Thesis (MSc Food Sc )--Stellenbosch University, 2002. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The oxidative stability of crude, cold-pressed mango kernel fat (MKF) was determined over a period of 240 days using the peroxide value (PV), conjugated diene value (CD) and p-anisidine value (AV) tests. The changes in fatty acid profile were monitored with gas chromatography and the oxidative status of MKF effectively predicted by FT-NIR spectroscopy. Results obtained from the different methods complemented each other and indicated the stable character of mango kernel fat against oxidative deterioration. The fatty acid profile constituted palmitic acid (CI6:0; 8.43%), stearic acid (CI8:0; 34.98%), oleic acid (CI8:1 cis; 48.05%), linoleic acid (CI8:2; 6.60%) and arachidic acid (C20:0; 1.73%). Trace amounts of C16:1 (0.56%), C18:1 trans (0.25%), C18:3 (0.43%), C20:1 (0.25%) and C22:0 (0.40%) were also found. The freshly pressed MKF had a peroxide value of 2.7 meq.kg", CD value of 0.07% and an AV of 2.2 mmol.kg", After 40 days of storage, the peroxide values of MKF stored with and without exposure to a limited amount of oxygen at 5, 15,25 and 40°C increased to 5 meq.kg" and 4 meq.kg" respectively. Emulsification of MKF had a stabilising effect (maximum PV = 2.8 meq.kg'), while exposure to UV light had a catalysing effect (maximum PV = 5 meq.kg'). These maximum values, decreased after 40 days. The CD values of MKF samples stored with and without exposure to oxygen at 5, 15,25 and 40°C increased to 0.18% and 0.16%, respectively at day 40. The CD values of samples exposed to light increased to 0_20% and the emulsified samples showed similar values to that of the MKF samples not exposed to oxygen. The conjugated diene values remained stable after day 40. The p-anisidine values of the MKF samples both stored with and without exposure to oxygen at 5, 15, 25 and 40°C varied between 0.5 and 5 mmol.kg". The weak correlation to the measurement of nonanal, as well as the low levels of 2-alkenals produced by the MKF, resulted in these low and sometimes non-linear values. The peroxide, conjugated diene and p-anisidine values obtained for MKF stored at 25°C over 240 days were low due to the low content of polyunsaturated fatty acids in MKF. This compared favourably with the higher values attained for sunflower, canola and olive oil, which are all rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. The minimal changes observed in the fatty acid profile of mango kernel fat indicated the stability of the saturated fatty acids (CI6:0 and CI8:0) and oleic acid. In addition, the instability of linoleic and linolenic acids was evident due to oxidative deterioration. A decrease of 7.41% and 12.80% was observed between day 0 and 240 for the C18:2/C16:0 and C18:2/C18:0 ratios respectively. The prediction of the oxidative status of the MKF samples by near infrared spectroscopy were possible after the development of calibration models from a total data set of 300 samples of which one-third was used for independent validation. Principle component analysis (PCA) indicated classification at 0, 40 and the remaining (80 - 240) days. The best calibration model for PV yielded a SEP (standard error of prediction) of 0.46 meq.kg", correlation coefficient (r) of 0.95, bias of 0.02 and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.46 meq.kg". The CD calibration model had a correlation coefficient of 0.89, SEP of 0.01 %, bias of 0.001 and RMSEP of 0.01% when developed on a data set with no pre-processing applied. The AV calibration had a SEP of 0.32 mmol.kg", bias of 0.03, RMSEP of 0.32 mmol.kg" and rof 0.93. The C18:2 and C18:3 models were built using partial least squares (PLS) regression and the values obtained for SEP were 0.31% and 0.054%, RMSEP 0.32% and 0.05%, bias 0.05 and 0.01 and correlation coefficcients were 0.82 and 0.54 respectively. The calibrations for CI8:1, C18:0 and C16:0 yielded weaker correlations. Good correlations were obtained when calibrating the CI8:2/CI6:0 and C18:2/CI8:0 ratios. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die oksidatiewe stabiliteit van ru, koud-geperste mango kern vet (MKV) (Mangifera indica L.) is oor 'n periode van 240 dae bepaal deur gebruik te maak van die peroksiedwaarde (PV), gekonjugeerde dieen waarde (CD) en p-anisidien waarde (AV) toetse. Die veranderinge in die vetsuurprofiel is gemonitor deur gaschromatografie en die oksidatiewe status van MKV is akkuraat voorspel word deur Fourier transformasie naby infrarooi (FT-NIR) spektroskopie. Die resultate van die verskillende toetsmetodes komplementeer mekaar goed en dui die stabiliteit van mango kern vet teen oksidatiewe verval aan. Die vetsuurprofiel is saamgestel uit palimitiensuur (C16:0; 8.43%), steariensuur (C18:0; 34.98%), oleïensuur (C18:1 cis; 48.05%), linoleïensuur (C18:2; 6.60%) en aragiedsuur (20:0; 1.73%). Spoorhoeveelhede C16:1 (0.56%), C18:1 trans (0.25%), C18:3 (0.43%), C20:1 (0.25%) en C22:0 (0.40%) is ook geïdentifiseer. Die vars geperste MKF het 'n peroksiedwaarde van 2.7 meq.kg", 'n CD waarde van 0.07% en 'n AV waarde van 2.2 mmol.kg" getoon. Na afloop van 40 dae opbergingsperiode by 5, 15, 25 en 40°C het die PV van MKV met 'n beperkte blootstelling aan suurstof na 5 meq.kg" vermeerder, terwyl die waardes van monsters sonder suurstofblootstelling na 4 meq.kg" vermeerder het. Emulsifisering van MKV het 'n stabiliserende effek (maksimum PV = 2.8 meq.kg") terwyl blootstelling aan ultraviolet (UV) lig 'n kataliserende effek (maksimum PV = meq.kgl ) op oksidasie gehad het. Hierdie maksimum waardes het na 40 dae afgeneem. Die CD waardes van MKF monsters opgeberg by 5, 15, 25 en 40°C en met beperkte blootstelling aan suurstof het vermeerder tot 0.18% terwyl die monsters sonder suurstofblootstelling by bogenoemde temperature vermeerder het tot 0.16% na 40 dae. Die gekonjugeerde dieen waardes van die monsters blootgestel aan UV lig het vermeerder tot 0.20%; terwyl die geëmulsifiseerde monsters waardes soortgelyk aan die MKV monsters sonder blootstelling aan suurstof getoon het. Gekonjugeerde dieen waardes het gestabiliseer vanaf dag 40. Die p-anisidienwaardes van MKV monsters opgeberg by temperature van 5,15, 25 en 40°C, met en sonder blootstelling aan suurstof, het varieer tussen 0.5 en 5 mmol.kg". Die swak korrellasie tussen nonanal produksie en p-anisidienwaardes, sowel as die klein hoeveelhede 2-alkenale geproduseer, was verantwoordelik vir hierdie lae en nie linêere waardes. Die peroksied, gekonjugeerde dieen en p-anisidienwaardes wat verkry is nadat MKV by 25°C in 240 opgeberg is, was laag weens die klein persentasie poli-onversadigde vetsure teenwoordig in die vet. Dit vergelyk goed met die hoë waardes wat verkry is vir sonneblom-, canola- en olyfolie wat almal ryk aan poli-onversadigde vetsure is. Die minimale veranderinge in die vetsuurprofiel van MKF dui op die stabiliserende invloed van versadigde vetsure (C16:0 en C18:0) en oleïensuur. Die onstabiliteit van linoleïen- en lineensuur duidelik uit hierdie vetsure se oksidatiewe verval. 'n Afname van 7.41% en 12.80% is waargeneem tussen dae 0 en 240 vir die C18:2/C16:0 en C18:2/C18:0 verhoudings, onderskeidelik. Die voorspelling van die oksidatiewe status van die MKF monsters met behulp van FT-NIR spektroskopie was moontlik deur die ontwikkeling van kalibrasie modelle. 'n Totale datastel van 300 monsters, waarvan ongeveer 'n derde vir validasie aangewend is, is gebruik vir die kalibrasiemodelle. Met behulp van PCA (hoojkomponent analise) kon drie klassifiseerbare groepe by 0, 40 en 80-240 dae onderskei word. Die beste kalibrasiemodel vir PV het 'n standaardfout van voorspelling (SEP) van 0.46 meq.kg", 'n korrellasiekoëffisient (r) van 0.95, 'n oorhelling van 0.02 en 'n standaardfout van voorspelling (RMSEP) van 0.46 meq.kg" gehad. Die CD kalibrasiemodel (geen voorafverwerking) het 'n r van 0.89, SEP van 0.01% oorhelling van 0.001 en RMSEP van 0.01% gehad. Die AV kalibrasie het 'n SEP van 0.32 mmol.kg', oorhelling van 0.03, RMSEP van 0.32 mmol.kg" en r van 0.93 gehad. Die C18:2 en C18:3 modelle is saamgestel deur PLS (partial least squares) regressie. Waardes verkry vir C18:2 en C18:3 was onderskeidelik: SEP 0.32% en 0.05%, RMSEP, 0.32% en 0.05%, oorhelling 0.05 en 0.01 en r 0.82 en 0.54. In die geval van C18:1, C18:0 en C16:0, het die kalibrasies swakker statistiek korrellasies getoon. Goeie korrellasies is verkry tydens kalibrasie vir die C18:2/C16:0 en C18:2/C18:0 verhoudings.

