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O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de 32 espÃcies de algas marinhas das divisÃes Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta e Phaeophyta como fontes de α-, β-caroteno e α-tocoferol. Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α- e β-caroteno. O teor de α-caroteno variou de 0,814 Â 0,256 a 71,378 Â 3,550 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mais elevado no gÃnero Caulerpa e mais baixo em Codium decorticatum. O teor de β-caroteno variou de 2,322 Â 0,736 a 26,705 Â 7,398 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mÃnimo em C. mexicana e mÃximo em Ulva fasciata. Com relaÃÃo ao retinol equivalente (RE), as algas verdes apresentaram mÃnimo em C. mexicana (0,962 Â 0,256 μg.g -1 ) e mÃximo em Caulerpa prolifera (9,014 Â 0,442 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestÃo de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porÃÃo de Caulerpa prolifera forneceria 100% da ingestÃo diÃria recomendada (IDR). Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, exceto Cladophora prolifera. Os teores mÃnimo e mÃximo foram 15,650 Â 2,634 e 383,047 Â 85,254 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Codium decorticatum e Caulerpa prolifera, respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo ao tocoferol equivalente (TE), a ingestÃo diÃria de 100 g de Caulerpa prolifera fresca forneceria quase quatro vezes mais que a IDR e a mesma porÃÃo de Codium decorticatum seria responsÃvel por apenas 1 /6 da IDR. Dentre as Rhodophyta estudadas, nove nÃo apresentaram α-caroteno. Nas outras onze, o seu teor oscilou de 0,487 Â 0,267 μg.g -1 em Solieria filiformis a 3,055 Â 0,278 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Caroteno foi encontrado em todas as espÃcies de algas vermelhas com valores mÃnimo e mÃximo de 0,336 Â 0,209 e 4,284 Â 0,607 μg.g -1 de peso fresco em Gracilaria caudata e Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo ao RE, foi observado valor mÃnimo em Gracilaria caudata (0,056 Â 0,035 μg.g -1 ) e mÃximo em Bryothamnion triquetrum (0,764 Â 0,109 μg.g -1 ). Uma porÃÃo de 100 g de Bryothamnion triquetrum fresca forneceria um pouco mais de 1 /10 da IDR. Oito espÃcies de Rhodophyta estudadas nÃo apresentaram α-tocoferol. Nas outras doze, seu conteÃdo oscilou entre 4,809 Â 1,058 e 31,872 Â 5,883 μg.g -1 peso fresco, em Gracilaria ferox e Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectivamente. Em relaÃÃo ao TE, a ingestÃo diÃria de 100 g da alga E. duperreyi fresca forneceria 1 /3 da IDR. As Phaeophyta estudadas apresentaram apenas β-caroteno, com valores mÃnimo e mÃximo em Dictyopteris delicatula e Padina gymnospora, iguais a 0,266 Â 0,198 e 12,230 Â 2,859 μg.g -1 peso fresco, respectivamente. Com relaÃÃo ao RE, o teor mÃnimo foi observado em Dictyopteris delicatula (0,044 Â 0,033 μg.g -1 ) e mÃximo em Padina gymnospora (2,038 Â 0,476 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestÃo diÃria de 100 g de alga fresca, uma porÃÃo de P. gymnospora seria responsÃvel por 1 /4 da IDR. As Phaeophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, com valor mÃnimo em Lobophora variegata igual a 4,722 Â 2,062 μg.g -1 peso fresco e mÃximo em Dictyota dichotoma, igual a 42,817 Â 31,012 μg.g -1 peso fresco. Considerando a ingestÃo de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porÃÃo de Dictyota dichotoma forneceria 1 /2 da IDR de TE / The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of 32 marine macroalga species belonging to Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta as sources of α-carotene, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Both α-carotene and β-carotene were found in all species of green macroalgae analyzed. The content of α-carotene varied from 0.814 Â 0.256 to 71.378 Â 3.550 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being maximum in algae belonging to Caulerpa genus and minimum in Codium decorticatum. The amount of β-carotene varied from 2.322 Â 0.736 to 26.705 Â 7.398 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being minimum in C. mexicana and maximum in Ulva fasciata. Green macroalgae showed lowest retinol equivalents (RE) content in C. mexicana (0.962 Â 0.256 μg.g -1 ) and highest in Caulerpa prolifera (9.014 Â 0.442 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide 100% of the Recommended Daily Ingestion (RDI) of RE. α-Tocopherol was found in all green macroalgae analyzed but Cladophora prolifera. Minimum and maximum content were observed in Codium decorticatum (15.650 Â 2.634 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and Caulerpa prolifera (383.047 Â 85.254 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding tocopherol equivalents (TE), a 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide almost four times the RDI and the same amount of Codium decorticatum would provide only 1 /6 RDI. There was no α-carotene in nine Rhodophyta species. The other eleven showed values between 0.487 Â 0.267 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Solieria filiformis and 3.055 Â 0.278 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Carotene was found in all red macroalgae analyzed, exhibiting values of 0.336 Â 0.209 and 4.284 Â 0.607 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria caudata and Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectively. The lowest RE was observed in G. caudata (0.056 Â 0.035 μg.g -1 ) and the highest in B. triquetrum (0.764 Â 0.109 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh B. triquetrum would provide less than 1 /10 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was not detected in eight species of Rhodophyta. In the other twelve, the content varied from 4.809 Â 1.058 to 31.872 Â 5.883 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria ferox and Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectively. A 100g portion of fresh E. duperreyi would provide 1 /3 RDI of TE. Species of Phaeophyta contained β-carotene but no α-carotene. The lowest value for β-carotene was found in Dictyopteris delicatula (0.266 Â 0.198 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and the highest in Padina gymnospora (12.230 Â 2.859 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding RE, the content varied from 0.044 Â 0.033 μg.g -1 to 2.038 Â 0.476 μg.g -1 for D. delicatula and P. gymnospora, respectively. A 100 g portion of fresh P. gymnospora would provide 1 /4 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was detected in all Phaeophyta species analyzed. The amount of α-tocopherol was 4.722 Â 2.062 μg.g -1 Lobophora variegata fresh weight and 42.817 Â 31.012 μg.g -1 Dictyota dichotoma fresh weight. A 100 g portion of fresh D. dichotoma would provide 1 /2 RDI of TE

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / As algas marinhas sÃo fontes de uma grande variedade de compostos benÃficos para o homem, dentre os quais se destacam os minerais, as fibras dietÃrias e as vitaminas (A, B, C e E). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a existÃncia de variaÃÃo sazonal nos teores de α- e β-caroteno (carotenÃides provitamina A) e de α-tocoferol (vitamina E), em cinco espÃcies de macroalgas marinhas pertencentes ao gÃnero Caulerpa (FamÃlia Caulerpaceae, DivisÃo Chlorophyta), âin naturaâ e desidratada. Os conteÃdos desses nutrientes nas algas desidratadas foram comparados com aqueles nas algas âin naturaâ, com o objetivo de verificar se houve alteraÃÃo pelo processo de desidrataÃÃo. As espÃcies de macroalgas marinhas foram coletadas mensalmente, de janeiro a dezembro de 2006, durante as marÃs baixas na Praia do Pacheco, Caucaia- CE. As anÃlises de α- e β-caroteno e α-tocoferol foram realizadas a partir da extraÃÃo da alga em metanol-Ãgua (90:10) nas proporÃÃes 1:10 (p/v), nas amostras âin naturaâ, e 1:20 (p/v), nas desidratadas, saponificaÃÃo com hidrÃxido de potÃssio 5% por 30 min a 70ÂC e partiÃÃo em n-hexano que foi evaporado sob corrente de ar. O resÃduo foi suspenso em 1 mL de metanol no momento da anÃlise cromatogrÃfica e 100 μL foram injetados manualmente. O sistema cromatogrÃfico consistiu em uma coluna Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) e uma fase mÃvel constituÃda de metanol:tetrahidrofurano (90:10, v/v), com fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1. O detector foi ajustado em 450 nm e 292 nm e os cromatogramas registrados atravÃs do sistema UnicornTM versÃo 5.0. Todas as espÃcies de Caulerpa âin naturaâ e desidratadas analisadas no presente trabalho apresentaram tanto α-caroteno quanto β-caroteno e as suas distribuiÃÃes mostraram diferenÃas ao longo dos doze meses de coleta. De um modo geral, os teores de α-caroteno foram superiores aos de β-caroteno. As perdas nos conteÃdos de carotenÃides provitamina oscilaram entre 10% e 94%. Para que as algas analisadas neste trabalho fossem consideradas fontes excelentes de vitamina A seria necessÃrio que as porÃÃes consumidas diariamente variassem de 52 g a 689 g, quando consumidas âin naturaâ ou de 42 g a 469 g, quando desidratadas. As cinco espÃcies analisadas neste trabalho apresentaram α-tocoferol, tanto nas amostras âin naturaâ quanto nas desidratadas, com exceÃÃo de C. racemosa coletada em marÃo que apÃs ser submetida a secagem nÃo foi detectado α- tocoferol, e sua distribuiÃÃo foi variÃvel ao longo do ano. Nos teores de α- tocoferol foi observado perdas que variaram de 22 a 91%. As porÃÃes que deveriam ser consumidas diariamente para que as espÃcies de Caulerpa estudadas fossem capazes de fornecer 1/2 da IDR sÃo relativamente pequenas, devendo oscilar entre 11 g e 168 g, quando âin naturaâ, ou entre 13 g e 70 g, quando desidratadas. As quantidades de retinol equivalente e α-tocoferol equivalente nas algas analisadas no presente trabalho nÃo diferiram muito daquelas encontradas nos vegetais normalmente consumidos / Marine macroalgae are sources of a great variety of beneficial compounds such as minerals, dietary fibers and vitamins. The aim of this work was to verify seasonal variation upon both provitamin A carotenoids (α- and β-carotene) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) contents in five species of the marine green macroalga Caulerpa both fresh and oven-dried at 40ÂC for 15 h. The contents in dried algae were compared to those in fresh algae to evaluate the losses after drying. Algal material was collected monthly from January to December 2006, in Pacheco Beach, Caucaia, CearÃ. Analyses of α- and β-carotene and α-tocopherol were carried out in extracts 1:10 (p/v) for fresh alga and 1:20 (p/v) for dried alga using aqueous methanol (90:10, v/v). They were saponified with 5% KOH and partitioned into n-hexane, which was then evaporated. The residues were suspended in 1 mL methanol prior to HPLC analyses. Aliquots of 100 μL were injected in a HPLC system consisting of a Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 column (4.6 x 250 mm) and a mobile phase of methanol:tetrahydrofurane (90:10, v/v), delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The detector was set at 450 nm for α- and β-carotene and 290 nm for α-tocopherol. Chromatograms were registered at UnicornTM version 5.0. All samples showed α- and β-carotene and α-tocopherol, but their distribution along the year was variable. In general, the contents of α-carotene were greater than those of β-carotene. The losses of α- and β-carotene varied between 10% and 94%. In order to be considered an excellent source of vitamin A, the daily consumption would be 52 g to 689 g of fresh alga or 42 g to 469 g of dried alga. α-Tocopherol was detected in all samples except in dried C. racemosa collected in March. Similar to the distribution of α- and β-carotene along the year, α-tocopherol contents varied too. Losses varied from 22% to 91%. Daily portions to supply 50% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) would be 11 g to 168 g of fresh alga or 13 g to 70 g of dried alga. Amounts of vitamin A (retinol equivalents) and vitamin E (tocopherol equivalents) in all algae analyzed were not very different from most vegetables normally consumed

