Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka förhållandet mellan standardisering och anpassning. Detta genom att undersöka prestationen för olika marknadsstrategier beroende på anpassningsgrad samt omvärldsfaktorer. Problemformulering: Hur korrelerar anpassningsgraden för marknadsstrategier till prestation? Metod: Kvantitativ och kvalitativ metod har används i första hand för att angripa vår problemformulering. Valet av ansats är viktigt för att kunna avgöra lämplig analysmetod. Det finns sedan två sätt att mäta hur verkligheten ser ut och det är genom induktion och deduktion. För att få en bra överskådlig bild har fallstudie varit en utmärkt val. Flerfallstudier består av flera fall och avsikten med en sådan studie är att få fram det säregna med huvudfallet genom att jämföra med andra fall. Dessa utgör vår population och därmed måste ett urval göras för att det inte skall bli för stort och det måste rymma inom vår tidsram. Totalt har 1102 produkter undersökt för sju olika varumärkena i tio länderna. Teorier: Lönsamhet och prestation är av stor vikt i uppsatsen eftersom beslutet för om en marknadsföringsstrategi ska standardiseras eller anpassas kommer i slutändan ned till den ekonomiska vinsten för företaget. Det finns tre övergripande synsätt, total standardisering, total anpassning eller att använda en mix av dessa. Vi har använt oss av AdaptStand process modellen, och det beror på att modellen visar hur företag bör gå till väga vid utformning av marknadsstrategier. Modellen är en kombination av standardisering och anpassning och utgör ett hjälpmedel för att finna vilken grad en strategi ska anpassas/standardiseras. Marknadsmixen, de fyra P:na, har haft en ledande roll i uppsatsen. Dock föll ett av P:na bort och det var plats. Anledningen till detta var på grund av att det var svårt att få tag på informationen som behövdes för att det skulle vara relevant för att besvara problemformuleringen. Slutsatser: För att man ska vara lönsam måste man finna en balans som är tillåten mellan marknaden man vill etablera sig i samt företagets kärna. man kan inte tillämpa en marknadsstrategi fullt ut, dvs. med en total anpassning eller total standardisering. Man måste visa för den nya marknaden att man tar hänsyn till deras behov och omständigheter samtidigt ska man inte ge för mycket av vad som kärnan i ens eget företag. Kärnan kan vara namnet, logo, produkterna, förpackningarna osv. Man måste hitta en balans som fungerar för båda parter om man vill vara långvarig och lönsam på den nya marknaden och slå igenom som en världsprodukt. / Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between standardization and adaptation. This by examining the performance of different marketing strategies depending on the degree of adaptation and environmental factors Problem formulation: How to correlate the degree of adaptation marketing strategies to performance? Methodology: Quantitative and qualitative methods have been used primarily to attack our problem. The choice of approach is important to determine the appropriate method of analysis. There are then two ways to measure the reality and it is through induction and deduction. To get a good overall picture this methodology an excellent choise for our case. More Case Studies consists of a number of cases and the purpose of this study is to seek out the peculiarity of the main case by comparing with other cases. These are our population and therefore a choice hade to be made and that was to make sure that the population become too large and it must fit within our time frame. A total of 1102 products were investigated for seven different brands in ten countries. Theories: Productivity and performance are of great importance in the essay because the decision of whether a marketing strategy to standardize or adapt will ultimately down to the economic benefit for the company. There are three general approaches, total standardization, overall adjustment, or to use a mix of these. We have used the AdaptStand process model, and it is because the model shows how companies should design there marketing strategies. The model is a combination of standardization and adaptation, and as a tool for finding the degree to which a strategy will be adapted / standardized. Marketing mix of the four P's hade a leading role in the essey. However, one of the P´s fell away and there was place. The reason for this was because it was difficult to obtain information needed for it to be relevant to answer the problem formulation. Conclusions: In order to be profitable you have to find a balance that is allowed between the market they want to establish themselves in and the company's identity. You can not use a marketing strategies in full use which a total adaptation or total standardization. You have to show for the new market that the company takes their needs and circumstances in to consideration at the same time the companies should not give too much of what is their identity. The identity may be such as the name, logo, products, packaging and so on. One must find a balance that works for both parties if you want to be a lasting and profitable company in the new market and to make it as a world product.

