to real conservation goals. Since in most of European protected forest areas is employed active management, the information on ecological effects of management is necessary. The main barrier in ecologic evaluations of managing is the absence of indicators, which could measure the changes in ecosystem, resulting from applied measures. Recently, the potentiality of functional indicators is more emphasized, i.e. indicators, which lean on information about functional traits of species. So, in this work functional approach was taken to analyse ecologic effects of forest management. For this sake were chosen characteristics, which are connected to capabilities of specie s to acquire or conserve resources, i.e. define the answer of the species on changes in available resources, caused by elimination of wooden mass, i.e. logging: height, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter cont ent, nitrogen content and phosphorus content. The same are connected to the processes of significance for conservation of ecosystem integrity (net primary productivity and decomposition). Since the analysis of functional indicators response demands a longer period of observation, another attitude of performing the experiment was conceptualized. For that purpose Landsat satellite image was used, i.e. three images in interval of ten years: 1994, 2005, and 2015. A digital image classification of forest composition was performed, after which the changes in forest composition were detected over the period of 20 years. These data were then connected with the data on functional characteristics of species to determine changes in functional composition. The last step was forming of forest canopy density model, through which was determined the intensity of logging. Using data on changes of forest canopy density model and changes in functional composition, an experiment was performed, i.e. analysis of effects of different levels of logging intensity on changes in forest ecosystem function. For the performing of this experiment was chosen just a part of Fruska gora, as the goal was to try to construct the evaluation approach, adapted to momentary concept of managing in protected forest areas and inspect its feasibility. As an accompanying data with this analysis was performed a comparative analysis of protected forest area managers in Serbia, to examine the level of investments in conservation capabilities, as the key process in implementing conservation goals.</p>
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信州大河原・鹿塩両村御榑木山の近世における林相 その2：明和三年の大河原山立木数報告始末松原, 輝男, MATSUBARA, Teruo 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.
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Landowner decisions and motivations on the Tennessee northern Cumberland Plateau willingness to participate in government assistance programs and reasons for owning woodland /Kaetzel, Brandon Russell, January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (M.S.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2008. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Sept. 15, 2009). Thesis advisor: Donald G. Hodges. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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| 24 |
Understanding and communicating forest stand structures : lifting barriers for nature-based forest managementBusse Nielsen, Anders. January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Ph.d.-afhandling. Den Kongelige Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole, 2006. / Haves også i trykt udg. Thesis (Ph.D.). 22 ill., 14 tables; approx. 90 ref. Summaries (Da, En).
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Forest pest management at Virginia Tech and environmental decision making at the Tennessee Valley Authority an internship /Beversdorf, Matthew Arnold. January 2004 (has links)
Thesis (M. En.)--Miami University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, 2004. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-34).
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Forest Management Approaches for Coping with the Uncertainty of Climate Change: Trade-Offs in Service Provisioning and AdaptabilityWagner, Sven, Nocentini, Susanna, Huth, Franka, Hoogstra-Klein, Marjanke 01 August 2014 (has links)
The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e.g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.
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Social Impact Assessment of the Natural Forest Protection Program on forest-dependent communities and households in Western China - Case studies in Gansu Province and Chongqing Municipality: Social Impact Assessment of the Natural Forest Protection Program on forest-dependent communities and households in Western China - Case studies in Gansu Province and Chongqing MunicipalityWang, Yi 25 October 2010 (has links)
Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is the process of analyzing, monitoring and managing the social effects of planned or implemented development interventions. The primary purpose of SIA is to bring about a sustainable and equitable biophysical and social environment. SIA is a prerequisite in FAO and World Bank aided projects which cover sectors of mining, agriculture, fishery, dams and transportation. In forestry it has the great potential of enhancing sustainable forest management, taking into account rural development objectives and local needs. SIA can be applied before and after the implementation of projects and programs.
In the context of recent policy changes in China, the Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) has been implemented in a “top-down” process from 1998 to 2010. A large part of the forests on main river basins in Western regions are being conserved with severe restrictions for commercial use. The social effects of the NFPP are still debatable, indicating a need for conducting a SIA of the NFPP using a systematic conceptual approach.