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Marine macroalgae are known to carry diverse bacterial communities which interact with their hosts in both harmful and beneficial ways. Algae hosts provide the bacteria with a rich source of carbon in the form of carbohydrate polysaccharides such as fucoidan, agar and alginate, which the bacteria enzymatically degrade. Splachnidium rugosum is a brown alga (Phylum: Phaeophyta) that grows exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere along the temperate shores of South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. While several studies have investigated S. rugosum distribution and fucoidan production, the microbiome of S. rugosum remains largely uncharacterized. Thus, the major objective of the present study was to isolate, identify and characterize epiphytic bacterial communities associated with S. rugosum. Algae were sourced from Rooi Els (Western Cape, South Africa) during winter 2012. Culture based methods relied on a range of selective marine media including marine agar, nutrient sea water agar, nutrient agar and thiosulfate-citrate-bile-salts-sucrose agar to determine the composition and uniqueness of bacterial communities associated with S. rugosum. Epiphytic isolates were identified to species level by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and encompassed 39 Gram-negative and 2 Grampositive bacterial taxa. Isolates were classified into four phylogenetic groups, Gamma - Proteobacteria, Alpha-Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteriodetes. Bacteria belonging to the phylum Gamma-Proteobacteria were the most abundant, with Vibrio and Pseudoalteromonas being the dominant genera. Three isolates with low sequence identity (˂97%) to their closest relatives could possibly represent novel species. These isolates were grouped into the genera Shewanella, Sphingomonas and Sulfitobacter. All bacterial isolates (41) were screened for antimicrobial activity against the following test strains: Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Mycobacterium smegmatis Micrococcus luteus and Pseudomonas putida. Fifteen isolates (36%) displayed antimicrobial activity against one or more of the test strains, while one isolate (Pseudomonas species) showed broad spectrum antimicrobial activity against all the test strains except for E. coli. This study provides the first account of the diversity and composition of bacterial populations on the surface of S. rugosum, and demonstrates the ability of these bacteria to produce antimicrobial compounds. Despite recent advances in metagenomics, this study highlights the fact that traditional culturing technologies remain a valuable tool for the discovery of novel bioactive compounds of bacterial origin.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / In modern society, diversity of marine macroalgae has become an inspiration for pharmaceutical companies and researchers because of their numerous health benefits, and a great deal of interest has developed towards the isolation of bioactive compounds to identify novel marine natural products that could eventually be developed into therapeutics or pharmaceutical products. Furthermore, marine macroalgae are valuable source of structurally diverse metabolites with scientifically proven reports. The search continues as there are many natural bioactive compounds that are in the womb of the ocean which are still a mystery. Thus, the present study investigates the natural products from green seaweed Ulva capensis.

PIRES, Kelma Maria dos Santos. Avaliação sazonal de carotenóides provitamina A (α– e β– caroteno) e vitamina E (α–tocoferol) em macroalgas marinhas pertencentes a família Caulerpacea (Divisão Chlorophyta). 2007. 94 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortalezza-CE, 2007 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-18T14:11:47Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_kmspires.pdf: 561534 bytes, checksum: 2fbf133b889f47da3a32efc273c3f7ec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-18T14:12:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_kmspires.pdf: 561534 bytes, checksum: 2fbf133b889f47da3a32efc273c3f7ec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T14:12:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_dis_kmspires.pdf: 561534 bytes, checksum: 2fbf133b889f47da3a32efc273c3f7ec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Marine macroalgae are sources of a great variety of beneficial compounds such as minerals, dietary fibers and vitamins. The aim of this work was to verify seasonal variation upon both provitamin A carotenoids (α- and β-carotene) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) contents in five species of the marine green macroalga Caulerpa both fresh and oven-dried at 40°C for 15 h. The contents in dried algae were compared to those in fresh algae to evaluate the losses after drying. Algal material was collected monthly from January to December 2006, in Pacheco Beach, Caucaia, Ceará. Analyses of α- and β-carotene and α-tocopherol were carried out in extracts 1:10 (p/v) for fresh alga and 1:20 (p/v) for dried alga using aqueous methanol (90:10, v/v). They were saponified with 5% KOH and partitioned into n-hexane, which was then evaporated. The residues were suspended in 1 mL methanol prior to HPLC analyses. Aliquots of 100 μL were injected in a HPLC system consisting of a Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5 