Using a case study of the Italian spirit grappa, we examine status recategorization - the vertical extension and reclassification of an entire market category. Grappa was historically a low-status product, but in the 1970s one regional distiller took steps that led to a radical break from its traditional image, so that in just over a decade high-quality grappa became an exemplar of cultured Italian lifestyle and held a market position in the same class as cognac and whisky. We use this context to articulate "theorization by allusion", which occurs through three mechanisms: category detachment-distancing a social object from its existing category; category emulation-presenting that object so that it hints at the practices of a high-status category; and category sublimation-shifting from local, field-specific references to broader, societal-level frames. This novel theorization is particularly appropriate for explaining change from low to high status because it avoids resistance to and contestation of such change (by customers, media, and other sources) as a result of status imperatives, which may be especially strong in mature fields. Unlike prior studies that have examined the status of organizations within a category, ours foregrounds shifts in the status and social meaning of a market category itself. (authors' abstract)

This thesis investigates the relationship between labour market statuses and well-being in the UK working age population, and the moderating role of the Great Recession. Research on the relationship between labour market statuses and well-being outcomes identifies negative associations with unemployment and economic inactivity. These findings are typically presented as independent of macroeconomic conditions, but to what extent does this assumption hold? The central proposition of this thesis, is that economic crises moderate the way in which labour market statuses affect well-being, thereby changing the value of statuses, not just their prevalence. The main research question addressed is ‘for the UK working age population, to what extent did labour market and employment statuses contribute to the greater or lesser effects of the economic crisis (2007/8–2011) on well-being, compared to the pre-recession ‘boom’ period (2003/4–2006/7)?’I make use of a national panel data series from the British Household Panel Survey and Understanding Society. Firstly, after critiquing the reliance on subjective well-being (SWB) measures, confirmatory factor analysis is used to develop a measure of positive psychological health, representing a single dimension of well-being. This is then compared to a measure of SWB in a series of latent growth models to investigate individual trajectories over the study period. Secondly, multilevel models are used to estimate the relationship between five labour market and employment statuses and positive psychological health, comparing the pre-recession and recession periods. Finally, a dynamic structural equation modelling approach is used to investigate selection and causation in the relationship between labour market status and positive psychological health. Aggregate positive psychological health was associated with a recession period decline, in contrast to SWB which remained stable. Labour market statuses were found to moderate the impact of recession. People who were economically inactive were associated with the largest declines in positive psychological health during the recession period, compared to the pre-recession period, followed by those in standard employment. In contrast, the relationship between non-standard employment and unemployment and positive psychological health remained constant over time. Finally, despite evidence of selection into labour market statuses, the findings show a strong causal impact of statuses on positive psychological health. The findings provide a different take on those hardest hit by recession, showing that some of the most vulnerable to low psychological health were most exposed to the impact of recession by virtue of their labour market status. The protective value of standard employment was also diminished relatively. Evidence in favour of a causal interpretation suggests policy makers should use employment and welfare policy to prevent an accumulation of welfare issues.

The raising of beauty awareness and increasing growth of optimistic view on market. In order to enter the market and position the brand precisely, it is important for cosmetics and skin care products were the trend in Taiwan in the last 5 years. As growing demand for consuming face mask become the trend, manufactures and brands have an entrepreneur to understand and analyze the consumer behavior, characteristics and market status of face mask in Taiwan. The purpose of this study is to understand the features of creating a new face mask brand in Taiwan and predict the overall operation, brand positioning and financial performance. For research and develop of Resplendissance face mask with natural ingredients and vacuum packaging, the price positioning at medium-premium level to target office lady, female in labor force and teenagers. The performance of Resplendissance financial statement for five years, the great investment on promoting the product on drug store and social media channels by bloggers and youtubers results serious financial problem of generating negative profit totally NTD$1,321,200 in the beginning of four years. Assuming growth rate of sell quantity increasingly by 40%~50% every year because of continuously promoting on social media channels to attract Taiwanese and foreign countries in Asia, then net profit will finally reach to positive NTD$ 149,220 in fifth year and generate positive profit in the following years.

Background: Identifying associations of being within or currently out of the labor force in relation to health risk behaviors are important in terms of planning and monitoring health preventive measures. This master thesis aims to investigate whether there is an association between labor market status, as in being within- or currently outside the labor force, in relation to daily smoking and alcohol risk consumption. Methodology: Data from the cross-sectional Health on Equal Terms survey and Life & Health survey in Uppsala county council from individuals aged 16-65 were used (n=4 666). Data was retrieved from 2012. Binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the association between labor market status with alcohol consumption and tobacco use, controlling for possible confounding factors. Results: The unadjusted analysis using daily smoker as the dependent variable indicated that those being currently out of the labor force had higher odds of being a daily smoker (OR 1.91, 95 % CI 1.52-2.39) compared to those within the labor force. This was still significant when controlling for demographic factors and economic situation (OR 1.38, 95 % CI 1.07-1.79, p=0.013), but not significant when controlling for self-rated health (OR 1.28, 95 % CI 0.97-1.70, p=0.075). For alcohol, the unadjusted analysis indicated that those being currently outside the labor force had lower odds of having risk consumption (OR 0.54, 95 % CI 0.44-0.66). This was highly significant even after adjusting for the all confounding factors (OR 0.55, 95 % CI 0.43-0.69, p=0.000) Conclusion: The findings suggest that there is an association between being outside the labor force and higher odds of daily smoking and a lower consumption of alcohol, when compared to being in the labor force. These findings address the need for health preventive measures aimed at institutions involving those outside the labor force, and at workplaces. Studies using longitudinal design should be conducted to investigate this relationship further.