Objectives of the research are: (1) To understand how and to what extent the NFPP affected the local forest-dependent communities and their households; (2) To identify the local strategies currently used to cope up with the impacts; and (3) To develop the optimal strategies likely supported for a better harmonization between livelihood and the NFPP implementation in different regional contexts.
The empirical research is approached through quantitative and qualitative social research methods for data collection and analysis. For the case studies, four villages with a total number of 175 respondents were selected for field surveys where questionnaires, interviews and group discussions were employed.
The research findings indicate that, the NFPP has significant impacts on the population characteristics, institutional arrangements and infrastructure and public services at the community level and at household level, the income derivation, expenditure, labour time distribution, perceptions on public health/safety and changing values of forests perceived by individuals.
The research reveals that, synthesizing de facto impacts of the NFPP makes potential negative social impacts predictable. The policy-makers and project teams implementing the NFPP should be aware that, the NFPP results in dynamic change processes which include the de facto and potential impacts as well as the influence factors; among these, contribution of strategies derived from local communities and households as the spontaneous reactions to cope with the NFPP impacts should be taken into consideration. Recommendations are given referring to a better implementation of the NFPP and the need for future researches concerning the SIA for sustainable forest management in different regional contexts.:TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF BOXES .................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................ x
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xii
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ..................................................................................................... xiii
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ xiii
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem statement and justification ............................................................................. 5
1.3 Research objectives ...................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 General research objectives .................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Specific research objectives .................................................................................. 7
1.4 Structure of the dissertation ......................................................................................... 8
2 CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION ............................... 10
2.1 General remark .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Forestry reforms in China .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 China‘s forestry sector since the economic reform in 1978 ................................ 10
2.2.2 Forest tenure and administration ......................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Chronology of sectional reforms in China and their consequences .................... 14
2.2.4 Policy reforms in the forestry sector ................................................................... 18
2.3 The Natural Forest Protection Program ..................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Background and objective .................................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Scale and main contents ...................................................................................... 21
2.3.3 Implementation process ...................................................................................... 22
2.3.4 Budget ................................................................................................................. 23
2.3.5 Legal basis .......................................................................................................... 23
2.3.6 Current implementation status and main achievements ..................................... 23
2.3.7 Various impacts of the NFPP derived from previous researches ........................ 23
2.4 Social Impact Assessment as a development tool ...................................................... 25
2.4.1 Concepts of Social Impact Assessment .............................................................. 25
2.4.2 A brief history of Social Impact Assessment ...................................................... 27
2.4.3 Principles and guidelines for Social Impact Assessment .................................... 29
2.4.4 Basic model of Social Impact Assessment ......................................................... 29
2.4.5 Process of Social Impact Assessment ................................................................. 31
2.4.6 SIA case study examples and matrix of common social indicators .................... 31
3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ........... 38
3.1 General remark .......................................................................................................... 38
3.2 Basic settings in the ―Function evaluation‖ approach ............................................... 40
3.3 Integration framework: indirect and direct human impacts ....................................... 42
3.4 Conceptual framework of SIA: focusing on changes in social setting ...................... 46
3.5 Human ecosystem as an organizing concept for SIA ................................................ 47
3.5.1 Concept of human ecology and human ecosystem models ................................ 47
3.5.2 Systems model of human ecology ...................................................................... 48
3.5.3 Concept model of human ecosystems ................................................................. 50
3.5.4 Learning from the two conceptual models of human ecosystem ........................ 51
3.5.5 A local forest-dependent community as a small scale human ecosystem ........... 53
3.6 Framework conceptualizing social impacts in the empirical context ........................ 55
3.7 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 57
4 RESEARCH METHDOLOGY ..................................................................................... 60
4.1 Defining and operationalizing the research indicators .............................................. 60
4.1.1 Foundation of the definition ............................................................................... 60
4.1.2 Defining and operationalizing the selected research indicators .......................... 62
4.2 Selection of case study areas ..................................................................................... 68