ODS-2 column (4.6 x 250 mm) and a mobile phase of methanol:tetrahydrofurane (90:10, v/v), delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The detector was set at 450 nm for α- and β-carotene and 290 nm for α-tocopherol. Chromatograms were registered at UnicornTM version 5.0. All samples showed α- and β-carotene and α-tocopherol, but their distribution along the year was variable. In general, the contents of α-carotene were greater than those of β-carotene. The losses of α- and β-carotene varied between 10% and 94%. In order to be considered an excellent source of vitamin A, the daily consumption would be 52 g to 689 g of fresh alga or 42 g to 469 g of dried alga. α-Tocopherol was detected in all samples except in dried C. racemosa collected in March. Similar to the distribution of α- and β-carotene along the year, α-tocopherol contents varied too. Losses varied from 22% to 91%. Daily portions to supply 50% of the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) would be 11 g to 168 g of fresh alga or 13 g to 70 g of dried alga. Amounts of vitamin A (retinol equivalents) and vitamin E (tocopherol equivalents) in all algae analyzed were not very different from most vegetables normally consumed / As algas marinhas são fontes de uma grande variedade de compostos benéficos para o homem, dentre os quais se destacam os minerais, as fibras dietárias e as vitaminas (A, B, C e E). O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a existência de variação sazonal nos teores de α- e β-caroteno (carotenóides provitamina A) e de α-tocoferol (vitamina E), em cinco espécies de macroalgas marinhas pertencentes ao gênero Caulerpa (Família Caulerpaceae, Divisão Chlorophyta), “in natura” e desidratada. Os conteúdos desses nutrientes nas algas desidratadas foram comparados com aqueles nas algas “in natura”, com o objetivo de verificar se houve alteração pelo processo de desidratação. As espécies de macroalgas marinhas foram coletadas mensalmente, de janeiro a dezembro de 2006, durante as marés baixas na Praia do Pacheco, Caucaia- CE. As análises de α- e β-caroteno e α-tocoferol foram realizadas a partir da extração da alga em metanol-água (90:10) nas proporções 1:10 (p/v), nas amostras “in natura”, e 1:20 (p/v), nas desidratadas, saponificação com hidróxido de potássio 5% por 30 min a 70°C e partição em n-hexano que foi evaporado sob corrente de ar. O resíduo foi suspenso em 1 mL de metanol no momento da análise cromatográfica e 100 μL foram injetados manualmente. O sistema cromatográfico consistiu em uma coluna Waters Spherisorb-Hichrom S5ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) e uma fase móvel constituída de metanol:tetrahidrofurano (90:10, v/v), com fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1. O detector foi ajustado em 450 nm e 292 nm e os cromatogramas registrados através do sistema UnicornTM versão 5.0. Todas as espécies de Caulerpa “in natura” e desidratadas analisadas no presente trabalho apresentaram tanto α-caroteno quanto β-caroteno e as suas distribuições mostraram diferenças ao longo dos doze meses de coleta. De um modo geral, os teores de α-caroteno foram superiores aos de β-caroteno. As perdas nos conteúdos de carotenóides provitamina oscilaram entre 10% e 94%. Para que as algas analisadas neste trabalho fossem consideradas fontes excelentes de vitamina A seria necessário que as porções consumidas diariamente variassem de 52 g a 689 g, quando consumidas “in natura” ou de 42 g a 469 g, quando desidratadas. As cinco espécies analisadas neste trabalho apresentaram α-tocoferol, tanto nas amostras “in natura” quanto nas desidratadas, com exceção de C. racemosa coletada em março que após ser submetida a secagem não foi detectado α- tocoferol, e sua distribuição foi variável ao longo do ano. Nos teores de α- tocoferol foi observado perdas que variaram de 22 a 91%. As porções que deveriam ser consumidas diariamente para que as espécies de Caulerpa estudadas fossem capazes de fornecer 1/2 da IDR são relativamente pequenas, devendo oscilar entre 11 g e 168 g, quando “in natura”, ou entre 13 g e 70 g, quando desidratadas. As quantidades de retinol equivalente e α-tocoferol equivalente nas algas analisadas no presente trabalho não diferiram muito daquelas encontradas nos vegetais normalmente consumidos

SOUSA, Márcia Barbosa de. Extração e quantificação de α-Caroteno, β-Caroteno e α-Tocoferol em macroalgas marinhas utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência em fase reversa. 2005. 75 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-Ce, 2005 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T14:26:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsousa.pdf: 522874 bytes, checksum: 4c3c5e46b154d052d5b541a5f9541f73 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-19T14:26:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsousa.pdf: 522874 bytes, checksum: 4c3c5e46b154d052d5b541a5f9541f73 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-19T14:26:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_dis_mbsousa.pdf: 522874 bytes, checksum: 4c3c5e46b154d052d5b541a5f9541f73 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of 32 marine macroalga species belonging to Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta as sources of α-carotene, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Both α-carotene and β-carotene were found in all species of green macroalgae analyzed. The content of α-carotene varied from 0.814 ± 0.256 to 71.378 ± 3.550 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being maximum in algae belonging to Caulerpa genus and minimum in Codium decorticatum. The amount of β-carotene varied from 2.322 ± 0.736 to 26.705 ± 7.398 μg.g -1 fresh weight, being minimum in C. mexicana and maximum in Ulva fasciata. Green macroalgae showed lowest retinol equivalents (RE) content in C. mexicana (0.962 ± 0.256 