Devido à importância da agricultura para a economia do Brasil e para a dieta da população brasileira, um esforço contínuo tem sido feito para preservar a qualidade dos alimentos. Um dos mais importantes critérios de qualidade é a concentração correta dos pesticidas ou a não detecção destes nos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o efeito matriz na analise de resíduos de pesticidas por cromatografia à gás em manga, a contaminação de mangas compradas na cidade de São Paulo por pesticidas e a otimização de um método multiresíduo neste tipo de matriz. O método empregado foi o utilizado pelo Governo Holandês adaptado de Lucke (1975), e constou da extração com acetona e partição em uma mistura diclorometano:hexano 1:1. O extrato foi concentrado e injetado em cromatógrafo à gás com detector de captura de elétrons e detector fotométrico de chama. Foram analisados 23 princípios ativos diferentes entre herbicidas, inseticidas, fungicidas e acaricidas; a metodologia empregada permitiu um limite de quantificação que variou de 0,01 mg/Kg a 0,30 mg/Kg. A recuperação de amostras fortificadas variou de 70 a 120%. Os resultados mostraram que a matriz apresenta uma grande influência na determinação dos princípios ativos Procloraz, Difenoconazol, Fosmete, Azoxistrobina e sulfato Endosulfam; o único princípio ativo encontrado nas amostras compradas no varejo foi o fungicida Procloraz com valores permitidos pela Legislação Brasileira. / Due to the importance of Agriculture for the economy of Brazil and for the diet of Brazilian population, a continuous effort is being made to preserve its high quality characteristics. One of the most important quality criteria is the right concentration or better not detectable pesticide residues. This work had the objective to study the matrix enhancement effect in gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residue in mango fruit; the contamination of mango fruit by pesticide bought in Sao Paulo city and the optimization of the multiresidue method in this matrix. The employed method in the analysis was adapted from Lucke (1975), used by Netherlands Government; extraction with acetone and partition in a dichlorometane:hexane (1:1), and Gas Chromatographic determination with ECD and FPD. We studied about 23 active substances among herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and acaricides, the developed method allowed a quantification limit ranging from 0,01 mg/Kg to 0,30 mg/Kg. The recoveries of fortified samples ranged from 70 to 120%. The results showed that the matrix had a effect in the determination of the pesticides: prochoraz,difenoconazol, Fosmete, Azoxistrobina and Endosulfam Sulfate. It was found that the mango fruit were contaminated only by Procloraz; according to the Brazilian legislation, this pesticide can be present in mango.

Devido à importância da agricultura para a economia do Brasil e para a dieta da população brasileira, um esforço contínuo tem sido feito para preservar a qualidade dos alimentos. Um dos mais importantes critérios de qualidade é a concentração correta dos pesticidas ou a não detecção destes nos alimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho é estudar o efeito matriz na analise de resíduos de pesticidas por cromatografia à gás em manga, a contaminação de mangas compradas na cidade de São Paulo por pesticidas e a otimização de um método multiresíduo neste tipo de matriz. O método empregado foi o utilizado pelo Governo Holandês adaptado de Lucke (1975), e constou da extração com acetona e partição em uma mistura diclorometano:hexano 1:1. O extrato foi concentrado e injetado em cromatógrafo à gás com detector de captura de elétrons e detector fotométrico de chama. Foram analisados 23 princípios ativos diferentes entre herbicidas, inseticidas, fungicidas e acaricidas; a metodologia empregada permitiu um limite de quantificação que variou de 0,01 mg/Kg a 0,30 mg/Kg. A recuperação de amostras fortificadas variou de 70 a 120%. Os resultados mostraram que a matriz apresenta uma grande influência na determinação dos princípios ativos Procloraz, Difenoconazol, Fosmete, Azoxistrobina e sulfato Endosulfam; o único princípio ativo encontrado nas amostras compradas no varejo foi o fungicida Procloraz com valores permitidos pela Legislação Brasileira. / Due to the importance of Agriculture for the economy of Brazil and for the diet of Brazilian population, a continuous effort is being made to preserve its high quality characteristics. One of the most important quality criteria is the right concentration or better not detectable pesticide residues. This work had the objective to study the matrix enhancement effect in gas chromatographic analysis of pesticide residue in mango fruit; the contamination of mango fruit by pesticide bought in Sao Paulo city and the optimization of the multiresidue method in this matrix. The employed method in the analysis was adapted from Lucke (1975), used by Netherlands Government; extraction with acetone and partition in a dichlorometane:hexane (1:1), and Gas Chromatographic determination with ECD and FPD. We studied about 23 active substances among herbicides, fungicides, insecticides and acaricides, the developed method allowed a quantification limit ranging from 0,01 mg/Kg to 0,30 mg/Kg. The recoveries of fortified samples ranged from 70 to 120%. The results showed that the matrix had a effect in the determination of the pesticides: prochoraz,difenoconazol, Fosmete, Azoxistrobina and Endosulfam Sulfate. It was found that the mango fruit were contaminated only by Procloraz; according to the Brazilian legislation, this pesticide can be present in mango.