4.3 Methods for quantitative and qualitative data collection ........................................... 71
4.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 71
4.3.2 Field reconnaissance survey ............................................................................... 71
4.3.3 Secondary data collection ................................................................................... 71
4.3.4 Primary data collection ....................................................................................... 72
4.4 Data processing and analysis ..................................................................................... 75
4.5 Research procedure .................................................................................................... 76
4.6 Discussion on the attribution gap ............................................................................... 76
4.7 Reliability and validity of the field research process ................................................. 76
5 SCOPING AND OBSERVATION OF THE STUDY AREAS ..................................... 79
5.1 General remark .......................................................................................................... 79
5.2 Case study area 1: Gansu Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area .............................. 79
5.2.1 General information of Gansu Province ............................................................. 79
5.2.2 Profile of Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area ................................................ 81
5.2.3 Profiles of the villages investigated .................................................................... 84
5.2.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages ............................ 86
5.3 Case Study Area 2: Chongqing collective-owned forest area .................................... 87
5.3.1 General information of Chongqing Municipality ............................................... 87
5.3.2 Information on Dazu County and its collective forest area ................................ 90
5.3.3 Profiles of the villages investigated .................................................................... 92
5.3.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages ............................ 93
6 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL IMPACTS AND CAUSAL ANALYSIS ....................... 96
6.1 Social impacts on the local community level ............................................................ 96
6.1.1 Change in the community population characteristics ......................................... 96
6.1.2 Change in the community institutional arrangements ........................................ 99
6.1.3 Change in the community infrastructure and public services ........................... 111
6.2 Social impacts on the household level ..................................................................... 118
6.2.1 Impacts on households and families ................................................................. 118
6.2.2 Impacts on individuals ...................................................................................... 131
7 DIAGNOSIS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .......................... 145
7.1 General remark ........................................................................................................ 145
7.2 The de facto impacts of the NFPP on local communities and households .............. 145
7.2.1 The social change processes in the local community ....................................... 145
7.2.2 Human impacts on the local households ........................................................... 149
7.3 External and internal factors influencing the extent of impact results..................... 152
7.3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 152
7.3.2 The external factors at community level ........................................................... 152
7.3.3 The internal factors at household and individual level ..................................... 154
7.4 Potential impacts of the NFPP on the local community and households................. 154
7.5 Dynamics of de facto and potential impacts, local strategies and influence factors 155
8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 157
8.1 General remarks ....................................................................................................... 157
8.2 Recapitulation of major findings and conclusions ................................................... 157
8.3 Scope and limitations of the empirical study ........................................................... 158
8.4 Recommendation for future policy implementation ................................................ 160
8.5 Relationship between theory and findings ............................................................... 163
8.6 A critical review of methodology and implications for SIA research ...................... 165
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 168
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 179
Appendix 1: Some data and background information available in literature ..................... 180
Appendix 2: Supplementary material and material information used in research ............. 195
Appendix 3: Questionnaires used in the field surveys ....................................................... 203
Appendix 4: Part of the data collected in the field ............................................................. 212
Appendix 5: Photos in the fields ........................................................................................ 234 / Social Impact Assessment (SIA) ist ein Prozess, der Analyse, Monitoring und Bewältigung der sozialen Effekte geplanter oder durchgeführter Entwicklungsinterventionen umfasst. Das Hauptanliegen von SIA ist, eine nachhaltige und gerechte biophysische und soziale Umwelt zu schaffen. SIA ist für Projekte der FAO und der Weltbank in den Sektoren Bergbau, Landwirtschaft, Fischerei, Talsperren und Transport eine Grundvoraussetzung. Für die Forstwirtschaft ergibt sich daraus das Potenzial, nachhaltige Waldbewirtschaftung zu stärken und dabei die Ziele ländlicher Entwicklung und lokale Erfordernisse zu berücksichtigen. SIA kann vor und nach der Durchführung von Projekten und Programmen angewendet werden.
Im Zusammenhang mit den aktuellen politischen Veränderungen in China wird das Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP) im Zeitraum von 1998-2010 nach dem top-down-Verfahren durchgeführt. Die sozialen Auswirkungen des NFPP sind noch immer umstritten. Das unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der SIA unter Anwendung einer systematischen konzeptionellen Herangehensweise. Ein besonders kritischer Faktor dabei ist, dass ein erheblicher Anteil der Wälder in den Wassereinzugsgebieten wichtiger Flussläufe in den westlichen Regionen durch strikte Einschränkungen der kommerziellen Nutzung geschützt wurden.