μg.g -1 ) and highest in Caulerpa prolifera (9.014 ± 0.442 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide 100% of the Recommended Daily Ingestion (RDI) of RE. α-Tocopherol was found in all green macroalgae analyzed but Cladophora prolifera. Minimum and maximum content were observed in Codium decorticatum (15.650 ± 2.634 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and Caulerpa prolifera (383.047 ± 85.254 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding tocopherol equivalents (TE), a 100 g portion of fresh Caulerpa prolifera would provide almost four times the RDI and the same amount of Codium decorticatum would provide only 1 /6 RDI. There was no α-carotene in nine Rhodophyta species. The other eleven showed values between 0.487 ± 0.267 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Solieria filiformis and 3.055 ± 0.278 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Carotene was found in all red macroalgae analyzed, exhibiting values of 0.336 ± 0.209 and 4.284 ± 0.607 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria caudata and Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectively. The lowest RE was observed in G. caudata (0.056 ± 0.035 μg.g -1 ) and the highest in B. triquetrum (0.764 ± 0.109 μg.g -1 ). A 100 g portion of fresh B. triquetrum would provide less than 1 /10 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was not detected in eight species of Rhodophyta. In the other twelve, the content varied from 4.809 ± 1.058 to 31.872 ± 5.883 μg.g -1 fresh weight in Gracilaria ferox and Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectively. A 100g portion of fresh E. duperreyi would provide 1 /3 RDI of TE. Species of Phaeophyta contained β-carotene but no α-carotene. The lowest value for β-carotene was found in Dictyopteris delicatula (0.266 ± 0.198 μg.g -1 fresh weight) and the highest in Padina gymnospora (12.230 ± 2.859 μg.g -1 fresh weight). Regarding RE, the content varied from 0.044 ± 0.033 μg.g -1 to 2.038 ± 0.476 μg.g -1 for D. delicatula and P. gymnospora, respectively. A 100 g portion of fresh P. gymnospora would provide 1 /4 RDI of RE. α-Tocopherol was detected in all Phaeophyta species analyzed. The amount of α-tocopherol was 4.722 ± 2.062 μg.g -1 Lobophora variegata fresh weight and 42.817 ± 31.012 μg.g -1 Dictyota dichotoma fresh weight. A 100 g portion of fresh D. dichotoma would provide 1 /2 RDI of TE / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de 32 espécies de algas marinhas das divisões Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta e Phaeophyta como fontes de α-, β-caroteno e α-tocoferol. Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α- e β-caroteno. O teor de α-caroteno variou de 0,814 ± 0,256 a 71,378 ± 3,550 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mais elevado no gênero Caulerpa e mais baixo em Codium decorticatum. O teor de β-caroteno variou de 2,322 ± 0,736 a 26,705 ± 7,398 μg.g -1 peso fresco, sendo mínimo em C. mexicana e máximo em Ulva fasciata. Com relação ao retinol equivalente (RE), as algas verdes apresentaram mínimo em C. mexicana (0,962 ± 0,256 μg.g -1 ) e máximo em Caulerpa prolifera (9,014 ± 0,442 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestão de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porção de Caulerpa prolifera forneceria 100% da ingestão diária recomendada (IDR). Todas as Chlorophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, exceto Cladophora prolifera. Os teores mínimo e máximo foram 15,650 ± 2,634 e 383,047 ± 85,254 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Codium decorticatum e Caulerpa prolifera, respectivamente. Com relação ao tocoferol equivalente (TE), a ingestão diária de 100 g de Caulerpa prolifera fresca forneceria quase quatro vezes mais que a IDR e a mesma porção de Codium decorticatum seria responsável por apenas 1 /6 da IDR. Dentre as Rhodophyta estudadas, nove não apresentaram α-caroteno. Nas outras onze, o seu teor oscilou de 0,487 ± 0,267 μg.g -1 em Solieria filiformis a 3,055 ± 0,278 μg.g -1 peso fresco em Botryocladia occidentalis. β-Caroteno foi encontrado em todas as espécies de algas vermelhas com valores mínimo e máximo de 0,336 ± 0,209 e 4,284 ± 0,607 μg.g -1 de peso fresco em Gracilaria caudata e Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectivamente. Com relação ao RE, foi observado valor mínimo em Gracilaria caudata (0,056 ± 0,035 μg.g -1 ) e máximo em Bryothamnion triquetrum (0,764 ± 0,109 μg.g -1 ). Uma porção de 100 g de Bryothamnion triquetrum fresca forneceria um pouco mais de 1 /10 da IDR. Oito espécies de Rhodophyta estudadas não apresentaram α-tocoferol. Nas outras doze, seu conteúdo oscilou entre 4,809 ± 1,058 e 31,872 ± 5,883 μg.g -1 peso fresco, em Gracilaria ferox e Enantiocladia duperreyi, respectivamente. Em relação ao TE, a ingestão diária de 100 g da alga E. duperreyi fresca forneceria 1 /3 da IDR. As Phaeophyta estudadas apresentaram apenas β-caroteno, com valores mínimo e máximo em Dictyopteris delicatula e Padina gymnospora, iguais a 0,266 ± 0,198 e 12,230 ± 2,859 μg.g -1 peso fresco, respectivamente. Com relação ao RE, o teor mínimo foi observado em Dictyopteris delicatula (0,044 ± 0,033 μg.g -1 ) e máximo em Padina gymnospora (2,038 ± 0,476 μg.g -1 ). Considerando a ingestão diária de 100 g de alga fresca, uma porção de P. gymnospora seria responsável por 1 /4 da IDR. As Phaeophyta apresentaram α-tocoferol, com valor mínimo em Lobophora variegata igual a 4,722 ± 2,062 μg.g -1 peso fresco e máximo em Dictyota dichotoma, igual a 42,817 ± 31,012 μg.g -1 peso fresco. Considerando a ingestão de 100 g de alga fresca por dia, uma porção de Dictyota dichotoma forneceria 1 /2 da IDR de TE

