<p>The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question:</p><p>How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration?</p><p>The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it.</p> / <p>Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga:</p><p>Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation?</p><p>Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Magdeburg. / Includes bibliographical references.

The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question: How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration? The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it. / Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga: Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation? Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.

Orientador: Oswaldo Luis Agostinho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T09:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Perdigao_FabianoMarques_M.pdf: 1243627 bytes, checksum: a069968ef5e4e70026b43aa882ecf238 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Este estudo procura constatar e analisar os perfis da gestão de manutenção encontrados nas organizações. Por outro lado, verifica quais componentes do fluxo dos processos de manutenção são impactados pela inovação tecnológica, estratégias de negócios e de manufatura. Para alcançar este objetivo foi proposta uma metodologia exploratória com três dimensões S1, S2 e S3, com oito variáveis distribuídas em cinco atributos A1, B2, C3, D4 e E5, que servem para referenciar o posicionamento das organizações com relação ao controle do processo da gestão de manutenção. Aplicou-se a proposta em três empresas através de entrevistas e questionários, sendo uma do setor de serviços, outra do setor de transportes e a terceira de manufatura. Os dados confiados ao autor não são de domínio público. Após a análise dos dados coletados e a simulação, percebeu-se que as capacitações geradas pelo processo de controle da gestão de manutenção formam uma base para tomada de decisões quanto ao posicionamento estratégico, à manufatura e aos negócios. O resultado final da pesquisa indica que os gestores de manutenção demonstraram algumas dificuldades para elaborar um plano de ação para a manutenção, principalmente por se distanciarem dos problemas operacionais. Observou-se que as alterações nos processos de controle da gestão de manutenção estão direcionadas para a adequação de custos, enquanto o desenvolvimento de novos processos de manutenção não possui um processo estruturado, limitando-se à habilidade dos manutentores. / Abstract: This study aims to observe and analyze the maintenance management profiles found in organizations. On the other hand, it verifies which components of the maintenance processes flow are impacted by technological innovation, business strategy and manufacturing. To achieve this goal, a methodology was proposed to explore three dimensions S1, S2 and S3, with eight variables divided into five attributes A1, B2, C3, D4 and E5, used to reference the positioning of organizations regarding the maintenance management process control. The proposal was applied to three companies through interviews and questionnaires. One of them works in the services sector, another in the transport sector, and the third one in manufacturing. The data entrusted to the author are not public domain. After analyzing the collected data and simulation, it was noticed that the skills generated by the maintenance management process control. formed a basis for making decisions about strategic positioning, manufacturing, and businesses. The research's outcome indicates that maintenance managers demonstrated some difficulties in drawing up an action plan for maintenance, especially because of their distance from operational problems. It was observed that changes in control processes of maintenance management are targeted to the costs adaptation, while development of new maintenance procedures do not have a structured process, limited just to the maintainers' skill. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question: How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration? The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it. / Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga: Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation? Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.

The world is changing rapidly for the engineering community. Sustainability in every sense has become the watchword¿in terms of product manufacture and performance, and responding to global market and environmental pressures. A well thought-out manufacturing strategy can help organisations make choices that support its overall business objectives, respond to new opportunities and challenges as they arise. However, manufacturing strategy configuration and deployment in SMME¿s is a neglected field in manufacturing strategy literatures. More importantly, the application of lean manufacturing, Six Sigma and CIM strategies are said to be more applicable to batch production environments and large manufacturing organisations but not to SMMEs that operates a job shop type operating characteristics and with limited resource availability. With recognition that most of these methodologies were originally conceptualised and implemented in large manufacturing environments with batch and flow type manufacturing architecture, the need to develop solutions specific to SMME¿s with job shop type operating characteristics (tooling reclamation industry in particular) is imperative. The fundamental essence of this research is the development of an integrated manufacturing strategy which is based on Lean-Six Sigma-MRP-CADCAM methodologies at the case company. The framework for deploying this strategy is based on inputs from a business environment analysis, a lean strategic planning module (based on production planning and manufacturing/product cost structure analysis) and a lean resource planning interface that is predicated on value stream analysis and simulation models. The material and information flows of the case company manufacturing systems were studied. The approach taken emphasis the well know value engineering concepts of multiple-stage manufacturing system accumulating costs/time between individual stages as well as by transfer/material handling and work-in-process. The study shows that maximisation of capacity and resource utilisation, queue less work flow and flexible labour policies that support the case company¿s manufacturing system offer potential for reform which can substantially enhance customer service, product quality and overall improvement in investment returns. / NTR Ltd and KTP programme