In the last decade, the changes in living styles of people and shopping activities brought a new concept, &ldquo / shopping center&rdquo / . By the time the numbers of shopping centers increased and this big consumption market created a great competition among the investors. The investors had the necessity of examining their market share within the market and other social and spatial factors for the feasibility of their shopping centers. In this thesis considering the need of such a study, a market share analysis is carried out to determine the market share of shopping centers within the competition, analyze the important facts of the market share, estimate the market capacity and potential market regions. Ankara is chosen as the study area since it has an increasing trend for the development of shopping centers. Tthe study is carried out for Armada, Bilkent and 5M Migros shopping centers since they serve for the whole city and have different functions such as recreation, restaurants, cultural activities together with shopping activities. For the analysis a gravity model developed by Lakshmanan and Hansen is used. The model estimates the market share of the centers among regions considering the factors, as accessibility in terms of cost and time, economic conditions of regions, attractiveness of shopping centers and competitors of the market. For the application process Geographic Information Systems ESRI Arc GIS 8.1 and ESRI ArcView 3.2 are used as software to store and manipulate data, build regulations on road network structure, calculate distances and costs, and present maps and results.

I traditionella analyser av exportmarknadsandelsutvecklingen antas den vara bestämd av det exporterande landets kostnadsutveckling eller av den strukturella sammansättningen i det exporterande landets export. Utredningar baserade på dessa typer av analyser lyckades inte på ett tillfredsställande sätt förklara de svenska exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling under andra hälften av 1970-talet och under 1980-talet. I denna avhandling diskuteras uppläggningen och resultaten av de ovanstående slagen av analyser och lanseras ett tidigare oprövat angreppssätt för att förklara exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling. Detta angreppssätt är baserat på industriell omvandlingsteori, vilket för analyser av exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling innebär att denna antas vara bestämd av det enskilda landets industriella omvandling. Utifrån detta angreppssätt genomförs ett antal analyser. Syftet med dessa är att undersöka samband mellan å ena sidan av industriell omvandlingsteori bestämda faktorer och å andra sidan exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling. Avhandlingen avslutas med en diskussion om hur exportmarknadsandelarnas utveckling kan studeras med en ansats som både tar hänsyn till strukturella förhållanden – arbetskraftskostnader och exportens strukturella sammansättning – och den industriella omvandlingen. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögsk.

Zugl.: Tübingen, Univ., Diss., 2006

Este trabalho analisou o cenário em que está inserida a comercialização de bovinos para abate, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isto, foram utilizados dados obtidos através das Guias de Trânsito Animal (GTAs), entre os anos de 2010 (ano em que o sistema informatizado para GTAs foi implantado na Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio - SEAPA) a 2013. Também foram utilizados dados da Declaração Anual de Rebanho, fornecidos pela SEAPA. Um dos diferenciais deste trabalho é esta fonte única, com documentos obrigatórios a todos que comercializam animais e o agrupamento por mesorregião geográfica das informações obtidas. Para o entendimento deste cenário, foram utilizadas como aporte teórico a Teoria da Localização, que considera a otimização da localização de uma firma, e a Organização Industrial, que através do Modelo E-C-D proporciona subsídios para caracterização da concentração em uma indústria. Os resultados mostraram que o número de animais abatidos é diferente entre as mesorregiões geográficas. Os matadouros-frigoríficos recebem animais para abate provenientes da mesorregião geográfica em que se estão localizados, mas também de outras mesorregiões do RS, em diferentes proporções. Nas análises, as mesorregiões geográficas Centro Oriental e Metropolitana destacaram-se pelo maior número de animais abatidos. No entanto, o rebanho nestas mesorregiões ainda não foi o suficiente para a demanda gerada pelo mercado consumidor, que está muito próximo devido as grandes cidades que compõem estas mesorregiões, como Santa Maria e Porto Alegre. A Mesorregião Sudoeste é a terceira que mais abateu animais. A quantidade abatida nesta mesorregião é composta por 74% de animais da própria mesorregião Sudoeste, porém, o seu rebanho foi uma importante fonte de animais para as demais mesorregiões. Neste cenário, o estado do RS apresentou mais de 60 mil ofertantes (pecuaristas) em 2013, e o número de demandantes (matadouros-frigoríficos) chegou a 459. O matadouro-frigorífico que mais abateu em 2010 perdeu participação de mercado até 2013, e frigoríficos menores conseguiram aumentar as suas participações, havendo uma tendência de maior equilíbrio entre as empresas. Não existe concentração na indústria de carne bovina, e as medidas de concentração analisadas mostram índices cada vez menores. / This study analyzed the scenario in which the marketing of cattle for slaughter is inserted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. For this, it was used data of Animal Transit Guides (GTAs) for slaughter since 2010 - year that these guides were made available electronically by the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Agribusiness (SEAPA) - to 2013. It was also used data from Herd Annual Statement, supplied by SEAPA, which is one of the remarkable points of this paper, the unique and reliable source that was provided with a set of mandatory documents that all cattle sellers must have. Based on information that was founded, it was used the theory of location, considering the optimization of the location of a firm, and the Industrial Organization, through the S-C-P model, focusing on the structure that allows one to see if there was concentration in the industry. The Metropolitan ant Eastern Center Mesoregions are the ones that slaughter the most, having their own production as their raw material. However, these cattle are still not enough for the demand generated by the consumer market, which live close to these centers. The Southwest Mesoregion slaughters a great number of animals, with 74% of these slaughtered cattle coming from their own production and it is still an important source of animals for other Mesoregions. The number of suppliers (farmers) exceeded 60,000 in 2013, and the slaughter houses had reached 459. There is no concentration in the beef industry, and analyzed concentration measurements show dwindling numbers. The most important slaughterhouse in 2010 lost market by 2013, and smaller slaughterhouses were able to increase their holdings, with a trend towards greater balance between companies.

Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Allen M. Featherstone / The Agriculture Equipment Manufacturing industry is a $42 billion dollar industry in the United States. The Agricultural Equipment industry is very competitive across all market segments, especially in the less than 100 horsepower category (<100hp). This tractor category consists of 4 sub categories: <20hp, 20-40hp, 40-60hp, and 60-100hp. The <100hp tractor segment accounted for 170,547 of the 207,833 tractors that were sold during the 2014 year. Compared to the over 100 horsepower category (100+hp) that has fewer competitors, the <100hp segment is more competitive with more manufacturers competing for market share. Company XYZ is a full line manufacturer of agricultural equipment, harvesters, and construction equipment. Company XYZ lost some ground in market share due to the increased competition from new entrants into the market place as well as established manufacturers increasing their presence. To be more competitive, Company XYZ is looking at industry best practices to see how they can increase market share. One of these practices is a terms bank. A terms bank allows a dealer to stockpile unused months of terms to be used at a later date on tractors with expired terms. This minimizes financial risk for dealers to stock inventory. The cost to stock inventory is a large expense that dealers must carefully manage. One of the biggest costs of stocking inventory is the interest paid for tractors that have exhausted their interest free terms. A terms bank may lower the amount of interest that a dealer pays. It also lowers the cost to stock inventory and allows the dealership to manage and reduce these costs and risks. Evaluating the factors associated with stocking inventory, especially interest rate, will help manage inventory costs and stocking levels. This thesis uses regression analyses to analyze the costs of stocking units and the effect it has on dealership revenues. A regression analysis will test the hypothesis that lowering the interest portion of the cost of stocking inventory will increase sales. Data were gathered for dealership groups in the Western United States on a monthly basis for the years 2008 – 2014. The results supported the hypothesis that lowering the interest rate at dealerships was positively correlated with revenues. The reduced interest cost lowers the carrying cost of inventory and point to a terms bank being an effective tool for increasing Company XYZ’s market share.

abstract: Over the last two decades, Alternative Project Delivery Methods (APDM), such as Design-Build (DB), have become more popular in the construction industry, specifically in the U.S., and the competition for APDM projects has risen among construction companies. The Engineering News Record (ENR) magazine analyzes DB firms and publishes the list of the top 100 every year. According to ENR articles and many scientific papers, the implementation of DB method has grown drastically over the last decade, however, information about growth trends depending on firm size and segment is lacking. Also missing is knowledge the future market trends over the next five years. Furthermore, public agencies and DB firms may be worried that DB projects do not distribute wealth equally among DB firms. Using the top 100 firms deemed representative of the DB market, the author has divided the market into volumes based on rankings to analyze the total DB market revenue growth. A comparison between international and domestic revenues indicated that the top five DB firms have 64% more involvement in the international market compared to the domestic market. Furthermore, while the research shows increasing market share only for the top five firms, the author has found that (1) a large portion of their market share is due to a large growth in their international market, and (2) revenues for all volumes of the DB market have increased. Moreover, regression and time series analyses allow for the forecasting of the DB market growth, which the author anticipate to move from about $100B to about $150B in 2020. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Construction 2014