As macroalgas marinhas apresentam elevadas quantidades de proteÃnas, fibras, sais minerais e vitaminas lipossolÃveis, possuem conteÃdo de lipÃdios relativamente baixo, embora seus Ãcidos graxos constituintes tenham elevado grau de insaturaÃÃo. A maioria desses compostos varia de acordo com a Ãpoca do ano e com as condiÃÃes ecolÃgicas que podem estimular ou inibir a biossÃntese desses nutrientes. Os carotenÃides sÃo pigmentos acessÃrios encontrados em macroalgas marinhas que estÃo envolvidos na captaÃÃo da luz e na fotoproteÃÃo. Vitamina E à o termo genÃrico utilizado para fazer referÃncia a um grupo de substÃncias encontradas na natureza, os tocoferÃis e os tocotrienÃis, que possuem diferentes graus de atividade vitamÃnica. Nas algas, os tocoferÃis sÃo encontrados na membrana dos cloroplastos, predominantemente como alfa-tocoferol protegendo o aparato fotossintÃtico. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a composiÃÃo quÃmica e a variaÃÃo sazonal do teor de vitaminas nas espÃcies Ulva fasciata e U. lactuca coletadas na Praia do Pacheco no municÃpio de Caucaia, Cearà no ano de 2007 durante as marÃs de sizÃgia. Em seguida, elas foram divididas em duas porÃÃes de aproximadamente 100 g cada. A primeira porÃÃo foi macerada com o auxÃlio de nitrogÃnio lÃquido atà a obtenÃÃo de farinha algal, que foi utilizada para a quantificaÃÃo de alfa- e beta-caroteno e de alfa- e delta-tocoferol. A outra parte foi submetida à desidrataÃÃo em estufa a 40ÂC por 15 horas, transformadas em uma farinha fina, utilizada para a determinaÃÃo da composiÃÃo centesimal (proteÃna total, lipÃdio, cinza e carboidrato) e para a extraÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo de carotenÃides provitamina A (alfa- e beta-caroteno) e tocoferÃis (alfa- e delta-tocoferol). Para o estudo de carotenos e tocoferÃis, o material algal âin naturaâ e desidratado foi submetido à extraÃÃo com metanol, saponificaÃÃo com hidrÃxido de potÃssio e partiÃÃo em n-hexano. Para a anÃlise cromatogrÃfica foi usada uma coluna Waters Spherisorb S5 ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) e fase mÃvel de MeOH: THF (95:5, v/v), com fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1. O monitor foi ajustado em 450 e 292 nm, para a leitura simultÃnea de carotenos e tocoferÃis. As espÃcies analisadas apresentaram teores de proteÃna total, carboidratos e cinzas que variaram ao longo do ano. Os teores de lipÃdios foram sempre baixos. Nas amostras de U. fasciata e U. lactuca âin naturaâ e desidratadas foram detectadas as presenÃas de alfa- e beta-caroteno em quantidades variÃveis ao longo dos doze meses de coleta. Os menores teores de carotenÃides foram detectados nos meses de outubro e novembro em U. fasciata e U. lactuca âin naturaâ coincindindo com a maior radiaÃÃo solar. Foram detectadas as presenÃas de alfa- e delta-tocoferol em teores variÃveis ao longo do ano nas espÃcies U. fasciata e U. lactuca âin naturaâ e desidratadas. NÃo foi possÃvel perceber uma relaÃÃo Ãbvia entre os teores de alfa- e delta-tocoferol e coloraÃÃo, idade da planta ou radiaÃÃo solar mais ou menos intensa. / Marine macroalgae have been shown to possess high amounts of proteins, dietary fibers, minerals and lipossoluble vitamins, and a relatively low lipid content, although the constituent fatty acids are highly unsaturated. Most of these compounds vary with regard to the time of year and ecological conditions, which may stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis of these nutrients. Carotenoids are accessory pigments found in marine macroalgae, involved in the capture of sunlight and photoprotection. Vitamin E is the generic term used to refer to a group of substances found in nature, tocopherols and tocotrienols, which present different degrees of vitaminic activity. In macroalgae, tocopherols are found in the chloroplast membrane, predominantly as alpha-tocopherol, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the centesimal composition (total protein, lipids, ash and carbohydrates) and seasonal variation of the vitamin content in the species Ulva fasciata and U. lactuca, collected on Pacheco Beach in Caucaia, CearÃ, in 2007 during low tides. The material was divided in two portions of approximately 100 g each. The first portion was macerated with liquid nitrogen until the algal powder was obtained, and was used for the quantification of alpha- and beta-carotene, and alpha- and delta-tocopherol. The other portion was dehydrated in an oven at 40ÂC for 15 h, ground into a fine powder, and used for the determination of the centesimal composition and for the extraction and quantification of carotenoids provitamin A (alpha- and beta-carotene) and tocopherols (alpha- and delta-tocopherol). In the study of carotenes and tocopherols, the âin naturaâ and dehydrated algal material were submitted to extraction with methanol, saponification with potassium hydroxide, and partition with n-hexane. For the chromatographic analysis, a Waters Spherisorb S5 ODS-2 (4.6 x 250 mm) column was used, with MeOH: THF (95:5, v/v) as the mobile phase, delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The monitor was adjusted to 450 and 292 nm for the simultaneous reading of carotenes and tocopherols. The species analyzed presented total protein, carbohydrate, and ash content which varied along the year. The lipid content was low throughout. In the U. fasciata e U. lactuca âin naturaâ and dehydrated samples, the presence of alpha- and beta-carotene was detected in varying quantities during the twelve month collection period. The lowest carotenoid contents were detected in October and November in U. fasciata and U. lactuca âin naturaâ, coinciding with the increased solar radiation. The isomers alpha- and delta-tocopherol were detected in varying amounts throughout the year in the U. fasciata and U. lactuca species âin naturaâ and dehydrated. No immediately evident relation was found between the alpha- and delta-tocopherol contents and coloration, plant age, or increased or decreased solar radiation.