Die Ziele der Forschung sind: (1) Aufzeigen wie und in welchem Ausmaß das NFPP die örtlichen waldabhängigen Gemeinden und ihre Haushalte beeinflusst hat; (2) Identifizieren lokal entwickelter und angewandter Strategien, um die Auswirkungen des NFPP zu bewältigen; und (3) Entwickeln optimaler Strategien für eine bessere Harmonisierung der Lebensgrundlagen mit der Umsetzung des NFPP in unterschiedlichen regionalen Kontexten.
Die empirische soziale Forschung bedient sich quantitativer und qualitativer Methoden zur Datensammlung und Datenanalyse. Für die Fallstudie wurden vier Dörfer mit insgesamt 175 Befragten ausgewählt. Bei der Primärdatenerhebung kamen Fragebögen, Interviews und Gruppendiskussionen zur Anwendung.
Die Forschungsergebnisse zeigen, dass das NFPP signifikanten Einfluss ausübt auf Größe und Anteil armer Bevölkerung, auf institutionelle Rahmenbedingungen, die Infrastruktur und den öffentlichen Dienstleistungssektor auf Gemeindeebene. Auf Haushaltsebene wurde signifikanter einfluss nachgewiesen für die Generierung von Einkommen, die Ausgaben, die Arbeitszeitverteilung, die Vorstellungen über Gesundheitswesen und Sicherheit als auch auf die Wahrnehmung der sich verändernden Werte des Waldes.
Es wird ersichtlich, dass durch Zusammenführen der de facto-Auswirkungen des NFPP potenzielle negative soziale Einflüsse vorhersagbar werden. Entscheidungsträger und Projektteams sollten sich darüber bewusst werden, dass das NFPP zu dynamischen Veränderungsprozessen führt, welche die de facto- und potentiellen Auswirkungen sowie die Einflussfaktoren betreffen. Dies schließt den Beitrag der lokal entwickelten Strategien ein. Empfehlungen betreffen die bessere Umsetzung des NFPP sowie die Notwendigkeit weiterer Forschung hinsichtlich der SIA im Zusammenhang nachhaltiger Waldbewirtschaftung in verschiedenen regionalen Kontexten.:TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................ viii
LIST OF BOXES .................................................................................................................... ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................ x
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... xii
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ..................................................................................................... xiii
1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ xiii
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Problem statement and justification ............................................................................. 5
1.3 Research objectives ...................................................................................................... 6
1.3.1 General research objectives .................................................................................. 6
1.3.2 Specific research objectives .................................................................................. 7
1.4 Structure of the dissertation ......................................................................................... 8
2 CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE AND INFORMATION ............................... 10
2.1 General remark .......................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Forestry reforms in China .......................................................................................... 10
2.2.1 China‘s forestry sector since the economic reform in 1978 ................................ 10
2.2.2 Forest tenure and administration ......................................................................... 13
2.2.3 Chronology of sectional reforms in China and their consequences .................... 14
2.2.4 Policy reforms in the forestry sector ................................................................... 18
2.3 The Natural Forest Protection Program ..................................................................... 21
2.3.1 Background and objective .................................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Scale and main contents ...................................................................................... 21
2.3.3 Implementation process ...................................................................................... 22
2.3.4 Budget ................................................................................................................. 23
2.3.5 Legal basis .......................................................................................................... 23
2.3.6 Current implementation status and main achievements ..................................... 23
2.3.7 Various impacts of the NFPP derived from previous researches ........................ 23
2.4 Social Impact Assessment as a development tool ...................................................... 25
2.4.1 Concepts of Social Impact Assessment .............................................................. 25
2.4.2 A brief history of Social Impact Assessment ...................................................... 27
2.4.3 Principles and guidelines for Social Impact Assessment .................................... 29
2.4.4 Basic model of Social Impact Assessment ......................................................... 29
2.4.5 Process of Social Impact Assessment ................................................................. 31