abstract: Since the 2008 financial crisis, the total assets managed by U.S. mutual funds have frequently hit new highs and the industry has become increasingly concentrated. In the meantime, two strategies have emerged in the American mutual fund industry: active and passive management. What factors affect the market shares of firms that adopted these two different strategies? Building on strategic management theories, I suggest that mutual fund families that adopted active and passive management strategies tend to compete in different dimensions. Active management fund families tend to implement the product differentiation strategy, competing on “product quality” through excess-returns, innovative and differentiated fund products; passively managed fund families focus more on "price competition" by conducting an overall cost leadership strategy. This research examines the driven factors of fund families’ market share. The results show that: the market share of actively managed fund families is more sensitive to positive impact of fund performance, while passive management firms are more sensitive to negative effect of management fees and total loads; 12b-1 expense improves the competitiveness of active fund families and thus enhance their market shares but it has negative impact on passive fund families. In addition, high turnover decreases the market share of all fund families, especially for passively managed families. The outcome reveals the latest US mutual industry orientation: products differentiation, turnover, management fee have greater impact on market share while the competition of fund performance is diminishing. The Matthew effect in US mutual fund industry is outstanding. Industrial competition dimension expands from performance and products to cost cutting. Empirical analysis on Chinese mutual fund families is also conducted. Different from the US, there is only small number of mutual fund families targeting passive management products. The results show that the distribution channel has the largest impact on Chinese mutual fund family market share and investors are more willing to chase performance than to consider cost-efficient fund families. This study then analyses reasons behind the difference of Chinese and American mutual fund industries. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018

As informações contábeis são de grande importância para o equilíbrio do relacionamento entre os stakeholders, sendo direcionadoras para a alocação de seus recursos. A auditoria independente, nesse contexto, surge como um importante mecanismo que contribui para proporcionar confiabilidade a essas informações, reduzindo o conflito de agência inerente a esse relacionamento, ao expressar uma opinião sobre a adequação das demonstrações contábeis às praticas de contabilidade. Diversas são as empresas de auditoria independente cadastradas na Comissão de Valores Mobiliários para realizar tais trabalhos no Brasil; no entanto, quatro empresas se destacam nesse rol: PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, KPMG e Ernst & Young. Essas quatro empresas são mundialmente conhecidas como Big Four. Até 2001, tal grupo era denominado Big Five e tinha como integrante a Arthur Andersen, que deixou de atuar no ramo a partir de 2002. Este trabalho buscou verificar a participação dessas empresas no Brasil no período de 1997 a 2008. Para tanto, as empresas auditadas foram classificadas pelo ramo de atividade, controle acionário e negociação em bolsa de valores, a fim de verificar a participação das empresas de auditoria sob diferentes aspectos. A amostra foi composta de 2.024 empresas constantes do banco de dados da FIPECAFI no período contemplado na pesquisa. Os resultados apontam que, na média do período, aproximadamente 80% dos ativos das grandes empresas atuantes no Brasil são auditados por empresas do grupo Big Four. Em 2008 a líder geral no Brasil foi a KPMG, responsável por auditar mais de 30% dos ativos da amostra. Outro objetivo deste trabalho foi detectar características das empresas auditadas que poderiam ser indicadores para a empresa escolher um auditor componente do grupo das maiores empresas de auditoria independente, focando-se na influência dos credores nessa decisão. Para esse objetivo foram coletados dados contábeis das empresas auditadas, além das informações não contábeis já utilizadas na primeira análise de participação das auditadas (ramo de atividade, controle acionário e negociação em bolsa de valores) e aplicado o teste estatístico de regressão logística. Os resultados não mostraram que a situação econômica e financeira da auditada influencia essa escolha, mas apontaram para a importância do controle acionário e do porte da auditada. / Accounting information have great importance for the balance of the relationship among stakeholders, and driving to the allocation of its resources. The independent audit, in this context, emerged as an important mechanism that helps to provide reliability of this information, reducing the agency conflict inherent in that relationship, to express an opinion on the adequacy of financial statements to accounting practices. There are several independent auditing firms registered at the Securities Commission to carry out such works in Brazil, however, four companies stand out in this list: PricewaterhouseCoopers, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, KPMG and Ernst & Young. These four companies are worldwide known as \"Big Four\". Until 2001, this group was called \"Big Five\" and had as a member Arthur Andersen, which no longer operate in the sector since 2002. This study aimed to verify their participation in Brazil from 1997 to 2008. For this, the audited companies were classified by line of business, stock control and trading on stock exchanges in order to assess the role of audit firms under different aspects. The sample consisted of 2024 companies listed in the database FIPECAFI the period covered in the survey. The results show that the average period of approximately 80% of the assets of large companies operating in Brazil are audited by firms of the group \"Big Four\". In 2008 the overall leader in Brazil was KPMG, responsible for auditing more than 30% of assets in the sample. Another objective was to identify characteristics of the audited companies that could be indicators for the company to choose an auditor of the component group of the largest independent audit, focusing on the influence of creditors in that decision. For this purpose, data were collected from accounting firms audited in addition to the information which were already used in the prior market share analysis (line of business, ownership control and stock trading on stock exchanges) and applied logistic regression statistical test. The results have shown that the economic and financial situation do not have any influence in that choice, but pointed the importance of ownership control and audited firms size in that choice.

