Correspondence analysis is a data analysis technique for the graphical display of contingency tables and multivariate categorical data. Describes the technique and illustrates its application in assessing the images of banks. Discusses the implications of the empirical study.

The origins of commercial banking in Saudi Arabia can be traced to the opening of a branch of the Netherlands Trading Society in 1927 in the port of Jeddah, mainly for the benefit of the pilgrims from Indonesia, then a Dutch colony. Development of a domestic banking system in Saudi Arabia, however, has a relatively recent history. In fact, it was not until the 1950s that local commercial banks (National Commercial Bank and Riyadh Bank) were established in the Kingdom. The pace of banking activity and bank holdings were low until the mid 1970s (Habib et al., 1987). Two events during that time significantly affected the Saudi banking scene. One was the 1973 oil boom which resulted in an explosion of financial transactions and required a comprehensive array of banking services. The second was the government’s programme of Saudisation which required all foreign-owned banks to convert to joint-stock companies with majority ownership transferring to Saudi nationals. The Saudisation process made branch expansion and capital increases possible for the banks.

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There has been a growing emphasis on consumer education for energy conservation. Models have been developed on the assumption that cognitive change is an antecedent for behavioral change. We examine the effectiveness of energy-conservation campaigns within the context of hierarchy of effects models. A sample of 265 Finnish homeowners was divided into three categories based on their energy cognition. They were then compared in terms of their energy-conservation behavior. Results showed that consumers with varying levels of cognition did not differ in their behaviors. We suggest several potentially useful strategies for increasing the efficacy of energy conservation campaigns.

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In recent years, there has been a continual tendency by governments worldwide to impose regulatory controls on the marketing practices of multinational pharmaceutical firms. This trend is most evident in the developing countries, where the business conduct of the pharmaceutical industry has been subject to intense examination, particularly during the last two decades. This paper traces the political experience in one developing country, Pakistan, as a professed socialist government disallowed the use of brand names for pharmaceuticals and limited the products marketed by introducing a national formulary. An accounting of this experience can be valuable to governments contcmplating controls in similar pharmaceutical marketing environments and also to worldwide pharmaceutical companies, pharmaceutical middlemen, and doctors confronted with similar regulatory movements.

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No description available.