2.4.6 SIA case study examples and matrix of common social indicators .................... 31
3 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ........... 38
3.1 General remark .......................................................................................................... 38
3.2 Basic settings in the ―Function evaluation‖ approach ............................................... 40
3.3 Integration framework: indirect and direct human impacts ....................................... 42
3.4 Conceptual framework of SIA: focusing on changes in social setting ...................... 46
3.5 Human ecosystem as an organizing concept for SIA ................................................ 47
3.5.1 Concept of human ecology and human ecosystem models ................................ 47
3.5.2 Systems model of human ecology ...................................................................... 48
3.5.3 Concept model of human ecosystems ................................................................. 50
3.5.4 Learning from the two conceptual models of human ecosystem ........................ 51
3.5.5 A local forest-dependent community as a small scale human ecosystem ........... 53
3.6 Framework conceptualizing social impacts in the empirical context ........................ 55
3.7 Research questions ..................................................................................................... 57
4 RESEARCH METHDOLOGY ..................................................................................... 60
4.1 Defining and operationalizing the research indicators .............................................. 60
4.1.1 Foundation of the definition ............................................................................... 60
4.1.2 Defining and operationalizing the selected research indicators .......................... 62
4.2 Selection of case study areas ..................................................................................... 68
4.3 Methods for quantitative and qualitative data collection ........................................... 71
4.3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 71
4.3.2 Field reconnaissance survey ............................................................................... 71
4.3.3 Secondary data collection ................................................................................... 71
4.3.4 Primary data collection ....................................................................................... 72
4.4 Data processing and analysis ..................................................................................... 75
4.5 Research procedure .................................................................................................... 76
4.6 Discussion on the attribution gap ............................................................................... 76
4.7 Reliability and validity of the field research process ................................................. 76
5 SCOPING AND OBSERVATION OF THE STUDY AREAS ..................................... 79
5.1 General remark .......................................................................................................... 79
5.2 Case study area 1: Gansu Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area .............................. 79
5.2.1 General information of Gansu Province ............................................................. 79
5.2.2 Profile of Xiaolongshan state-owned forest area ................................................ 81
5.2.3 Profiles of the villages investigated .................................................................... 84
5.2.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages ............................ 86
5.3 Case Study Area 2: Chongqing collective-owned forest area .................................... 87
5.3.1 General information of Chongqing Municipality ............................................... 87
5.3.2 Information on Dazu County and its collective forest area ................................ 90
5.3.3 Profiles of the villages investigated .................................................................... 92
5.3.4 Characteristics of household respondents in the two villages ............................ 93
6 ASSESSMENT OF SOCIAL IMPACTS AND CAUSAL ANALYSIS ....................... 96
6.1 Social impacts on the local community level ............................................................ 96
6.1.1 Change in the community population characteristics ......................................... 96
6.1.2 Change in the community institutional arrangements ........................................ 99
6.1.3 Change in the community infrastructure and public services ........................... 111
6.2 Social impacts on the household level ..................................................................... 118
6.2.1 Impacts on households and families ................................................................. 118
6.2.2 Impacts on individuals ...................................................................................... 131
7 DIAGNOSIS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION .......................... 145
7.1 General remark ........................................................................................................ 145