by Cheung Chi-leung Stanley, Ha Wai-Hung Michael. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 78-79). / ABSTRACT --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGMENTS --- p.vii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Company Background --- p.3 / Objective and Methodology --- p.9 / Chapter II. --- WHAT IS MRP II --- p.12 / Chapter III. --- MRP II SYSTEM IN XYZ COMPANY --- p.15 / Chapter IV. --- THE INVENTORY PROBLEMS --- p.22 / High Level of Excess and No Current Use Inventory --- p.23 / Engineering Changes --- p.23 / Forecast Fluctuation --- p.26 / Customer Order Cancellation --- p.28 / Management Reluctant to Write Off --- p.29 / Long Lead-Time of Components --- p.30 / Active Inventory Level Higher Than Management Expectation --- p.31 / Incorrect Purchase Order Time Bucket --- p.33 / Inefficient Re-scheduling Activities --- p.35 / Inefficient Time Fencing --- p.38 / Ineffective Control --- p.38 / Vendor Early Deliveries --- p.39 / Ineffective Priority of Purchasing Activities --- p.40 / Ineffective Follow-Up of Discrepancies --- p.40 / Unable to Project Inventory Within Tolerance --- p.41 / Alternative Parts --- p.42 / Goods in Transit --- p.48 / Consumption of Active Inventory and Reconciliation of Supply and Demand --- p.49 / Inaccurate Inventory Record --- p.52 / Space Limitation --- p.53 / Staff Training --- p.55 / Policies and Procedures --- p.57 / Cycle Counting --- p.57 / Chapter V. --- SUMMARY OF OBSERVATION --- p.60 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.78

O custo elevado na fabricação de peças pela tecnologia da Manufatura Aditiva (AM) impulsionou, nos últimos anos, várias pesquisas visando ao desenvolvimento de novos equipamentos e novos materiais. Neste contexto, uma resina fotossensível, desenvolvida anteriormente com componentes disponíveis no mercado nacional pelo grupo de pesquisa ao qual este trabalho está inserido, apresentou baixas propriedades mecânicas e alta contração do material quando comparada aos materiais disponíveis no mercado. Assim, uma alternativa para melhorar essas propriedades é a obtenção de nanocompósitos. Estes compreendem uma nova classe de materiais, em que substâncias inorgânicas de dimensões nanométricas, tais como argilas e outros argilominerais, são finamente dispersas dentro de uma matriz polimérica. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem por objetivo preparar e caracterizar um nanocompósito fotossensível de acrílico/argila curado por exposição à radiação UV-C, com propriedades mecânicas de tração, flexão e dureza, e contrações adequadas para aplicação em processo de AM. Para tanto, a formulação original, composta pelos monômeros Trimetilpropano Triacrilato (TMPTA®) e Ácido Metacrilato Modificado (Ebecryl 171®), oligômero Amina Acrilada (Ebecryl 7100®), Co-iniciador Benzofenona 99% (Additol BP®) e o fotoiniciador Additol LX®, foi testada com o acréscimo das argilas Cloisite 20® e a BN-CT nas concentrações de 0,5%, 1,0% e 1,5% (m/m) da massa total. Após o preparo dessas formulações obtidas pela dispersão 1 (agitação magnética) e 2 (agitação magnética e ultrassom), foram preparados corpos de prova pelo princípio de adição sucessiva de camadas pela AM. A caracterização foi realizada através da análise da contração, ensaios de resistência à tração, flexão e dureza, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X(DRX), termogravimetria (TG) e viscosidade. O empenamento do material apresentou uma melhora média de 18,27% com argila Cloisite 20® e de 11,30% com a argila BN-CT. Os resultados dos ensaios de tração, flexão e dureza não apresentaram aumentos significativos nas propriedades mecânicas. O MEV não apresentou nenhuma delaminação entre as camadas após a realização do teste de flexão. A análise de DRX não apresentou pico de difração, sugerindo a formação de nanocompósito com estrutura intercalada e/ou esfoliada para todas as formulações com argila. O ensaio de TG mostrou que a adição de argila nas formulações não apresentou melhoras significativas na estabilidade térmica do nanocompósito. Também a viscosidade não apresentou melhoras à temperatura de 25°C, mas apresentou uma redução significativa da viscosidade a 35°C. Apesar dos resultados não muito promissores em termos de resistência mecânica, as formulações com argila podem ser empregadas na AM, considerando essas limitações. / The high cost in manufacturing parts for the of Additive Manufacturing technology (AM) boosted in recent years several studies aiming the development of new equipment and new materials. With this in mind, a photosensitive resin previously developed by the research group to which this work is inserted with components available in the domestic market, presented low mechanical properties and high shrinkage of the material compared to the materials available on the market. One alternative for improving these properties is to obtain nanocomposites. They comprise a new class of materials in which inorganic substances of nanometric dimensions, such as clays and other minerals, are finely dispersed within a polymeric matrix. Thus, this study aims to prepare and characterize a photosensitive acrylic / clay nanocomposite cured by exposure to UV-C radiation, with mechanical properties of tensile, bending and hardness, and shrinkage propers for use in AM process. Therefore, the original formulation, composed of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA®) and Acid Methacrylate Modified (Ebecryl 171®)monomers, Amina acrylated (Ebecryl 7100®)oligomer, Co-initiator Benzophenone 99% (Additol BP®) and the photoinitiator Additol LX® was tested with the addition of the clays Cloisite 20® and BN-CT in concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% (w/w) of total weight. After preparing these formulations, obtained by dispersion 1 (magnetic stirring) and 2 (magnetic stirring and ultrasound), it was prepared specimens by the principle of adding successive layers by AM. The characterization was perform by shrinkage analysis, tensile strength, bending and hardness tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and viscosity. The warpage of the material showed an average improvement of 18.27% with the Cloisite 20® clay and 11.30% with the BN-CT clay. The results of the tensile, flexural and hardness testing did not show significant increases in mechanical properties. The SEM showed no delamination between the layers after the bending test was performed. The XRD analysis showed no diffraction peak, suggesting the formation of nanocomposite with intercalated and / or exfoliated structure for all formulations with clay. The TG test showed that the addition of clay in the formulations presented no significant improvements in thermal stability of the nanocomposite. The viscosity showed no improvement at a temperature of 25 °C, but showed a significant reduction in viscosity at 35 °C. Although not very promising results in terms of mechanical strength, the formulations with clay can be used in the AM considering these limitations.

