Live-traps were set for marten in a grid system covering about five square miles in Algonquin Park, Ontario. Marten were tagged and recaptured during parts of the summers of 1954 and 1955, and throughout the entire summers of 1956 and 1957; 452 captures of 55 marten were obtained. Fewer marten were captured in mid-summer than in late spring or late summer. The most complete recapture data indicate that six minimum foraging ranges of males ranged from 0.50 to 1.05 square miles averaging 0.74 square miles, and were occupied from 8 to 41 days. Males irregularly shifted range, overlapping foraging ranges of other marten, but moved independently of one another; throughout a summer two males moved over an area of at least 1.68 and 1.53 square miles, composed of three and four foraging ranges respectively. Females occupied discrete ranges, perhaps territories, for months or maybe years, and travelled them more thoroughly. Four such ranges averaged 0.29 square miles. Two nest dens were found, one among boulders and the other in a hollow cedar log. Immature marten started to disperse through the area in August. The resident population of marten was probably two per square mile (one male and one female) but the total number of marten found on the given area was four or five per square mile; these latter were adjacent adults and dispersing young. Summer live-trapping showed no significant difference among captures in different forest types. In winter, track censuses showed that marten preferred conifer forests; this preference coincided with shallower snow there and the greatest occurrence of Clethrionomys as food. Hence, Marten seemed to concentrate their activity in conifer forests in winter and spread through all adjacent forests in summer. Shelter from climatic extremes appeared to be the most likely basis for habitat selection. Analyses of 1427 summer scats and 191 winter and early spring scats suggest that food selected depended on its availability. Small mammals formed the major part of the diet. Small mammal trapping gave an evaluation of the relative abundance of different species; although this was not strictly comparable to an evaluation by marten predation, there was no reason to suppose that particular species of small mammals were specifically hunted by marten. The diet was heavily supplemented- with nesting birds and ripe berries during the seasonal abundance of these; many other items were sampled. The extent of the foraging range in summer appeared to be independent of forest type and available food. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Statistical study of 418 marten skulls gives evidence for the subspecific status of brumalis, americana, actuosa, caurina and nesophila. Abietinoides is probably separable from americana. Vancouverensis, caurina and origenes cannot however be separated. Geographic distribution of the latter three suggests that for the time being their status should not be changed. Only one species occurs in North America, according to the unpublished work of Wright. This is divided into two groups, referable to the formerly conceived species americana and caurina. The genus Martes arose in the lower Pliocene and segregated into the subgenera of martens and fisher during the Pliocene. The americana group preceded caurina to North America, both arriving sometime before the Kansan. Between the Kansan and the Illinoian the americana group divided into two branches, and by the Wisconsin or earlier, origenes had separated from caurina. During the Wisconsin ice advance marten found refuge in four regions: the lake states, the Rocky Mountains, the Coast Range and Alaska. Repopulation of North America with the ice retreat occurred from these refugia, during which time or later final subspeciation took place. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Maîtrise--Histoire de l'art--Paris 10, 1993. / Bibliogr. p. 181-211.

Three subgenera of the genus Martes exist in the world today. The first, Martes, consists of the following species: M. M. foina, M. martes, M. melampus and M. zibellina; the second, Pekania, of only one, M. pennanti; and the third, Charronia, of one, M. flavigula, with sometimes a second, M. guatkinsi. Within the subgenus Martes, M. americana, M. martes, M. zibellina and possibly M. melampus are so closely related morphologically there appears good reason to believe that they all belong to one species. Two species occur in North America, namely M. americana and M. pennanti. Until recently M. americana was considered to consist two species, M. americana and M. caurina, and thirteen or so subspecies. The recent work of P. L. Wright indicates that while the two "species" are distinctive morphologically, they intergrade at the point where their ranges meet and must be considered a single species. Martes pennanti has been considered one species, consisting of three subspecies. The concept of the subspecies proves in many respects to be unsatisfactory. It lacks reality, it involves the arbitrary partitioning of continua, it possesses no lower limit, and it is determined deductively. This, together with the clinal nature of variation in marten and fisher leads to the conclusion that marten of the New World should be considered as represented by only two subspecies (M. a. americana and a. caurina), the fisher by one species, and no named subspecies. The distribution of marten and fisher corresponds closely to the distribution of the northern evergreen forests. The distribution is less precise in fisher than in marten. Fossils referable to the genus Martes are first recorded from the Miocene of both the Old and New Worlds. Twenty-eight fossil species are known (when synonyms are disposed of), of which five are still living, two of them in North America. It appears that modern martens and fishers arrived in the New World (or evolved there) late in the Pliocene or early in the Pleistocene. During the Pleistocene marten found habitable environments in the forest refugia of south eastern United States, the Rocky Mountains south of the ice sheet, the Coast and Cascade Mountains south of the ice sheet, and Alaska and Yukon. Fisher presumably occurred in all of these refugia except the Alaska-Yukon one. With post-glacial climatic amelioration they migrated to the regions of their present occurrence. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Thesis--Breslau. / Vita. Bibliography: p. [6]-11.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1951. / Typescript. Vita. With this is bound: Tracking of fisher and marten / by A. de Vos. From Sylva, vol. 7 (1951), p. 15-20. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 200-203).

Univ., Diss.--Zürich, 2001. / Literaturverz. S. 181 - 197.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Acadia University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--Acadia University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

The "Den Mother" marten habitat quality models were created to provide insight into American marten habitat selection behavior and to promote the recovery of the Newfoundland marten (Martes americana atrata) population. Although these objectives are typical of most wildlife habitat modeling projects, the marten's idiosyncratic habitat ecology and apparently intractable conflicts associated with timber harvesting motivated a unique, process-oriented approach to appraising landscapes. The Den Mother models used optimal decision-making principles to synthesize critical resources (den sites and foraging opportunities) and constraints (adverse thermal situations and exposure to predations) into a single hierarchical framework. The resulting spatially explicit, combinatorial optimization models depend on a complex array of interacting assumptions. However, in mechanistic models, explicit assumptions provide the means by which insights are gained. For example, manipulating prey population parameters provided a clear demonstration of how resource conditions confound the relationship between landscape configuration and marten fitness, thereby challenging conventional definitions of habitat based on vegetation alone. Likewise, the models' sensitivity to spatial circumstances argued against the concept of an "optimal landscape," a traditional objective for wildlife habitat analyses. Although the model analyses did not refute the conventional wisdom that marten are strongly associated with (and may depend on) large contiguous blocks of senescing and defoliated forests, they did suggest that the marten is an opening-sensitive, rather than coresensitive, species. The models also suggested new avenues for research addressing marten den site selection, predator avoidance behavior, foraging efficiency, and space use strategies, as well as new techniques for assessing the trade-offs that govern marten habitat selection behavior. Finally, the models also suggested new guidelines for promoting marten recovery in an adaptive management context, including recommendations for placing artificial resting structures; creating favorable landscape mosaics; managing ephemeral resources such as transition old-growth forests, defoliation, and coarse woody debris; and developing alternative, competing management scenarios that address both forest and prey conditions simultaneously.