SOUSA, Márcia Barbosa de. Composição centesimal e variação do teor de vitaminas em macroalgas marinhas verdes Ulva fasciata e U. lactuca (Ulvales,Chlorophyta), coletadas na Praia do Pacheco, Caucaia-Ceará. 2011. 97 f. : Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Fortaleza-CE, 2011 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:05:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_mbsousa.pdf: 2667690 bytes, checksum: ef43d5a2df7864d682a83dbcbe87df8f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:06:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_mbsousa.pdf: 2667690 bytes, checksum: ef43d5a2df7864d682a83dbcbe87df8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:06:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_mbsousa.pdf: 2667690 bytes, checksum: ef43d5a2df7864d682a83dbcbe87df8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Marine macroalgae have been shown to possess high amounts of proteins, dietary fibers, minerals and lipossoluble vitamins, and a relatively low lipid content, although the constituent fatty acids are highly unsaturated. Most of these compounds vary with regard to the time of year and ecological conditions, which may stimulate or inhibit the biosynthesis of these nutrients. Carotenoids are accessory pigments found in marine macroalgae, involved in the capture of sunlight and photoprotection. Vitamin E is the generic term used to refer to a group of substances found in nature, tocopherols and tocotrienols, which present different degrees of vitaminic activity. In macroalgae, tocopherols are found in the chloroplast membrane, predominantly as alpha-tocopherol, protecting the photosynthetic apparatus. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the centesimal composition (total protein, lipids, ash and carbohydrates) and seasonal variation of the vitamin content in the species Ulva fasciata and U. lactuca, collected on Pacheco Beach in Caucaia, Ceará, in 2007 during low tides. The material was divided in two portions of approximately 100 g each. The first portion was macerated with liquid nitrogen until the algal powder was obtained, and was used for the quantification of alpha- and beta-carotene, and alpha- and delta-tocopherol. The other portion was dehydrated in an oven at 40°C for 15 h, ground into a fine powder, and used for the determination of the centesimal composition and for the extraction and quantification of carotenoids provitamin A (alpha- and beta-carotene) and tocopherols (alpha- and delta-tocopherol). In the study of carotenes and tocopherols, the “in natura” and dehydrated algal material were submitted to extraction with methanol, saponification with potassium hydroxide, and partition with n-hexane. For the chromatographic analysis, a Waters Spherisorb S5 ODS-2 (4.6 x 250 mm) column was used, with MeOH: THF (95:5, v/v) as the mobile phase, delivered at 1.5 mL min-1. The monitor was adjusted to 450 and 292 nm for the simultaneous reading of carotenes and tocopherols. The species analyzed presented total protein, carbohydrate, and ash content which varied along the year. The lipid content was low throughout. In the U. fasciata e U. lactuca “in natura” and dehydrated samples, the presence of alpha- and beta-carotene was detected in varying quantities during the twelve month collection period. The lowest carotenoid contents were detected in October and November in U. fasciata and U. lactuca “in natura”, coinciding with the increased solar radiation. The isomers alpha- and delta-tocopherol were detected in varying amounts throughout the year in the U. fasciata and U. lactuca species “in natura” and dehydrated. No immediately evident relation was found between the alpha- and delta-tocopherol contents and coloration, plant age, or increased or decreased solar radiation. / As macroalgas marinhas apresentam elevadas quantidades de proteínas, fibras, sais minerais e vitaminas lipossolúveis, possuem conteúdo de lipídios relativamente baixo, embora seus ácidos graxos constituintes tenham elevado grau de insaturação. A maioria desses compostos varia de acordo com a época do ano e com as condições ecológicas que podem estimular ou inibir a biossíntese desses nutrientes. Os carotenóides são pigmentos acessórios encontrados em macroalgas marinhas que estão envolvidos na captação da luz e na fotoproteção. Vitamina E é o termo genérico utilizado para fazer referência a um grupo de substâncias encontradas na natureza, os tocoferóis e os tocotrienóis, que possuem diferentes graus de atividade vitamínica. Nas algas, os tocoferóis são encontrados na membrana dos cloroplastos, predominantemente como alfa-tocoferol protegendo o aparato fotossintético. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a composição química e a variação sazonal do teor de vitaminas nas espécies Ulva fasciata e U. lactuca coletadas na Praia do Pacheco no município de Caucaia, Ceará no ano de 2007 durante as marés de sizígia. Em seguida, elas foram divididas em duas porções de aproximadamente 100 g cada. A primeira porção foi macerada com o auxílio de nitrogênio líquido até a obtenção de farinha algal, que foi utilizada para a quantificação de alfa- e beta-caroteno e de alfa- e delta-tocoferol. A outra parte foi submetida à desidratação em estufa a 40°C por 15 horas, transformadas em uma farinha fina, utilizada para a determinação da composição centesimal (proteína total, lipídio, cinza e carboidrato) e para a extração e quantificação de carotenóides provitamina A (alfa- e beta-caroteno) e tocoferóis (alfa- e delta-tocoferol). Para o estudo de carotenos e tocoferóis, o material algal “in natura” e desidratado foi submetido à extração com metanol, saponificação com hidróxido de potássio e partição em n-hexano. Para a análise cromatográfica foi usada uma coluna Waters Spherisorb S5 ODS-2 (4,6 x 250 mm) e fase móvel de MeOH: THF (95:5, v/v), com fluxo de 1,5 mL min-1. O monitor foi ajustado em 450 e 292 nm, para a leitura simultânea de carotenos e tocoferóis. As espécies analisadas apresentaram teores de proteína total, carboidratos e cinzas que variaram ao longo do ano. Os teores de lipídios foram sempre baixos. Nas amostras de U. fasciata e U. lactuca “in natura” e desidratadas foram detectadas as presenças de alfa- e beta-caroteno em quantidades variáveis ao longo dos doze meses de coleta. Os menores teores de carotenóides foram detectados nos meses de outubro e novembro em U. fasciata e U. lactuca “in natura” coincindindo com a maior radiação solar. Foram detectadas as presenças de alfa- e delta-tocoferol em teores variáveis ao longo do ano nas espécies U. fasciata e U. lactuca “in natura” e desidratadas. Não foi possível perceber uma relação óbvia entre os teores de alfa- e delta-tocoferol e coloração, idade da planta ou radiação solar mais ou menos intensa.

L’entreprise SEPROSYS est une société spécialisée dans le développement de solutions d'extraction et de séparation de molécules. Au cours de l’année 2011, l’entreprise a développé un procédé innovant de séparation et de purification fractionnée de biomolécules issues de macroalgues marines. Ce travail de thèse a pour objectif de trouver des applications aux fractions extraites selon le procédé d’extraction et de purification de la société SEPROSYS, et en particulier la fraction des polysaccharides sulfatés, dans deux domaines distincts : en pharmaceutique pour leur activité anti-coagulante et en cosmétique pour leur activité anti-âge. La première partie de nos travaux se penche sur le potentiel des polysaccharides sulfatés de macroalgues comme anti-coagulants. Pour cela, des extraits aqueux de différentes macroalgues brunes, rouges et vertes ont été préparés et leur activité anti-coagulante a été mesurée. Les algues présentant le meilleur potentiel ont ensuite été traitées au moyen du procédé SEPROSYS® afin de purifier leurs polysaccharides sulfatés et d’étudier leur activité anti-coagulante. De plus, l’objectif de ce travail consiste également à mieux comprendre la relation structure-fonction de l'activité anticoagulante d'ulvanes. A cette fin, des ulvanes issus d’Ulva sp. de pureté élevée ont été produits par le procédé SEPROSYS®, soumis à des modifications chimique (hypersulfatation) et physique (dépolymérisation) et leur activité anticoagulante a été étudiée. La deuxième partie de nos travaux concerne l’évaluation du potentiel de ces macroalgues comme agents actifs utilisables en dermo-cosmétique, en particulier pour leur activité anti-âge. Dans ce but, différentes fractions de macroalgues brunes, rouges et vertes ont été testées sur des lignées cellulaires de fibroblastes dermiques humains et leur effet sur la production de collagène par ces fibroblastes a été étudié. Enfin, le potentiel d’ulvanes extraits d’Uva sp. par le procédé de l’entreprise SEPROSYS pour stimuler la biosynthèse de collagène et d’acide hyaluronique par ces mêmes fibroblastes a été déterminé. / SEPROSYS is a company specialized in the development of solutions for the extraction and separation of molecules. In 2011, the company has developed an innovative process of fractionated separation and purification of biomolecules from macroalgae. The purpose of this thesis work is to find applications for the purified fractions from the SEPROSYS® process and in particular the sulfated polysaccharides, for two distinct biological activities : as pharmaceutical for their anti-coagulant activity and as dermo-cosmetics for their anti-aging activity. The first part of our work focus on the potential of sulfated polysaccharides from macroalgae as anti-coagulant agents. To this end, aqueous extracts from brown, red and green macroalgae were prepared and their anti-coagulant activity was measured. The best macroalgae were then processed with the SEPROSYS procedure in order to purify the sulfated polysaccharides and study their activity. Furthermore, one of the objectives of this work was to acquire a better understanding of the structure/anti-coagulant function relationship of ulvans. Ulvans of high purity were extracted from Ulva sp. with the SEPROSYS® process, submitted to chemical (hypersulfatation) and physical (depolymerization) modifications and their anti-coagulant activity was measured. The second part of our work relates to the potential of the macroalgae as active agents to be used in dermo-cosmetics, and, in particular, for their anti-aging activity. Different brown, red and green macroalgae fractions were thus tested on normal human dermal fibroblasts cell lines and their effects on the collagen production were measured. Furthermore, the capacity of different molecular weight ulvans extracted from Ulva sp. to stimulate the collagen and hyaluronan biosynthesis was studied. To this end, we developed an efficient depolymerization procedure using ion exchange resins.