O custo elevado na fabricação de peças pela tecnologia da Manufatura Aditiva (AM) impulsionou, nos últimos anos, várias pesquisas visando ao desenvolvimento de novos equipamentos e novos materiais. Neste contexto, uma resina fotossensível, desenvolvida anteriormente com componentes disponíveis no mercado nacional pelo grupo de pesquisa ao qual este trabalho está inserido, apresentou baixas propriedades mecânicas e alta contração do material quando comparada aos materiais disponíveis no mercado. Assim, uma alternativa para melhorar essas propriedades é a obtenção de nanocompósitos. Estes compreendem uma nova classe de materiais, em que substâncias inorgânicas de dimensões nanométricas, tais como argilas e outros argilominerais, são finamente dispersas dentro de uma matriz polimérica. Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem por objetivo preparar e caracterizar um nanocompósito fotossensível de acrílico/argila curado por exposição à radiação UV-C, com propriedades mecânicas de tração, flexão e dureza, e contrações adequadas para aplicação em processo de AM. Para tanto, a formulação original, composta pelos monômeros Trimetilpropano Triacrilato (TMPTA®) e Ácido Metacrilato Modificado (Ebecryl 171®), oligômero Amina Acrilada (Ebecryl 7100®), Co-iniciador Benzofenona 99% (Additol BP®) e o fotoiniciador Additol LX®, foi testada com o acréscimo das argilas Cloisite 20® e a BN-CT nas concentrações de 0,5%, 1,0% e 1,5% (m/m) da massa total. Após o preparo dessas formulações obtidas pela dispersão 1 (agitação magnética) e 2 (agitação magnética e ultrassom), foram preparados corpos de prova pelo princípio de adição sucessiva de camadas pela AM. A caracterização foi realizada através da análise da contração, ensaios de resistência à tração, flexão e dureza, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), difração de raios X(DRX), termogravimetria (TG) e viscosidade. O empenamento do material apresentou uma melhora média de 18,27% com argila Cloisite 20® e de 11,30% com a argila BN-CT. Os resultados dos ensaios de tração, flexão e dureza não apresentaram aumentos significativos nas propriedades mecânicas. O MEV não apresentou nenhuma delaminação entre as camadas após a realização do teste de flexão. A análise de DRX não apresentou pico de difração, sugerindo a formação de nanocompósito com estrutura intercalada e/ou esfoliada para todas as formulações com argila. O ensaio de TG mostrou que a adição de argila nas formulações não apresentou melhoras significativas na estabilidade térmica do nanocompósito. Também a viscosidade não apresentou melhoras à temperatura de 25°C, mas apresentou uma redução significativa da viscosidade a 35°C. Apesar dos resultados não muito promissores em termos de resistência mecânica, as formulações com argila podem ser empregadas na AM, considerando essas limitações. / The high cost in manufacturing parts for the of Additive Manufacturing technology (AM) boosted in recent years several studies aiming the development of new equipment and new materials. With this in mind, a photosensitive resin previously developed by the research group to which this work is inserted with components available in the domestic market, presented low mechanical properties and high shrinkage of the material compared to the materials available on the market. One alternative for improving these properties is to obtain nanocomposites. They comprise a new class of materials in which inorganic substances of nanometric dimensions, such as clays and other minerals, are finely dispersed within a polymeric matrix. Thus, this study aims to prepare and characterize a photosensitive acrylic / clay nanocomposite cured by exposure to UV-C radiation, with mechanical properties of tensile, bending and hardness, and shrinkage propers for use in AM process. Therefore, the original formulation, composed of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA®) and Acid Methacrylate Modified (Ebecryl 171®)monomers, Amina acrylated (Ebecryl 7100®)oligomer, Co-initiator Benzophenone 99% (Additol BP®) and the photoinitiator Additol LX® was tested with the addition of the clays Cloisite 20® and BN-CT in concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% (w/w) of total weight. After preparing these formulations, obtained by dispersion 1 (magnetic stirring) and 2 (magnetic stirring and ultrasound), it was prepared specimens by the principle of adding successive layers by AM. The characterization was perform by shrinkage analysis, tensile strength, bending and hardness tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG) and viscosity. The warpage of the material showed an average improvement of 18.27% with the Cloisite 20® clay and 11.30% with the BN-CT clay. The results of the tensile, flexural and hardness testing did not show significant increases in mechanical properties. The SEM showed no delamination between the layers after the bending test was performed. The XRD analysis showed no diffraction peak, suggesting the formation of nanocomposite with intercalated and / or exfoliated structure for all formulations with clay. The TG test showed that the addition of clay in the formulations presented no significant improvements in thermal stability of the nanocomposite. The viscosity showed no improvement at a temperature of 25 °C, but showed a significant reduction in viscosity at 35 °C. Although not very promising results in terms of mechanical strength, the formulations with clay can be used in the AM considering these limitations.

Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) have grown steadily in recent years.  SMEs generate 59.7 % of value-added and 65.5 % of employment in the ‘non-financial business economy’ in Sweden. It's important for the success of SMEs to be ready to provide high product availability to customers at minimal operation costs. The challenges faced by SMEs are tougher in global competition. There is a rapid growth in the industrial revolution to deal with the challenges as well as competition. This work mainly focuses on implementing resource planning (RP) and adapting to the latest technologies of Industry 4.0 into SMEs to face the challenges. But incorporating Industry 4.0 in a major struggle in the SMEs.  The thesis provides a view of Resource Planning implementation. The authors describe the resource planning implementation techniques and define the requirements for its successful implementation. Resource Planning (RP) adoption factors have been studied quite extensively over the years. However, this master thesis tries to investigate the less explored area of resource planning. Relatively a smaller amount of research has been conducted, when it comes to implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies especially in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs).  Industry 4.0 provides new paradigms for the industrial management of SMEs. Supported by a growing number of new technologies, this concept appears more flexible and less expensive than traditional enterprise information systems. This paper presents a literature review of existing applied research covering different Industry 4.0 issues about SMEs. Furthermore, the analysis is done to understand the correlation between the identified factors of Industry 4.0 technologies. The research findings indicate that the use of IoT and Cloud computing are major advantages for resource planning in an SME. The results from the analysis are presented in a framework designed for the future adaptation of these technologies. Despite the research limitations, the findings show a high advantage. Finally, the author suggests a future scope of research.