7.2 The de facto impacts of the NFPP on local communities and households .............. 145
7.2.1 The social change processes in the local community ....................................... 145
7.2.2 Human impacts on the local households ........................................................... 149
7.3 External and internal factors influencing the extent of impact results..................... 152
7.3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 152
7.3.2 The external factors at community level ........................................................... 152
7.3.3 The internal factors at household and individual level ..................................... 154
7.4 Potential impacts of the NFPP on the local community and households................. 154
7.5 Dynamics of de facto and potential impacts, local strategies and influence factors 155
8 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................ 157
8.1 General remarks ....................................................................................................... 157
8.2 Recapitulation of major findings and conclusions ................................................... 157
8.3 Scope and limitations of the empirical study ........................................................... 158
8.4 Recommendation for future policy implementation ................................................ 160
8.5 Relationship between theory and findings ............................................................... 163
8.6 A critical review of methodology and implications for SIA research ...................... 165
REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 168
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................................... 179
Appendix 1: Some data and background information available in literature ..................... 180
Appendix 2: Supplementary material and material information used in research ............. 195
Appendix 3: Questionnaires used in the field surveys ....................................................... 203
Appendix 4: Part of the data collected in the field ............................................................. 212
Appendix 5: Photos in the fields ........................................................................................ 234
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Ermittlung von Struktur-Indikatoren zur Abschätzung des Einflusses forstlicher Bewirtschaftung auf die Biozönosen von Tiefland-BuchenwäldernWinter, Susanne 01 September 2005 (has links)
Buchenwälder sind die großflächigste potenziell natürliche Vegetationsform Deutschlands und ein nach EU-FFH-Richtlinie besonders zu schützender Biotoptyp. Eine hohe Naturnähe ist auch in Wirtschaftswäldern (WiWald) notwendig, um die typischen Lebensgemeinschaften naturnaher Wälder langfristig zu erhalten, doch mangelt es an praktikablen/verifizierten Indikatoren, wie die nutzungsbedingte Abweichung vom Naturzustand ermittelt werden kann. In &gt;100 Jahre alten und ~40 ha großen Tiefland-Buchenwäldern (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern/Brandenburg) wurde anhand von 13 WiWäldern, vier seit &lt;20 Jahren (k20) und drei seit &gt;50 Jahren (r50) unbewirtschafteten Beständen den folgenden Fragen nachgegangen: Wie groß sind die strukturellen, vegetationskundlichen und carabidologischen Unterschiede zwischen bewirtschafteten, kurz- und langfristig unbewirtschafteten Buchenwäldern? Gibt es strukturelle Indikatoren und quantitative Größen zur Abschätzung des Einflusses forstlicher Bewirtschaftung auf die Biozönosen von Tiefland-Buchenwäldern? In Probekreisen (Pk) von 500 m² an Rasterpunkten (100 m x 100 m) wurden strukturelle und in Pk von 314 m² vegetationskundliche Daten erhoben. In fünf Pk/Bestand wurde jeweils eine Barberfalle über die Vegetationsperiode installiert. Ganzflächig wurden die Verteilung der Waldentwicklungsphasen (WEP)und zusätzlich zu den Pk-Aufnahmen hektarweise Sonderstrukturen aufgenommen. U. a. wurden folgende Sonderstrukturen aufgenommen: Zunderschwamm, Kronen- und Zwieselbrüche, Ersatzkronen, Blitzrinnen, Risse/Spalten, Höhlen, Mulmkörper/-taschen. Diese naturschutzfachlich wichtigen Sonderstrukturen wurden aus den Habitatansprüchen der typischen Buchenwaldfauna abgeleitet.Es konnten große Unterschiede zwischen WiWald und r50-Flächen (v. a. &gt;100 Jahre unbewirtschafteten Flächen) aufgezeigt werden. Die k20-Flächen unterscheiden sich nicht wesentlich vom WiWald. Die Anzahl verschiedener WEP/ha und WEP-Patches/ha liegt in den r50-Flächen signifikant höher als im WiWald. Der Holzvorrat der r50-Flächen liegt mit ~600 m³/ha (Terminal- ~800 m³/ha, Zerfallsphase 450 m³/ha) deutlich höher als im WiWald. Charakteristisch für die r50-Flächen ist das Vorkommen von in ihrer Vitalität eingeschränkten Bäume ab 80 cm BHD und ein inhomogeneres Lichtmosaik im Bestand. Die Stammqualitäten (u. a. Astigkeit) in r50-Flächen unterscheiden sich kaum von denen in WiWald. In den r50-Flächen kommt bedeutend mehr Totholz (&gt;142 m³/ha) als im WiWald (max. 34 m³/ha) vor. Im WiWald können Stubben dominieren. Verschiedene Totholzqualitäten sind im WiWald nur unvollständig vorhanden. Etwa 40 % des Totholzes besitzt keine Totholznachbarn (r50-Flächen: &lt;2 %) und die Lichtverhältnisse am Totholz sind nicht so vielfältig (wenig sonnenexponiert und wenig gering besonnt). In den &gt;100 Jahre unbewirtschafteten Flächen kommen ~12 Sonderstrukturtypen mit &gt;200 Sonderstrukturen/ha vor. 19 von 20 Sonderstrukturen sind im WiWald signifikant seltener und 11 Sonderstrukturen sind als Naturnähe-Indikatoren geeignet.Vegetation: In der Krautschicht sind höhere Deckungsgrade, mehr (lichtanzeigende) Arten, weniger Waldarten und eine höhere Diversität zu verzeichnen. Im WiWald wird u. a. das Vorkommen von Calamagrostis epigeios, Impatiens parviflora und Rubus idaeus gefördert. Stark gefährdete Moosarten sind im WiWald seltener als in den Referenzwäldern, da sie vor allem auf liegendem Totholz und auf den Stammanläufen vorkommen. Carabiden: Im WiWald gibt es weniger Individuen und Biomasse von mesophilen Waldarten und eine geringere Anzahl von flugunfähigen Individuen. Als Indikatoren für naturnahe Tiefland-Buchenwälder können die drei Arten Carabus glabratus, C. hortensis und Cychrus caraboides bezeichnet werden. Indikatoren: Es wurden Zielgrößen für 29 Struktur-Indikatoren für naturnahe Wälder vorgeschlagen. Für WiWälder wurden gesonderte Zielgrößen festgelegt, die die nutzungsbedingte, nicht zu vermeidende Abweichung vom Naturzustand berücksichtigen. / Beech forests are the most important natural vegetation type of Germany,and they are included in annex II of the EU-FFH-Directive,which requests nature conservation for the listed habitat types.High naturalness is necessary in managed forests (w-sites) to maintain the typical biocoenosis of forests near nature. But there is a lack of practicable/verified indicators to determine the degree of alteration managed forests have compared to natural forests. In &gt;100 year old and ~40 ha big lowland beech forests in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Brandenburg, 13 w-sites, 4 study sites which are unmanaged since &lt;20 years (k-sites) and 3 sites which are unmanaged since &gt;50 years (r50-sites) were investigated to answer these questions: What the differences are between w-, k- and r-sites according to forest structure, vegetation and carabids? Are there valid structural indicators with thresholds to assess the impact of forestry use on the biocoenosis of lowland beech forests? At grid points(distance 100 mx 100 m),on circular sample plots (SP) of 500 m² the structural data and on SP of 314 m² the vegetation was investigated. At five SP/study site a pitfall trap was installed during the entire vegetation period. On the whole study site the distribution of forest development phases (FDP) was mapped, and on full one ha plots the special structures were investigated. The following special structures were mapped e.g. Fomes fomentarius trees, crown and crotch breakage, substitute crowns, lightning shakes,gutters/rifts, cavities, mould and bark bag. These special structures have been derived from the habitat needs of the typical beech forest fauna.The results revealed tremendous differences between w- and r50-sites. The k-sites show no clear differences to the managed sites.In the r50-sites, the number of different FDP/ha and FDP units/ ha is significant higher than in w-sites. The timber stock of the r50-sites is ~600 m³/ha (terminal phase ~800 m³/ha, decay phase ~450³/ha). A characteristic feature of the r50-sites is the occurrence of trees with 80 cm bhd or more with reduced vitality. The timber trunk) qualities of r-sites differ only slightly from managed stands. In the r50-sites the dead wood volume (&gt;142 m³/ha) is much higher than in the w-sites (max. 34 m³/ha). Many different features of dead wood occur only fragmentary within w-sites. About 40 % of the dead wood objects have no &quot;dead wood neighbour&quot; (r50-sites: &lt;2 %), and the light distribution is much less diverse. In &gt;100 years unmanaged r-sites ~12 different types of special structures and 200 single special structures occur per ha. 19 out of 20 special structures are significantly less frequent in w-sites; 11 special structures are specifically valuable to be used as naturalness indicators.Vegetation: In the herb layer occur higher coverage values, more (light-indicating) species, but only few species indicating ancient forests and a higher diversity index value. In w-sites, the occurrence of e. g. Calamagrostis epigeios, Impatiens parviflora and Rubus idaeus is supported. reduced. Threatened moss species are rare in w-sites compared to r-sites, since they mainly grow on laying dead wood, which is rare in forests in use, and on inclined/rough-barked stem bases. Ground beetles: The forestry use of lowland beech forests leads to less individuals and lower biomass of so-called mesophilous forest species. Furthermore, the number of flightless individuals is lower. As proper indicators for near-natural lowland beech forests, the three species Carabus glabratus, C. hortensis und Cychrus caraboides could be identified. Indicators: 29 structural indicators were identified and thresholds were given. But even in lowland beech forests managed in a conservation-friendly way, these target values for near-natural and natural forests are unlikely to be reached. Therefore, for w-sites special threshold values have been defined, which consider the inevitable difference between managed and natural forests.
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