Growth of mussels under laboratory conditions was examined under various food regimes in different water types and temperatures. Growth was less than would be useful as an indicator and comparisons with field exposures were of minimal value. The effects of organophosphates on bivalves were examined via toxicity tests, tissue concentration, and by controlling exposure through the use of physical constraints. Upper temperature tolerance of both bivalve species was examined with respect to different acclimation temperatures and organophosphate exposures. Deviations from control exposures occurred at some temperatures. Copper effectively lowered the mean heat coma temperatures of C. fluminea at some concentrations, however, chlorine exposures did not alter heat coma temperature.

No description available.

<p> Increasing human activity and population pressure on coastal marine resources, especially coral reefs, in Ambon have caused significant stresses on coral communities requiring careful management. A suitable environmental management strategy for this complex ecosystem, however, must be based on an accurate assessment of the state of these resources, natural variability, and the impact of human activities. Consequently, baseline research is needed to describe reef areas and to provide data about environmental changes.</p> <p> One control site (Tanjung Setan) and three affected sites (Hila, Wayame and Wailiha) on Ambon were observed to assess the condition of the reefs. Coral cover, coral growth rate, species richness and environmental parameters such as suspended particulate matter (SPM), resuspended sediment, salinity, temperature, dissolved nutrients (NO3 and PO4), δ15N, and water clarity were measured to assess reef condition and to determine the possible causes of reef degradation.</p> <p> Average coral cover in the control site (Tanjung Setan) is higher (64%) than that in affected sites: Hila (27%), Wayame (36%) and Wailiha (11%). Also, the greatest number of species was found in Tanjung Setan (101 spp.) followed by Hila (66 spp.), Wayame (62 spp.) and Wailiha (43 spp.).</p> <p> Coral growth rates show different trends from coral cover and number of species. Corals in Tanjung Setan have higher growth rate (1.61 cm/year) than those in Hila (1.45 cm/year) and Wayame (1.31 cm/year), but corals in Wailiha show almost the same growth rate (1.57 cm/year) with that in Tanjung Setan. The surprisingly rapid growth rates at Wailiha are probably caused by high nutrient availability and rapid growth of corals to keep pace with high sedimentation rates.</p> <p> The δ15N content of coral tissue was analyzed at each site to trace the sewage (nutrients) loading from the land. Relatively high ratio of δ15N found in Wailiha and Wayame indicated sewage (nutrients) inputs to the reefs in these areas. In addition, limited lignin testing on corals from Wailiha showed positive results, indicating that the plywood factory adjacent to the reef influences the corals there.</p> <p> High SPM and resuspended sediment values, high dissolved nutrients and δ15N content, and turbid water in Wayame and Wailiha indicated that these reefs are under siltation and sewage (eutrophication) stress. Hila mainly suffered from physical disturbance such as fish blasting and coral collecting, suggested by bomb craters and coral fragments. Conversely, no significant evidence of human impact was found in the control site (Tanjung Setan), where SPM, resuspended sediment, dissolved nutrients, and δ15N values are all low, and water clarity is very high.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Lai Ho-yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 104-122). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.I / ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) --- p.II / ABSTRACT (CHINESE) --- p.IV / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.V / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Sources of oil pollution --- p.1 / Chapter 1.3 --- Composition of oil --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Fate of oil in the environment --- p.6 / Chapter 1.5 --- Toxic effect of oil on marine ecosystem --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Acute toxicity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Chronic toxicity --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Carcinogenicity of oil --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6 --- The origins of ecotoxicology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.7 --- Need for ecotoxicity tests --- p.13 / Chapter 1.8 --- Testings in ecotoxicology --- p.15 / OBJECTIVES --- p.17 / MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.18 / Chapter 1. --- Collection of oily wastes samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2. --- Preparation of samples --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Water-soluble fraction --- p.19 / Chapter 2.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Supercritical fluid extraction --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Silica gel chromatography --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Sample concentration --- p.22 / Chapter 3. --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1 --- Determination of heavy metal concentration in oily waste samples --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Nitric acid-perchloric acid digestion --- p.26 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.26 / Chapter 3.2 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in oily waste samples --- p.28 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in water- soluble fraction --- p.28 / Chapter a. --- Liquid-liquid extraction --- p.28 / Chapter b. --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of water-soluble fraction --- p.29 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in crude oily waste samples --- p.32 / Chapter a. --- Supercritical fluid extraction and silica gel column chromatography --- p.32 / Chapter b. --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.33 / Chapter 4 --- ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.34 / Chapter 4.1 --- Toxicity tests and sample preparation --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2 --- Ecotoxicological studies of water soluble fraction --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- "Growth inhibition test on a marine alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2" --- p.34 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- "Survival test on a marine amphipod, Elasmopus rapax" --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "Survival test on a marine fish, Ambassis gymnocephalus" --- p.41 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.43 / Chapter 4.3. --- Ecotoxicological studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- "Growth inhibition test on a marine alga, Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2" --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- "Survival test on a amphipod, Parhyale plumulosa" --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- "Survival test on the fish, Sparus sarba" --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.49 / Chapter 5. --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological analyses --- p.50 / RESULTS --- p.51 / Chapter 1. --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Heavy metal concentration in crude oily wastes --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Heavy metal concentration in water-soluble fraction --- p.51 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Heavy metal concentration in ploy cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry analysis --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in crude oily wastes --- p.54 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in water-soluble fraction --- p.59 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentration in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.61 / Chapter 2. --- Ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1 --- Ecotoxicological studies of water-souble fraction --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Survival test on Elasmopous rapax --- p.63 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Survival test on Ambassis gymnocephalus --- p.67 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.67 / Chapter 2.2 --- Ecotoxicological studies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Survival test on Parhyale plumulosa --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Survival test on Sparus sarba --- p.74 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.74 / Chapter 3. --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological studies --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1 --- Statistical analyses of studies on water-soluble fraction --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Correlation between heavy metal concentration in water-soluble fraction and toxicity tests --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Correlation between concentration of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in water-soluble fraction and toxicity tests --- p.80 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Correlation among acute toxicity tests --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2 --- Statistical analyses of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Correlation between heavy metal level and toxicity tests --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Correlation between total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and toxicity tests --- p.84 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Correlation between four acute toxicity tests --- p.88 / DISCUSSION --- p.91 / Chapter 1 --- Chemical analyses of oily wastes --- p.91 / Chapter 1.1 --- Inductively coupled plasma-emission spectrometric analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 1.2 --- Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis --- p.93 / Chapter 2. --- ecotoxicological studies of oily wastes --- p.95 / Chapter 2.1 --- Growth inhibition test on Chlorella pyrenoidosa CU-2 --- p.95 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survival tests on Elasmopus rapax and Parhyale plumulosa --- p.96 / Chapter 2.3 --- Survival test on Ambassis gymnocephalus and Sparus sarba --- p.97 / Chapter 2.4 --- Microtox® test --- p.98 / Chapter 3 --- Statistical analyses of chemical and ecotoxicological analyses --- p.99 / Chapter 4. --- statistical analyses between acute toxicity tests --- p.101 / CONCLUSION --- p.102 / REFERENCES --- p.104

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Dept. of Environmental Biology, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-154).

Thesis (M. Sc. (Environmental Science))--Rhodes University, 2006.

Thesis (DTech (Biomedical Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2008. / Bibliography: leaves 208-236. Also available online.

Conservation criminology as a derivative of environmental criminology is considered in this dissertation through a strategic/empirical investigation of the illegal exploitation of a cross-section of certain, essentially fiscally attractive marine resources, as a form of environmental crime in the Western Cape province. Through primarily qualitative and quantitative interviewing techniques, augmented by the application of a survey questionnaire, significant and pragmatic insight was obtained from knowledgeable functionaries. The study elucidates the purview and dynamics of the marine crime phenomenon by focussing specifically on issues such as modus operandi, crime scenes, causation, operational efficacy, and social/biological repercussions. Deficient policing capacity and concomitant lack of deterrence, compounded by institutional limitations, emerge as fundamental proclivities impeding proficient marine resource conservation. It is envisaged that this study will broaden the frontiers of marine crime knowledge, contributing not only to the implementation of effective mitigation programmes but also to enriching the criminological discipline as a whole. / Criminology / M.A. (Criminology)