Este trabalho analisou o cenário em que está inserida a comercialização de bovinos para abate, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para isto, foram utilizados dados obtidos através das Guias de Trânsito Animal (GTAs), entre os anos de 2010 (ano em que o sistema informatizado para GTAs foi implantado na Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Agronegócio - SEAPA) a 2013. Também foram utilizados dados da Declaração Anual de Rebanho, fornecidos pela SEAPA. Um dos diferenciais deste trabalho é esta fonte única, com documentos obrigatórios a todos que comercializam animais e o agrupamento por mesorregião geográfica das informações obtidas. Para o entendimento deste cenário, foram utilizadas como aporte teórico a Teoria da Localização, que considera a otimização da localização de uma firma, e a Organização Industrial, que através do Modelo E-C-D proporciona subsídios para caracterização da concentração em uma indústria. Os resultados mostraram que o número de animais abatidos é diferente entre as mesorregiões geográficas. Os matadouros-frigoríficos recebem animais para abate provenientes da mesorregião geográfica em que se estão localizados, mas também de outras mesorregiões do RS, em diferentes proporções. Nas análises, as mesorregiões geográficas Centro Oriental e Metropolitana destacaram-se pelo maior número de animais abatidos. No entanto, o rebanho nestas mesorregiões ainda não foi o suficiente para a demanda gerada pelo mercado consumidor, que está muito próximo devido as grandes cidades que compõem estas mesorregiões, como Santa Maria e Porto Alegre. A Mesorregião Sudoeste é a terceira que mais abateu animais. A quantidade abatida nesta mesorregião é composta por 74% de animais da própria mesorregião Sudoeste, porém, o seu rebanho foi uma importante fonte de animais para as demais mesorregiões. Neste cenário, o estado do RS apresentou mais de 60 mil ofertantes (pecuaristas) em 2013, e o número de demandantes (matadouros-frigoríficos) chegou a 459. O matadouro-frigorífico que mais abateu em 2010 perdeu participação de mercado até 2013, e frigoríficos menores conseguiram aumentar as suas participações, havendo uma tendência de maior equilíbrio entre as empresas. Não existe concentração na indústria de carne bovina, e as medidas de concentração analisadas mostram índices cada vez menores. / This study analyzed the scenario in which the marketing of cattle for slaughter is inserted in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. For this, it was used data of Animal Transit Guides (GTAs) for slaughter since 2010 - year that these guides were made available electronically by the Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock and Agribusiness (SEAPA) - to 2013. It was also used data from Herd Annual Statement, supplied by SEAPA, which is one of the remarkable points of this paper, the unique and reliable source that was provided with a set of mandatory documents that all cattle sellers must have. Based on information that was founded, it was used the theory of location, considering the optimization of the location of a firm, and the Industrial Organization, through the S-C-P model, focusing on the structure that allows one to see if there was concentration in the industry. The Metropolitan ant Eastern Center Mesoregions are the ones that slaughter the most, having their own production as their raw material. However, these cattle are still not enough for the demand generated by the consumer market, which live close to these centers. The Southwest Mesoregion slaughters a great number of animals, with 74% of these slaughtered cattle coming from their own production and it is still an important source of animals for other Mesoregions. The number of suppliers (farmers) exceeded 60,000 in 2013, and the slaughter houses had reached 459. There is no concentration in the beef industry, and analyzed concentration measurements show dwindling numbers. The most important slaughterhouse in 2010 lost market by 2013, and smaller slaughterhouses were able to increase their holdings, with a trend towards greater balance between companies.